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Simultaneous notes
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Additional voices to avoid collisions
In some instances of complex polyphonic music, additional voices are
necessary to prevent collisions between notes. If more than four
parallel voices are needed, additional voices can be added by defining
a variable using the Scheme function context-spec-music.
voiceFive = #(context-spec-music (make-voice-props-set 4) 'Voice)
\relative c'' {
\time 3/4
\key d \minor
\partial 2
<<
\new Voice {
\voiceOne
a4. a8
e'4 e4. e8
f4 d4. c8
}
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
d,2
d4 cis2
d4 bes2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
f'2
bes4 a2
a4 s2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceFive
s2
g4 g2
f4 f2
}
>>
}
![[image of music]](../91/lily-9c183491.png)
Changing a single note’s size in a chord
Individual note heads in a chord can be modified with the
\tweak command inside a chord, by altering the font-size
property.
Inside the chord (within the brackets < >), before the note to
be altered, place the \tweak command, followed by
#'font-size and define the proper size like #-2 (a tiny
note head).
\relative c' {
<\tweak font-size #+2 c e g c
\tweak font-size #-2 e>1
^\markup { A tiny e }_\markup { A big c }
}
![[image of music]](../ad/lily-137d8831.png)
Changing partcombine texts
When using the automatic part combining feature, the printed text for the solo and unison sections may be changed:
\new Staff <<
\set Staff.soloText = #"girl"
\set Staff.soloIIText = #"boy"
\set Staff.aDueText = #"together"
\partcombine
\relative c'' {
g4 g r r
a2 g
}
\relative c'' {
r4 r a( b)
a2 g
}
>>
![[image of music]](../6e/lily-eaf82cc0.png)
Clusters
Clusters are a device to denote that a complete range of notes is to be played.
fragment = \relative c' {
c4 f <e d'>4
<g a>8 <e a> a4 c2 <d b>4
e2 c
}
<<
\new Staff \fragment
\new Staff \makeClusters \fragment
>>
![[image of music]](../5c/lily-6149fead.png)
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Combining two parts on the same staff
The part combiner tool ( \partcombine command ) allows the
combination of several different parts on the same staff. Text
directions such as “solo” or “a2” are added by default; to remove
them, simply set the property printPartCombineTexts to f.
For vocal scores (hymns), there is no need to add “solo/a2” texts,
so they should be switched off. However, it might be better not to use
it if there are any solos, as they won’t be indicated. In such cases,
standard polyphonic notation may be preferable.
This snippet presents the three ways two parts can be printed on a same
staff: standard polyphony, \partcombine without texts, and
\partcombine with texts.
musicDown = \relative c'' {
g4 e4.( d8) c4 |
r2 g'4( f8 e) |
d2 \stemDown a
}
\score {
<<
\new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Standard polyphony" }
<< \musicUp \\ \musicDown >>
\new Staff \with {
instrumentName = #"PartCombine without text"
printPartCombineTexts = ##f
}
\partcombine \musicUp \musicDown
\new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"PartCombine with text" }
\partcombine \musicUp \musicDown
>>
\layout {
indent = 6.0\cm
\context {
\Score
\override SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #30
}
}
}
![[image of music]](../f3/lily-8c907d99.png)
Displaying complex chords
Here is a way to display a chord where the same note is played twice with different accidentals.
fixA = {
\once \override Stem.length = #11
}
fixB = {
\once \override NoteHead.X-offset = #1.7
\once \override Stem.length = #7
\once \override Stem.rotation = #'(45 0 0)
\once \override Stem.extra-offset = #'(-0.1 . -0.2)
\once \override Flag.style = #'no-flag
\once \override Accidental.extra-offset = #'(4 . -.1)
}
\relative c' {
<< { \fixA <b d!>8 } \\ { \voiceThree \fixB dis } >> s
}
![[image of music]](../20/lily-c341836c.png)
Double glissando
To connect chords with glissando lines, attach a second glissando to a hidden voice.
\relative c {
\clef bass
<<
{
% new voice ( = \voiceOne), hidden
\hideNotes
% attach glissando to note heads
e2\glissando g
}
\\
{
% original voice with chords rearranged so that
% glissando is attached to a & c
<e a,>2\glissando <g c,>
}
>>
}
![[image of music]](../9e/lily-ea5d0b4e.png)
Forcing horizontal shift of notes
When the typesetting engine cannot cope, the following syntax can be used to override typesetting decisions. The units of measure used here are staff spaces.
\relative c' <<
{
<d g>2 <d g>
}
\\
{
<b f'>2
\once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = #1.7
<b f'>2
}
>>
![[image of music]](../8b/lily-6f0e31be.png)
Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
Setting the transparent property will cause an object to be
printed in “invisible ink”: the object is not printed, but all its
other behavior is retained. The object still takes up space, it takes
part in collisions, and slurs, ties and beams can be attached to it.
