[Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] |
LilyPond — Referència de la notació
Aquest manual ofereix una referència per a tota la notació musical que es pot produir amb el LilyPond versió 2.21.0. S’entén que el lector està familiaritzat amb el material que hi ha a Manual d’aprenentatge. |
1. Notació musical | Notació que es fa servir a gairebé tots els projectes. | |
2. Specialist notation | Notació que sols s’usa per a fins específics. | |
3. General input and output | Informació general sobre l’entrada i la sortida del LilyPond. | |
4. Spacing issues | Presentació del resultat en paper. | |
5. Changing defaults | Ajust fi del resultat | |
Annexos | ||
---|---|---|
A. Notation manual tables | Taules i quadres | |
B. Cheat sheet | Resum de la sintaxi del LilyPond | |
C. GNU Free Documentation License | Llicència d’aquest document | |
D. Índex d’ordres del LilyPond | ||
E. Índex del LilyPond |
Per a més informació sobre la forma en la qual aquest manual es relaciona amb la resta de la documentació, o per llegir aquest manual en altres formats, consulteu Manuals. Si us falta algun manual, trobareu tota la documentació a http://lilypond.org/. |
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[ < Top ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Altures > ] |
1. Notació musical
Aquest capítol explica com crear notació musical.
1.1 Altures | Escriptura i presentació de les duracions de les notes. | |
1.2 Duracions | Escriptura i presentació de les duracions de les notes. | |
1.3 Expressions | Addició d’expressió a les notes. | |
1.4 Repeticions | Repeticions de música. | |
1.5 Notes simultànies | Més d’una nota a l’hora. | |
1.6 Notació dels pentagrames | Impressió dels pentagrames. | |
1.7 Editorial annotations | Notació especial per augmentar la llegibilitat. | |
1.8 Text | Addicció de text a les partitures. |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Notació musical ] | [ Amunt : Notació musical ] | [ Escriptura de notes > ] |
1.1 Altures
A aquesta secció es discuteix com especificar l’altura de les notes. Aquest procés es composa de tres fases: entrada, modificació i sortida.
1.1.1 Escriptura de notes | ||
1.1.2 Modificació de diverses notes a l’hora | ||
1.1.3 Impressió de les altures | ||
1.1.4 Cap de les notes |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Altures ] | [ Amunt : Altures ] | [ Escriptura d'octava absoluta > ] |
1.1.1 Escriptura de notes
A aquesta secció es descriu la manera d’introduir l’altura de les notes. Hi ha dues formes diferents de col·locar les notes a la seva octava corresponent: el mode absolut i el relatiu. A gairebé totes les ocasions, serà més pràctic el mode relatiu.
Escriptura d’octava absoluta | ||
Escriptura d’octava relativa | ||
Alteracions accidentals | ||
Noms de les notes en altes llengües |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Escriptura de notes ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de notes ] | [ Escriptura d'octava relativa > ] |
Escriptura d’octava absoluta
El nom d’una nota s’especifica usant les lletres minúscules de
l’a
a la g
. Les notes els noms dels quals van des
de la c
fins la b
s’imprimeixen a l’octava inferior
al Do central.
{ \clef bass c4 d e f g4 a b c d4 e f g }
Es poden especificar d’altres octaves mitjançant una cometa simple
quote ('
) o una coma (,
) .
Cada '
eleva l’altura en una octava;
cada ,
baixa l’altura una octava.
{ \clef treble c'4 e' g' c'' c'4 g b c' \clef bass c,4 e, g, c c,4 g,, b,, c, }
Les marques d’octava comunes es poden escriure una sola vegada
sobre una nota de referència si es fa servir \fixed
abans
de la música. A les notes dins de \fixed
sols els calen
les marques d’apòstrof '
o de coma ,
quan
estan per sobre o per sota de l’octava de la nota de referència.
{ \fixed c' { \clef treble c4 e g c' c4 g, b, c } \clef bass \fixed c, { c4 e g c' c4 g, b, c } }
L’altura de les notes de l’expressió musical que segueix a
\fixed
no resulta afectada per un \relative
que
l’envolta, que s’estudia a continuació.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: Pitch names.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Escriptura d'octava absoluta ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de notes ] | [ Alteracions accidentals > ] |
Escriptura d’octava relativa
L’entrada d’octava absoluta requereix que s’especifiqui l’octava per a totes i cadascuna de les notes. En contrast amb això, el mode d’entrada d’octava relativa especifica cada octava en relació amb la nota anterior: si es canvia l’octava d’una nota això afectarà a totes les notes següents.
El mode relatiu de notes s’ha d’introduir de forma explícita usant
l’ordre \relative
:
\relative altura_inicial expressió_musical
En el mode relatiu, se suposa que cada nota es troba el més a prop
possible de la nota anterior. Això significa que l’octava d’una
nota que està dins de expresión_musical
es calcula
com segueix:
- Si no s’usa cap marca de canvi d’octava en una nota, la seva octava es calcula de forma que l’interval que formi amb la nota anterior sigui menor d’una quinta. Aquest interval es determina sense considerar les alteracions.
