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4.1.2 Objects and interfaces
Tweaking involves modifying the internal operation and structures of the LilyPond program, so we must first introduce some terms which are used to describe those internal operations and structures.
The term ‘Object’ is a generic term used to refer to the
multitude of internal structures built by LilyPond during the
processing of an input file. So when a command like \new
Staff is encountered a new object of type Staff is
constructed. That Staff object then holds all the
properties associated with that particular staff, for example, its
name and its key signature, together with details of the engravers
which have been assigned to operate within that staff’s context.
Similarly, there are objects to hold the properties of all other
contexts, such as Voice objects, Score objects,
Lyrics objects, as well as objects to represent all
notational elements such as bar lines,
note heads, ties, dynamics, etc. Every object has its own set of
property values.
Some types of object are given special names. Objects which represent items of notation on the printed output such as note heads, stems, slurs, ties, fingering, clefs, etc are called ‘Layout objects’, often known as ‘Graphical Objects’, or ‘Grobs’ for short. These are still objects in the generic sense above, and so they too all have properties associated with them, such as their position, size, color, etc.
Some layout objects are still more specialized. Phrasing slurs, crescendo hairpins, ottava marks, and many other grobs are not localized in a single place – they have a starting point, an ending point, and maybe other properties concerned with their shape. Objects with an extended shape like these are called ‘Spanners’.
Spanners cannot be tweaked after their creation. This includes both
StaffSymbol and LedgerLineSpanner which continue
throughout the score, except if they are terminated by the
\stopStaff command and then recreated using \startStaff
command.
What is more, there are ‘abstract’ grobs which do not print
anything of their own, but rather collect, position and manage
other grobs. Common examples for this are
DynamicLineSpanner, BreakAlignment,
NoteColumn, VerticalAxisGroup,
NonMusicalPaperColumn and similar. We will see how some of
these are used later.
It remains to explain what ‘Interfaces’ are. Many objects, even
though they are quite different, share common features which need to
be processed in the same way. For example, all grobs have a color, a
size, a position, etc, and all these properties are processed in the
same way during LilyPond’s interpretation of the input file. To
simplify these internal operations these common actions and properties
are grouped together in an object called a grob-interface.
There are many other groupings of common properties like this, each
one given a name ending in interface. In total there are over
100 such interfaces. We shall see later why this is of interest and
use to the user.
These, then, are the main terms relating to objects which we shall use in this chapter.
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