This snippet demonstrates how to connect different voices using ties. Normally, ties only connect two notes in the same voice. By introducing a tie in a different voice, and blanking the first up-stem in that voice, the tie appears to cross voices.
\relative {
\time 2/4
<<
{
\once \hide Stem
\once \override Stem.length = #8
b'8 ~ 8\noBeam
\once \hide Stem
\once \override Stem.length = #8
g8 ~ 8\noBeam
}
\\
{
b8 g g e
}
>>
}
![[image of music]](../dc/lily-8e5a911e.png)
Moving dotted notes in polyphony
When a dotted note in the upper voice is moved to avoid a collision
with a note in another voice, the default is to move the upper note to
the right. This behaviour can be over-ridden by using the
prefer-dotted-right property of NoteCollision.
\new Staff \relative c' <<
{
f2. f4
\override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##f
f2. f4
\override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##t
f2. f4
}
\\
{ e4 e e e e e e e e e e e }
>>
![[image of music]](../3b/lily-e1850258.png)
Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns
If notes from two voices with stems in the same direction are placed at
the same position, and both voices have no shift or the same shift
specified, the error message ‘warning: ignoring too many clashing
note columns’ will appear when compiling the LilyPond file. This
message can be suppressed by setting the 'ignore-collision
property of the NoteColumn object to #t. Please note that
this does not just suppress warnings but stops LilyPond trying to
resolve collisions at all and so may have unintended results unless
used with care.
ignore = \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t
\relative c' {
\new Staff <<
\new Voice{ \ignore \stemDown f2 g }
\new Voice{ c2 \stemDown c, }
>>
}
![[image of music]](../ba/lily-e957203d.png)
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Two \partcombine pairs on one staff
The \partcombine function takes two music expressions each
containing a part, and distributes them among four Voices named
“two” “one” “solo” and “chords” depending on when and how
the parts merged into a common voice. The voices output from
\partcombine can have their layout properties adjusted in the
usual way. Here we define extensions of \partcombine to make
it easier to put four voices on a staff.
soprano = { d’4 | cis’ b e’ d’8 cis’ | cis’2 b } alto = { fis4 | e8 fis gis ais b4 b | b ais fis2 } tenor = { a8 b | cis’ dis’ e’4 b8 cis’ d’4 | gis cis’ dis’2 } bass = { fis8 gis | a4 gis g fis | eis fis b,2 }
\new Staff << \key b\minor \clef alto \partial 4 \transpose b b’ \partcombineUp \soprano \alto \partcombineDown \tenor \bass >>
\layout {
\context {
\Staff
\accepts "VoiceBox"
}
\context {
\name "VoiceBox"
\type "Engraver_group"
\defaultchild "Voice"
\accepts "Voice"
}
}
partcombineUp =
#(define-music-function (partOne partTwo)
(ly:music? ly:music?)
"Take the music in @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} and return
a @code{VoiceBox} named @q{Up} containing @code{Voice}s
that contain @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} merged into one
voice where feasible. This variant sets the default voicing
in the output to use upward stems."
#{
\new VoiceBox = "Up" <<
\context Voice = "one" { \voiceOne }
\context Voice = "two" { \voiceThree }
\context Voice = "shared" { \voiceOne }
\context Voice = "solo" { \voiceOne }
\partcombine #partOne #partTwo
>>
#})
partcombineDown = #
(define-music-function (partOne partTwo)
(ly:music? ly:music?)
"Take the music in @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} and return
a @code{VoiceBox} named @q{Down} containing @code{Voice}s
that contain @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} merged into one
voice where feasible. This variant sets the default voicing
in the output to use downward stems."
#{
\new VoiceBox = "Down" <<
\set VoiceBox.soloText = #"Solo III"
\set VoiceBox.soloIIText = #"Solo IV"
\context Voice ="one" { \voiceFour }
\context Voice ="two" { \voiceTwo }
\context Voice ="shared" { \voiceFour }
\context Voice ="solo" { \voiceFour }
\partcombine #partOne #partTwo
>>
#})
soprano = { d'4 | cis' b e' d'8 cis' | cis'2 b }
alto = { fis4 | e8 fis gis ais b4 b | b ais fis2 }
tenor = { a8 b | cis' dis' e'4 b8 cis' d'4 | gis cis' dis'2 }
bass = { fis8 gis | a4 gis g fis | eis fis b,2 }
\new Staff <<
\key b\minor
\clef alto
\partial 4
\transpose b b'
\partcombineUp \soprano \alto
\partcombineDown \tenor \bass
>>
![[image of music]](../a4/lily-9fca2d4d.png)
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| [ < Simultaneous notes: Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns ] | [ Up : Simultaneous notes ] | [ Staff notation > ] | ||