-
Es pot afegir una marca de canvi d’octava
'
o,
per elevar o baixar l’altura, respectivament, en una octava més en relació con l’altura calculada sense aquesta marca. -
Es poden usar diverses marques de canvi d’octava. Per exemple,
''
i,,
alteren l’altura en dues octaves. -
L’altura de la primera nota és relativa a
altura_inicial
.altura_inicial
s’especifica en mode d’octava absoluta. Quines opcions tenen sentit?-
c
(Do), en qualsevol octava La identificació del Do central amb
c'
és quelcom força bàsica, per la qual cosa sol ser fàcil trobar octaves dec
. Si la nostra música comença ambgis
(un Sol sostingut) per sobre dec'''
, hauríem d’escriure quelcom com\relative { gis''' … }
- una nota que està una o dues octaves de la primera nota
Escriure
\relative { gis''' … }
fa que sigui fàcil determinar l’altura absoluta de la primera nota de dins.- cap altura d’inici explícita
La forma
\relative { gis''' … }
serveix com una versió més compacta de l’opció anterior: la primera nota de dins s’escriu ella mateixa en altura absoluta (això resulta ser equivalent a escollirf
(Fa) como l’altura de referència).
La documentació sol utilitzar aquesta última opció.
-
Aquí podem ver el mode relatiu en acció:
\relative { \clef bass c d e f g a b c d e f g }
Les marques de canvi d’octava s’utilitzen per a intervals majors de la quarta:
\relative { c'' g c f, c' a, e'' c }
Una sèrie de notes sense cap marca d’octava pot, malgrat tot, abastar intervals molt grans:
\relative { c f b e a d g c }
Quan hi ha uns blocs \relative
niuats dins d’altres, el bloc
\relative
més intern comença amb la seva pròpia nota de
referència independentment del \relative
exterior.
\relative { c' d e f \relative { c'' d e f } }
\relative
no té efecte sobre els blocs
\chordmode
.
\new Staff { \relative c''' { \chordmode { c1 } } \chordmode { c1 } }
\relative
no es permet dins des bloques
\chordmode
.
La música que està dins d’un bloc \transpose
és absoluta, a
no ser que s’inclogui una ordre \relative
.
\relative { d' e \transpose f g { d e \relative { d' e } } }
Si l’element anterior és un acord, la primera nota de l’acord s’utilitza per determinar la primera nota del següent acord. Dins dels acords, la següent nota sempre està en relació a l’anterior.
\relative { c' <c e g> <c' e g'> <c, e, g''> }
Com es va explicar més a dalt, l’octava de les notes es calcula solament a partir dels seus noms, sense tenir en compte cap alteració. Per tant, un Mi doble sostingut després d’un Si s’escriurà més greu. En altres paraules, es considera a la quarta doble augmentada un interval menor que la quinta doble disminuïda, independentment del número de semitons de cada un d’ells.
\relative { c''2 fis c2 ges b2 eisis b2 feses }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: fifth, interval, Pitch names.
Referència de la notació: Comprovació d’octava.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament intern: RelativeOctaveMusic.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Escriptura d'octava relativa ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de notes ] | [ Noms de les notes en altres llengües > ] |
Alteracions accidentals
Nota: Les alteracions accidentals i les armadures són una
freqüent causa de confusió per als nous usuaris. Al LilyPond, els
noms de les notes específiques les altures; l’armadura i la clau
determinen de quin forma es presenten aquestes altures. Una nota
sense alteració com c
significa ‘Do natural’, i sí que
l’afecten l’armadura ni la clau. Per veure més informació, consulteu
Alteracions accidentals i armadures.
S’escriu una nota sostinguda afegint is
al
nom de la nota, i un bemoll afegint es
.
Com és d’esperar, un doble sostingut i un
doble bemoll s’obté afegint isis
o
eses
. Aquesta sintaxi deriva dels noms de les notes en
holandès. Per utilitzar altres noms per a les alteracions,
consulteu Noms de les notes en altes llengües.
\relative c'' { ais1 aes aisis aeses }
Una nota natural s’introdueix com el nom de la nota, sense més; no cal cap sufix. S’imprimeix un símbol de becaire si cal per cancel·lar l’efecte d’una alteració o armadura anterior.
\relative c'' { a4 aes a2 }
Es poden escriure mig bemolls i els mig sostinguts; a continuació presentem una sèrie de DOs cada com més aguts:
\relative c'' { ceseh1 ces ceh c cih cis cisih }
Normalment les alteracions accidentals s’imprimeixen
automàticament, però també pot imprimir-les manualment. Una
alteració recordatòria es pot forçar afegint un signe de
admiració !
després de l’altura de la nota. Es pot
obtenir una alteració de precaució (o sigui, una alteració entre
parèntesi) afegint el signe de interrogació ?
després
del nom de la nota.
\relative c'' { cis cis cis! cis? c c c! c? }
Les alteracions sobre notes unides per lligadura sols s’imprimeixen al començament d’un sistema:
\relative c'' { cis1~ 1~ \break cis }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Hiding accidentals on tied notes at the start of a new system
This shows how to hide accidentals on tied notes at the start of a new system.
\relative c'' { \override Accidental.hide-tied-accidental-after-break = ##t cis1~ cis~ \break cis }
Preventing extra naturals from being automatically added
In accordance with traditional typesetting rules, a natural sign is
printed before a sharp or flat if a previous double sharp or flat on
the same note is canceled. To change this behavior to contemporary
practice, set the extraNatural
property to f
in the
Staff
context.
