Guida alla Notazione di LilyPond: 2.5.1 Common notation for percussion

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2.5.1 Common notation for percussion

Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.

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References for percussion

Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is discussed in Mostrare i ritmi della melodia, and Istanziare nuovi righi.
MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see Strumenti MIDI.

Vedi anche

Notation Reference: Mostrare i ritmi della melodia, Istanziare nuovi righi. Strumenti MIDI.

Snippets: Percussion.

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Basic percussion notation

Percussion notes may be entered in \drummode mode, which is similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way to enter percussion notes is to use the \drums command, which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:

\drums {
  hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
}

This is shorthand for:

\new DrumStaff \drummode {
  hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
}

Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name, and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion note names may be found in Note percussive.

Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as cis4) in a DrumStaff context will cause an error message. Percussion clefs are added automatically to a DrumStaff context but they can also be set explicitly. Other clefs may be used as well.

\drums {
  \clef percussion
  bd4 4 4 4
  \clef treble
  hh4 4 4 4
}

There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion instruments; for details please see Strumenti MIDI.

Vedi anche

Notation Reference: Strumenti MIDI, Note percussive.

Installed Files: ‘ly/drumpitch-init.ly’.

Snippets: Percussion.

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Drum rolls

Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly, eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation, as described in Ripetizioni con tremolo.

\drums {
  \time 2/4
  sn16 8 16 8 8:32 ~
  8 8 4:32 ~
  4 8 16 16
  4 r4
}

Sticking can be indicated by placing a markup for "R" or "L" above or below notes, as discussed in Direzione e posizionamento. The staff-padding property may be overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.

\drums {
  \repeat unfold 2 {
    sn16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"L" 16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"R"
    \stemUp
    sn16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"L" 16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"R"
  }
}

Vedi anche

Notation Reference: Ripetizioni con tremolo.

Snippets: Percussion.

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Pitched percussion

Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g., xylophone, vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves. This is covered in other sections of the manual.

Vedi anche

Notation Reference: Strumenti MIDI.

Snippets: Percussion.

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Percussion staves

A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be interpreted in DrumStaff and DrumVoice context.

up = \drummode {
  crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
}
down = \drummode {
  bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
}
\new DrumStaff <<
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
>>

The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short polyphonic notation, described in I'm hearing Voices, can also be used. For example,

\new DrumStaff <<
  \drummode {
    bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
    << {
      \repeat unfold 16 hh16
    } \\ {
      bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
    } >>
  }
>>

There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the property drumStyleTable in context DrumVoice. The following variables have been predefined:

drums-style

This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a five-line staff:

The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use tommh, tomml, and tomfh.

agostini-drums-style

Invented by the French percussionist Dante Agostini in 1965, this notation is commonly employed in France but also elsewhere.

timbales-style

This typesets timbales on a two line staff:

congas-style

This typesets congas on a two line staff:

bongos-style

This typesets bongos on a two line staff:

percussion-style

To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:

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Custom percussion staves

If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your own list at the top of your file.

#(define mydrums '(
         (bassdrum        default   #f           -1)
         (snare           default   #f           0)
         (hihat           cross     #f           1)
         (halfopenhihat   cross     "halfopen"   1)
         (pedalhihat      xcircle   "stopped"    2)
         (lowtom          diamond   #f           3)))
up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp }
down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml }

\new DrumStaff <<
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
>>

Frammenti di codice selezionati

Here are some examples:

Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)

% These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
% if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
% for the woodblocks.
#(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t  3)
                   (lowoodblock default #t -2)))

woodstaff = {
  % This defines a staff with only two lines.
  % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
  \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3)

  % This is necessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
  \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
}

\new DrumStaff {
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)

  % with this you load your new drum style table
  \woodstaff

  \drummode {
    \time 2/4
    wbl8 16 16 8-> 8 |
    wbl8 16 16-> ~ 16 16 r8 |
  }
}

Note that in this special case the length of the barline must altered with \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent #'(from . to). Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these delicate things have a look at Simbolo del rigo.

A tambourine, entered with ‘tamb’:

#(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))

\new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tambourine" }

\drummode {
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 )
  \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)

  \time 6/8
  tamb8. 16 8 8 8 8 |
  tamb4. 8 8 8 |
  % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
  % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
  tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
}

Music for Tam-Tam (entered with ‘tt’):

#(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))

\new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tamtam" }

\drummode {
\set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
\override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 )
\override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)

  tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
}

Two different bells, entered with ‘cb’ (cowbell) and ‘rb’ (ridebell)

#(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t  3)
                   (cowbell  default #t -2)))

\new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Different Bells" }

\drummode {
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3)
  \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)

  \time 2/4
  rb8 8 cb8 16 rb16-> ~ |
  16 8 16 cb8 8 |
}

Here a short example taken from Stravinsky’s ‘L’histoire du Soldat’.

#(define mydrums '((bassdrum   default #t  4)
                   (snare      default #t -4)
                   (tambourine default #t  0)))

global = {
  \time 3/8 s4.
  \time 2/4 s2*2
  \time 3/8 s4.
  \time 2/4 s2
}

drumsA = {
  \context DrumVoice <<
    { \global }
    { \drummode {
        \autoBeamOff
        \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
        sn4 \stemDown sn4 |
        \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
        \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
        \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
      }
    }
  >>
}

drumsB = {
  \drummode {
    s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
  }
}

\layout {
  indent = #40
}

\score {
  \new StaffGroup <<
    \new DrumStaff \with {
      instrumentName = \markup {
        \column {
          "Tambourine"
          "et"
          "caisse claire s. timbre"
        }
      }
    drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  }
  \drumsA
  \new DrumStaff \with {
    instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
    drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  }
  \drumsB
  >>
}

Vedi anche

Snippets: Percussion.

Internals Reference: DrumStaff, DrumVoice.

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Ghost notes

Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the \parenthesize command detailed in Parentesi.

\new DrumStaff
<<
  \context DrumVoice  = "1" { s1 }
  \context DrumVoice  = "2" { s1 }
  \drummode {
    <<
      {
        hh8[ 8] <hh sn> hh16
        \parenthesize sn  hh
        \parenthesize sn  hh8 <hh sn> hh
      } \\
      {
        bd4 r4 bd8 8 r8 bd
      }
    >>
  }
>>

Vedi anche

Snippets: Percussion.

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2.5.1 Common notation for percussion

References for percussion

Vedi anche

Basic percussion notation

Vedi anche

Drum rolls

Vedi anche

Pitched percussion

Vedi anche

Percussion staves

Custom percussion staves

Frammenti di codice selezionati

Vedi anche

Ghost notes

Vedi anche

LilyPond — Guida alla Notazione v2.21.0 (ramo di sviluppo).