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3.3.3 Engravers explained
Every mark on the printed output of a score produced by LilyPond
is produced by an Engraver. Thus there is an engraver
to print staves, one to print note heads, one for stems, one for
beams, etc, etc. In total there are over 120 such engravers!
Fortunately, for most scores it is not necessary to know about
more than a few, and for simple scores you do not need to know
about any.
Engravers live and operate in Contexts. Engravers such as the
Metronome_mark_engraver, whose action and output apply to the
score as a whole, operate in the highest level context – the
Score context.
The Clef_engraver and Key_engraver are to be
found in every Staff Context, as different staves may require
different clefs and keys.
The Note_heads_engraver and Stem_engraver live
in every Voice context, the lowest level context of all.
Each engraver processes the particular objects associated with its function, and maintains the properties that relate to that function. These properties, like the properties associated with contexts, may be modified to change the operation of the engraver or the appearance of those elements in the printed score.
Engravers all have compound names formed from words which
describe their function. Just the first word is capitalized,
and the remainder are joined to it with underscores. Thus
the Staff_symbol_engraver is responsible for creating the
lines of the staff, the Clef_engraver determines and sets
the pitch reference point on the staff by drawing a clef symbol.
Here are some of the most common engravers together with their function. You will see it is usually easy to guess the function from the name, or vice versa.
| Engraver | Function |
|---|---|
| Accidental_engraver | Makes accidentals, cautionary and suggested accidentals |
| Beam_engraver | Engraves beams |
| Clef_engraver | Engraves clefs |
| Completion_heads_engraver | Splits notes which cross bar lines |
| Dynamic_engraver | Creates hairpins and dynamic texts |
| Forbid_line_break_engraver | Prevents line breaks if a musical element is still active |
| Key_engraver | Creates the key signature |
| Metronome_mark_engraver | Engraves metronome marking |
| Note_heads_engraver | Engraves note heads |
| Rest_engraver | Engraves rests |
| Staff_symbol_engraver | Engraves the five (by default) lines of the staff |
| Stem_engraver | Creates stems and single-stem tremolos |
| Time_signature_engraver | Creates time signatures |
We shall see later how the output of LilyPond can be changed by modifying the action of Engravers.
Zie ook
Internals reference: Engravers and Performers.
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