\relative c'' { aeses4 aes ais a \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f aeses4 aes ais a }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: sharp, flat, double sharp, double flat, Pitch names, quarter tone.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Alteracions accidentals i armadures.
Referència de la notació: Alteracions accidentals automàtiques, Alteracions de anotació (musica ficta), Noms de les notes en altes llengües.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament intern: Accidental_engraver, Accidental, AccidentalCautionary, accidental-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
No hi ha estàndards reconeguts àmpliament per denotar els bemolls de tres quarts, de manera que els símbols del LilyPond no s’ajusten a cap estàndard.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Alteracions accidentals ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de notes ] | [ Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora > ] |
Noms de les notes en altes llengües
Hi ha conjunts predefinits de noms de notes i les seves alteracions per a algunes llengües a part de l’anglès. La selecció de la llengua dels noms de les notes se sol fer al principi del fitxer: l’exemple següent està escrit utilitzant els noms italians de les notes:
\language "italiano" \relative { do' re mi sib }
Les llengües disponibles i els noms de les notes que defineixen són els següents:
Llengua
Nom de les notes
nederlands
c d e f g a bes b
catalan
do re mi fa sol la sib si
deutsch
c d e f g a b h
english
c d e f g a bf b
espanol
oespañol
do re mi fa sol la sib si
français
do ré/re mi fa sol la sib si
italiano
do re mi fa sol la sib si
norsk
c d e f g a b h
portugues
do re mi fa sol la sib si
suomi
c d e f g a b h
svenska
c d e f g a b h
vlaams
do re mi fa sol la sib si
A més dels noms de les notes, els sufixos de les alteracions poden també variar depenent de la llengua:
Llengua
sostingut
bemoll
doble sostingut
doble bemoll
nederlands
-
is
-
es
-
isis
-
eses
catalan
-
d
/-s
-
b
-
dd
/-ss
-
bb
deutsch
-
is
-
es
-
isis
-
eses
english
-
s
/--sharp
-
f
/--flat
-
ss
/-x
/--sharpsharp
-
ff
/--flatflat
espanol
orespañol
-
s
-
b
-
ss
/-x
-
bb
français
-
d
-
b
-
dd
/-x
-
bb
italiano
-
d
-
b
-
dd
-
bb
norsk
-
iss
/-is
-
ess
/-es
-
ississ
/-isis
-
essess
/-eses
portugues
-
s
-
b
-
ss
-
bb
suomi
-
is
-
es
-
isis
-
eses
svenska
-
iss
-
ess
-
ississ
-
essess
vlaams
-
k
-
b
-
kk
-
bb
A l’holandès, aes
es contrau com as
, però les dues
formes s’accepten al LilyPond. De forma semblant, s’accepten tant
es
com ees
. Això s’aplica també a
aeses
/ ases
i a
eeses
/ eses
. A vegades es defineixen
sols aquest noms abreujats als fitxers de llengua corresponents.
\relative c'' { a2 as e es a ases e eses }
Algunes músiques utilitzen microtons les alteracions dels quals són fraccions d’un sostingut o bemoll ‘normals’. La taula següent relaciona els noms de les notes per a les alteracions d’un quart de to en diferents llengües; aquí, els prefixos semi- i sesqui- respectivament signifiquen ‘mig’ i ‘u i mig’. Les llengües que no apareixen a aquesta taula no aporten encaran noms especials per a les notes.
Llengua
semi-sostingut
semi-bemoll
sesqui-sostingut
sesqui-bemoll
nederlands
-ih
-eh
-isih
-eseh
deutsch
-ih
-eh
-isih
-eseh
english
-qs
-qf
-tqs
-tqf
espanol
oespañol
-cs
-cb
-tcs
-tcb
français
-sd
-sb
-dsd
-bsb
italiano
-sd
-sb
-dsd
-bsb
portugues
-sqt
-bqt
-stqt
-btqt
Gairebé totes les llengües presentades aquí estan associades comunament amb la música clàssica occidental, també coneguda com Període de la pràctica comuna. Malgrat això, també estan contemplades les altures i els sistemes d’afinació alternatius: vegeu Notació comuna per a músiques no occidentals.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: Pitch names, Common Practice Period.
Referència de la notació: Notació comuna per a músiques no occidentals.
Fitxers instal·lats: ‘scm/define-note-names.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Noms de les notes en altres llengües ] | [ Amunt : Altures ] | [ Comprovació d'octava > ] |
1.1.2 Modificació de diverses notes a l’hora
Aquesta secció tracta de la manera de modificar les altures.
Comprovació d’octava | ||
Transposició | ||
Inversió | ||
Retrogradació | ||
Transformacions modals |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora ] | [ Transposició > ] |
Comprovació d’octava
Al mode relatiu és fàcil oblidar una marca de canvi d’octava. Les comprovacions d’octava fan més fàcil trobar aquests errors, mitjançant la presentació d’un advertiment i corregint l’octava si la nota es troba a una octava diferent de l’esperat.
Per comprovar l’octava d’una nota, especifiqueu l’octava absoluta
després del símbol =
. Aquest exemple genera un
missatge d’advertiment (i corregeix l’altura) perquè la segona
nota és l’octava absoluta d''
en lloc de d'
com
indica la correcció d’octava.
\relative { c''2 d='4 d e2 f }
L’octava de les notes es pot comprovar també amb l’ordre
\octaveCheck altura_de_control
.
altura_de_control
s’especifica en mode absolut. Això
comprova que l’interval entre la nota anterior i la
altura_de_control
es troba dins d’una quarta (és a
dir, el càlcul normal per al mode relatiu). Si aquesta
comprovació fracassa, s’imprimeix un missatge d’advertiment. Tot
i que la nota prèvia no es modifica, les notes posteriors estan en
relació al valor corregit.
\relative { c''2 d \octaveCheck c' e2 f }
Compareu els dos compassos següents. La primera i tercera
comprovacions de \octaveCheck
fracassen, però la segona és correcta.
\relative { c''4 f g f c4 \octaveCheck c' f \octaveCheck c' g \octaveCheck c' f }
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament interno: RelativeOctaveCheck.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Comprovació d'octava ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora ] | [ Inversió > ] |
Transposició
Una expressió musical es pot transportar mitjançant
\transpose
. La sintaxi és
\transpose nota_origen nota_destí expressió_musical
Això significa que la expressió_musical
es transporta
l’interval que hi ha entre les notes nota_origen
i
nota_destí
: qualsevol nota amb l’altura de
nota_origen
es canvia per nota_destí
i
qualsevol altra nota es transporta el mateix interval. Les dues
notes s’introdueixen en mode absolut.
Nota: La música que està dins d’un bloc
\transpose
és absoluta, a no ser que s’inclogui una introducció
\relative
dins del bloc.
Per exemple, agafem una peça escrita en la tonalitat de Re major. Es pot transposar cap amunt a Mi major; observeu que també l’armadura de la tonalitat es transporta automàticament.
\transpose d e { \relative { \key d \major d'4 fis a d } }
Si una particel·la escrita en Do (afinació de concert normal) es pot tocar amb un clarinet en La (per al qual un La s’escriu com un Do, i que sona una tercera menor per sota del que està escrit), la particel·la corresponent es produeix mitjançant:
\transpose a c' { \relative { \key c \major c'4 d e g } }
Observeu que especifiquem \key c \major
de forma explícita.
Si no especifiquem cap tonalitat, les notes es transporten però no
s’imprimeix l’armadura.
\transpose
distingeix entre notes enarmòniques: tant
\transpose c cis
com \transpose c des
transporten
un semitó cap amunt. La primera versió imprimeix sostinguts i les
notes no es mouen del seu lloc a l’escala, en canvi la segona
imprimeix bemolls de la nota següent.
music = \relative { c' d e f } \new Staff { \transpose c cis { \music } \transpose c des { \music } }
\transpose
també es pot usar per introduir notes escrites
per a un instrument transpositor. Els exemples interiors mostren
com escriure altures en Do (o en afinació de concert) i
gravar-les per a un instrument transpositor, però també és
possible el cas contrari si, per exemple, tenim un conjunt de
parts instrumentals i voleu fer un guió en Do per al director. Per
exemple, en introduir música per a trompeta en Si bemoll que
comença per un Mi a la partitura (Re de concert), es pot escriure:
musicaEnSiBemol = { e4 … } \transpose c bes, \musicaEnSiBemol
Per imprimir aquesta música en Fa (per exemple, en arreglar-la per
a trompa) podeu envolta la música existent amb un altre
\transpose
:
musicaEnSiBemol = { e4 … } \transpose f c' { \transpose c bes, \musicaEnSiBemol }
Per veure més informació sobre instruments transpositors, consulteu Transposició dels instruments.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Transposing pitches with minimum accidentals ("Smart" transpose)
This example uses some Scheme code to enforce enharmonic modifications for notes in order to have the minimum number of accidentals. In this case, the following rules apply:
Double accidentals should be removed
B sharp -> C
E sharp -> F
C flat -> B
F flat -> E
In this manner, the most natural enharmonic notes are chosen.
#(define (naturalize-pitch p) (let ((o (ly:pitch-octave p)) (a (* 4 (ly:pitch-alteration p))) ;; alteration, a, in quarter tone steps, ;; for historical reasons (n (ly:pitch-notename p))) (cond ((and (> a 1) (or (eqv? n 6) (eqv? n 2))) (set! a (- a 2)) (set! n (+ n 1))) ((and (< a -1) (or (eqv? n 0) (eqv? n 3))) (set! a (+ a 2)) (set! n (- n 1)))) (cond ((> a 2) (set! a (- a 4)) (set! n (+ n 1))) ((< a -2) (set! a (+ a 4)) (set! n (- n 1)))) (if (< n 0) (begin (set! o (- o 1)) (set! n (+ n 7)))) (if (> n 6) (begin (set! o (+ o 1)) (set! n (- n 7)))) (ly:make-pitch o n (/ a 4)))) #(define (naturalize music) (let ((es (ly:music-property music 'elements)) (e (ly:music-property music 'element)) (p (ly:music-property music 'pitch))) (if (pair? es) (ly:music-set-property! music 'elements (map naturalize es))) (if (ly:music? e) (ly:music-set-property! music 'element (naturalize e))) (if (ly:pitch? p) (begin (set! p (naturalize-pitch p)) (ly:music-set-property! music 'pitch p))) music)) naturalizeMusic = #(define-music-function (m) (ly:music?) (naturalize m)) music = \relative c' { c4 d e g } \score { \new Staff { \transpose c ais { \music } \naturalizeMusic \transpose c ais { \music } \transpose c deses { \music } \naturalizeMusic \transpose c deses { \music } } \layout { } }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Transposició dels instruments, Inversió, Transformacions modals, Escriptura d’octava relativa, Retrogradació.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament intern: TransposedMusic.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
La conversió relativa no afecta a les seccions
\transpose
, \chordmode
ni \relative
dins del
seu argument. Per usar el mode relatiu dins de música
transportada, es pot col·locar un altre \relative
dins de
\transpose
.
No s’imprimeixen alteracions accidentals triples quan s’usa
\transpose
. En lloc d’això, s’usarà una nota
‘equivalent enarmònicament’ (p.ex., Re bemoll en lloc de Mi
triple bemoll).
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[ < Transposició ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora ] | [ Retrogradació > ] |
Inversió
Una expressió musical es pot invertir i transportar en una sola operació amb:
\inversion nota_pivot nota_destí expressió_musical
La expressió_musical
s’inverteix interval a interval
al voltant de nota_pivot
, i després es transport de
manera que nota_pivot
es fa correspondre amb
nota_destí
.
music = \relative { c' d e f } \new Staff { \music \inversion d' d' \music \inversion d' ees' \music }
Nota: Els motius a invertir haurien de venir expressats en mode
absolut o convertir-se prèviament a la forma absoluta
envoltant-los en un bloc relative
.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Transformacions modals, Retrogradació, Transposició.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Inversió ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora ] | [ Transformacions modals > ] |
Retrogradació
Es pot revertir una expressió musical per produir la seva retrogradació:
music = \relative { c'8. ees16( fis8. a16 b8.) gis16 f8. d16 } \new Staff { \music \retrograde \music }
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Les lligadures d’unió manuals dins de \retrograde
es
trencaran i generaran advertiments. Es poden generar algunes
lligadures automàticament activant
Divisió automàtica de les notes.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Inversió, Transformacions modals, Transposició.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Retrogradació ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de diverses notes a l'hora ] | [ Impressió de les altures > ] |
Transformacions modals
En una composició musical que està basada en una escala amb freqüència es transformen els motius de diverses formes. Un motiu es pot transportar perquè comenci en diferents llocs de l’escala o pot invertir-se al voltant d’una nota pivot de l’escala. També es pot revertir per produir una retrogradació, vegeu Retrogradació.
Nota: Qualsevol nota que no entri a la escala donada, es deixarà sense transformar.
Transposició modal
Es pot transportar un motiu dins d’una escala donada amb:
\modalTranspose nota_origen nota_destí escala motiu
Les notes del motiu es desplacen dins de la escala el nombre de graus de l’escala donats per l’interval entre nota_destí y nota_origen:
diatonicScale = \relative { c' d e f g a b } motif = \relative { c'8 d e f g a b c } \new Staff { \motif \modalTranspose c f \diatonicScale \motif \modalTranspose c b, \diatonicScale \motif }
Es poden especificar escales ascendents de qualsevol longitud i amb qualssevol intervals:
pentatonicScale = \relative { ges aes bes des ees } motif = \relative { ees'8 des ges,4 <ges' bes,> <ges bes,> } \new Staff { \motif \modalTranspose ges ees' \pentatonicScale \motif }
Quan es fa servir amb una escola cromàtica, \modalTranspose
té un efecte semblant a \transpose
, però amb la
possibilitat d’especificar els noms de les notes que es vulguin usar:
chromaticScale = \relative { c' cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b } motif = \relative { c'8 d e f g a b c } \new Staff { \motif \transpose c f \motif \modalTranspose c f \chromaticScale \motif }
Inversió modal
Es pot invertir un motiu dins d’una escala donada al voltant d’una nota pivot donada i transportada al mateix temps en una única operaćió, amb:
\modalInversion nota-pivote nota-destino escala motivo
Les notes del motiu col·loquen al mateix nombre de graus de distància de l’escala a partir de la nota_pivot dins de l’escala, però en la direcció oposada, i el resultat es desplaça després dins de l’escala el nombre de grados de l’escala donats per l’interval entre la nota_destí i la nota_pivot.
Així doncs, per invertir senzillament al voltant d’una nota de l’escala, utilitzeu el mateix valor per a nota_pivot i nota_destí:
octatonicScale = \relative { ees' f fis gis a b c d } motif = \relative { c'8. ees16 fis8. a16 b8. gis16 f8. d16 } \new Staff { \motif \modalInversion fis' fis' \octatonicScale \motif }
Per invertir al voltant d’una nota pivot entre dues notes de l’escala, invertiu al voltant d’una de les notes i després transporteu en un grau de l’escala. les dues notes especificades es poden interpretar com que fan una forquilla entre elles a la nota pivot:
scale = \relative { c' g' } motive = \relative { c' c g' c, } \new Staff { \motive \modalInversion c' g' \scale \motive }
L’operació combinada d’inversió i retrogradació produeix la inversió retrògrada:
octatonicScale = \relative { ees' f fis gis a b c d } motif = \relative { c'8. ees16 fis8. a16 b8. gis16 f8. d16 } \new Staff { \motif \retrograde \modalInversion c' c' \octatonicScale \motif }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Inversió, Retrogradació, Transposició.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Transformacions modals ] | [ Amunt : Altures ] | [ Clau > ] |
1.1.3 Impressió de les altures
Aquesta secció tracta de com alterar la presentació de l’altura de les notes.
Clau | ||
Armadura de la tonalitat | ||
Indicadors d’octava | ||
Transposició dels instruments | ||
Alteracions accidentals automàtiques | ||
Tessitura |
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[ < Impressió de les altures ] | [ Amunt : Impressió de les altures ] | [ Armadura de la tonalitat > ] |
Clau
Sense cap ordre explícita, la clau predeterminada al LilyPond és la clau “treble” (o clau de Sol).
c'2 c'
Tanmateix, es pot canviar la clau usant l’ordre
\clef
i el nom de la clau corresponent. Als exemples
següents es mostra la posició del Do central en diferents claus.
\clef treble c'2 c' \clef alto c'2 c' \clef tenor c'2 c' \clef bass c'2 c'
Per veure el repertori complet dels possibles noms per a les claus, consulteu Estils de clau.
Les claus especials, com les utilitzades a la música antiga, es descriuen a Claus de la música mensural i a Claus del cant gregorià. La música que requereix claus de tabulatura s’estudia a Tabulatures predeterminades i a Tabulatures personalizadas.
Per fer servir claus a les notes guia, vegeu les ordres
\cueClef
i \cueDuringWithClef
a
Format de les notes guia.
En afegir _8
o ^8
al nom de la clau, la clau es
transposa una octava cap avall o cap amunt, respectivament, i
_15
i ^15
la transposa dos octaves. Si cal
es poden usar altres nombres enters. L’argument
nome_de_clau s’ha de envoltar entre cometes si conté
caràcters no alfabètics:
\clef treble c'2 c' \clef "treble_8" c'2 c' \clef "bass^15" c'2 c' \clef "alto_2" c'2 c' \clef "G_8" c'2 c' \clef "F^5" c'2 c'
Es pot obtenir una indicació d’octava opcional envoltant l’argument numèric entre parèntesis o claudàtors:
\clef "treble_(8)" c'2 c' \clef "bass^[15]" c'2 c'
Les altures s’imprimeixen com si l’argument numèric no tingués els parèntesis o claudàtors.
De forma predeterminada, un canvi de clau que es produeix en un salt de línia provoca que el símbol de clau nou s’imprimeixi al final de la línia anterior, com una clau de cortesia, així com al principi del següent. Aquesta clau de cortesia es pot suprimir.
\clef treble { c'2 c' } \break \clef bass { c'2 c' } \break \clef alto \set Staff.explicitClefVisibility = #end-of-line-invisible { c'2 c' } \break \unset Staff.explicitClefVisibility \clef bass { c'2 c' } \break
De forma predeterminada, una clau que s’ha imprès prèviament no es
torna a imprimir si es fa servir un altre cop la mateixa ordre
\clef
, i s’ignora. La instrucció \set
Staff.forceClef = ##t
modifica aquest comportament.
\clef treble c'1 \clef treble c'1 \set Staff.forceClef = ##t c'1 \clef treble c'1
Quan hi ha un canvi de clau manual, el glif de la clau modificada és més petit del normal. Es pot sobreescriure aquest comportament.
\clef "treble" c'1 \clef "bass" c'1 \clef "treble" c'1 \override Staff.Clef.full-size-change = ##t \clef "bass" c'1 \clef "treble" c'1 \revert Staff.Clef.full-size-change \clef "bass" c'1 \clef "treble" c'1
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Tweaking clef properties
Changing the Clef glyph, its position, or the ottavation does not
change the position of subsequent notes on the staff. To get key
signatures on their correct staff lines middleCClefPosition
must
also be specified, with positive or negative values moving middle
C
up or down respectively, relative to the staff’s center line.
For example, \clef "treble_8"
is equivalent to setting the
clefGlyph
, clefPosition
(the vertical position of the
clef itself on the staff), middleCPosition
and
clefTransposition
. Note that when any of these properties
(except middleCPosition
) are changed a new clef symbol is
printed.
The following examples show the possibilities when setting these properties manually. On the first line, the manual changes preserve the standard relative positioning of clefs and notes, whereas on the second line, they do not.
{ % The default treble clef \key f \major c'1 % The standard bass clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #6 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #6 \key g \major c'1 % The baritone clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" \set Staff.clefPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #4 \key f \major c'1 % The standard choral tenor clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" \set Staff.clefPosition = #-2 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #-7 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #1 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #1 \key f \major c'1 % A non-standard clef \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #-4 \key g \major c'1 \break % The following clef changes do not preserve % the normal relationship between notes, key signatures % and clefs: \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #7 c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 c'1 % Return to the normal clef: \set Staff.middleCPosition = #0 c'1 }
Vegeu també
Referencia de la notación: Claus de la música mensural, Claus del cant gregorià, Tabulatures predeterminades Tabulatures personalizadas. Format de les notes guia.
Fitxers instal·lats: ‘scm/parser-clef.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament intern: Clef_engraver, Clef, ClefModifier, clef-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Els números d’octava adjunts a les claus es tracten com grobs
diferents. Així doncs, qualsevol \override
(sobreescriptura) efectuada a l’objecte Clef s’haurà
d’aplicar també al grob ClefModifier com un \override
diferent.
\new Staff \with { \override Clef.color = #blue \override ClefModifier.color = #red } \clef "treble_8" c'4
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Clau ] | [ Amunt : Impressió de les altures ] | [ Indicadors d'octava > ] |
Armadura de la tonalitat
Nota: Les alteracions accidentals i les armadures són una causa
freqüent de confusió per al nous usuaris. Al LilyPond, el noms de
les notes són el codi d’entrada en brut; l’armadura i la clau
determinen de quina forma es presenta aquest codi en brut. Una
nota sense alteració com c
significa ‘Do natural’,
sense que l’afectin l’armadura o la clau. Per veure més
informació, consulteu
Alteracions accidentals i armadures.
L’armadura indica la tonalitat en la qual es toca una peça. Està
denotada per un conjunt d’alteracions (bemolls o sostinguts) al
començament del pentagrama. L’establiment o modificació de
l’armadura es fa amb l’ordre \key
:
\key nota modo
Aquí, mode
ha de ser \major
o \minor
per obtenir la tonalitat nota
major o noms estàndard
de mode (també coneguts com modes eclesiàstics):
\ionian
(jònic), \dorian
(dòric),
\phrygian
(frigi), \lydian
(lidi),
\mixolydian
(mixolidi), \aeolian
(eoli) i
\locrian
(locri).
\relative { \key g \major fis''1 f fis }
Es poden definir modes addicionals, escrivint una llista amb l’alteració que porta cada nota de l’escala quan el mode comença amb Do.
freygish = #`((0 . ,NATURAL) (1 . ,FLAT) (2 . ,NATURAL) (3 . ,NATURAL) (4 . ,NATURAL) (5 . ,FLAT) (6 . ,FLAT)) \relative { \key c \freygish c'4 des e f \bar "||" \key d \freygish d es fis g }
Les alteracions de l’armadura de la tonalitat es poden imprimir en
una octava diferent que en les seves posicions tradicionals, o en
més d’una octava, usat les propietats flat-positions
i
sharp-positions
de KeySignature
. Les entrades en
aquestes propietats especifiquen el rang de posicions de
pentagrama en el qual s’imprimiran les alteracions, les
alteracions es col·loquen dins de l’octava que acaba en aquesta
posició del pentagrama.
\override Staff.KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-5 . 5)) \override Staff.KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-5 . 5)) \clef bass \key es \major es g bes d' \clef treble \bar "||" \key es \major es' g' bes' d'' \override Staff.KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'(2) \bar "||" \key b \major b' fis' b'2
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Preventing natural signs from being printed when the key signature changes
When the key signature changes, natural signs are automatically printed
to cancel any accidentals from previous key signatures. This may be
prevented by setting to f
the printKeyCancellation
property in the Staff
context.
\relative c' { \key d \major a4 b cis d \key g \minor a4 bes c d \set Staff.printKeyCancellation = ##f \key d \major a4 b cis d \key g \minor a4 bes c d }
Non-traditional key signatures
The commonly used \key
command sets the keyAlterations
property, in the Staff
context.
To create non-standard key signatures, set this property directly. The format of this command is a list:
\set Staff.keyAlterations = #`(((octave . step) . alter) ((octave
. step) . alter) ...)
where, for each element in the list,
octave
specifies the octave (0 being the octave from middle C to
the B above), step
specifies the note within the octave (0 means
C and 6 means B), and alter
is ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP
etc. (Note the leading comma.)
Alternatively, for each item in the list, using the more concise format
(step . alter)
specifies that the same alteration should hold in
all octaves.
For microtonal scales where a “sharp” is not 100 cents, alter
refers to the alteration as a proportion of a 200-cent whole tone.
Here is an example of a possible key signature for generating a whole-tone scale:
\relative { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,FLAT) (5 . ,FLAT) (3 . ,SHARP)) c'4 d e fis aes4 bes c2 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: church mode, scordatura.
Manual de aprenentatge: Alteracions accidentals i armadures.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament interno: KeyChangeEvent, Key_engraver, Key_performer, KeyCancellation, KeySignature, key-signature-interface.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Armadura de la tonalitat ] | [ Amunt : Impressió de les altures ] | [ Transposició dels instruments > ] |
Indicadors d’octava
Els indicadors d’octava introdueixen un transport addicional d’una octava per al pentagrama.
\relative a' { a2 b \ottava #-2 a2 b \ottava #-1 a2 b \ottava #0 a2 b \ottava #1 a2 b \ottava #2 a2 b }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Ottava text
Internally, \ottava
sets the properties ottavation
(for
example, to 8va
or 8vb
) and middleCPosition
. To
override the text of the bracket, set ottavation
after invoking
\ottava
.
{ \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"8" c''1 \ottava #0 c'1 \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"Text" c''1 }
Adding an ottava marking to a single voice
If you have more than one voice on the staff, setting octavation in one voice will transpose the position of notes in all voices for the duration of the ottava bracket. If the ottavation is only intended to apply to one voice, the middleCPosition and ottava bracket may be set explicitly. In this snippet, the bass clef usually has middleCPosition set to 6, six positions above the center line, so in the 8va portion middleCPosition is 7 positions (one octave) higher still.
{ \clef bass << { <g d'>1~ q2 <c' e'> } \\ { r2. \set Staff.ottavation = #"8vb" \once \override Staff.OttavaBracket.direction = #DOWN \set Voice.middleCPosition = #(+ 6 7) <b,,, b,,>4 ~ | q2 \unset Staff.ottavation \unset Voice.middleCPosition <c e>2 } >> }
Modifying the Ottava spanner slope
It is possible to change the slope of the Ottava spanner.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.OttavaBracket.stencil = #ly:line-spanner::print \override Staff.OttavaBracket.bound-details = #`((left . ((Y . 0) ; Change the integer here (attach-dir . ,LEFT) (padding . 0) (stencil-align-dir-y . ,CENTER))) (right . ((Y . 5) ; Change the integer here (padding . 0) (attach-dir . ,RIGHT) (text . ,(make-draw-dashed-line-markup (cons 0 -1.2)))))) \override Staff.OttavaBracket.left-bound-info = #ly:line-spanner::calc-left-bound-info-and-text \override Staff.OttavaBracket.right-bound-info = #ly:line-spanner::calc-right-bound-info \ottava #1 c1 c'''1 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: octavation.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament interno: Ottava_spanner_engraver, OttavaBracket, ottava-bracket-interface.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Indicadors d'octava ] | [ Amunt : Impressió de les altures ] | [ Alteracions accidentals automàtiques > ] |
Transposició dels instruments
En gravar partitures on participen instruments transpositors, certes partes es poden gravar en un to diferent del to de concert. En aquests casos s’ha d’especificar la tonalitat del instrumento transpositor; si no es fa així, la sortida MIDI i les notes guia a altres parts produiran altures incorrectes. Per veure més informació sobre parts citades com a guia, consulteu Cites a altres veus.
\transposition pitch
El to usat per a \transposition
s’ha de correspondre amb el
so real que s’escolta quan l’instrument transpositor interpreta un
Do central c'
escrit al pentagrama. Aquesta nota s’escriu
en altura absoluta, per tant un instrument que produeix un so real
un to més agut que la música impresa (un instrument en Re) ha d’usar
\transposition d'
. L’ordre \transposition
s’ha
d’usar solament si les notes no s’escriuran en
afinació de concert.
A continuació es poden veure algunes notes per a violí i per a clarinet en Si bemoll, on les parts s’han introduït usant les notes i l’armadura tal i com apareixen a la partitura del director. El que toquen els dos instruments està sonant a l’uníson.
\new GrandStaff << \new Staff = "violin" { \relative c'' { \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Vln" \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" % no estrictament necessari, però un bon recordatori \transposition c' \key c \major g4( c8) r c r c4 } } \new Staff = "clarinet" { \relative c'' { \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { Cl (B\flat) } \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \transposition bes \key d \major a4( d8) r d r d4 } } >>
L’ordre \transposition
es pot canviar durant la peça. Per
exemple, un clarinetista pot canviar del clarinet en La al
clarinet en Si bemoll.
flute = \relative c'' { \key f \major \cueDuring #"clarinet" #DOWN { R1 _\markup\tiny "clarinet" c4 f e d R1 _\markup\tiny "clarinet" } } clarinet = \relative c'' { \key aes \major \transposition a aes4 bes c des R1^\markup { muta in B\flat } \key g \major \transposition bes d2 g, } \addQuote "clarinet" \clarinet << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Flute" } \flute \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Cl (A)" } \clarinet >>
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: concert pitch, transposing instrument.
Referència de la notació: Cites a altres veus, Transposició.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Transposició dels instruments ] | [ Amunt : Impressió de les altures ] | [ Tessitura > ] |
Alteracions accidentals automàtiques
Hi ha moltes convencions diferents sobre la forma de gravar les alteracions. El LilyPond proporciona una funció per especificar quin estil d’alteracions usar. Aquesta funció s’invoca de la manera següent:
\new Staff << \accidentalStyle voice { … } >>
L’estil d’alteracions s’aplica al Staff
en curs de forma
predeterminada (amb l’excepció dels estils piano
i
piano-cautionary
, que s’expliquen més
endavant). Opcionalment, la funció pot agafar un segon argument
que determina en quin àmbit s’ha de canviar l’estil. Per exemple,
per usar el mateix estil en tots els pentagrames del
StaffGroup
en curs, useu
\accidentalStyle StaffGroup.voice
Estan contemplats els següents estils d’alteració. Per donar una mostra de cada u dels estils, utilitzem l’exemple següent:
musicA = { << \relative { cis''8 fis, bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> } musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { <fis a cis>8[ <fis a cis> \change Staff = up cis' cis \change Staff = down <fis, a> <fis a>] \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up dis'4 | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 | } } } \new PianoStaff { << \context Staff = "up" { \accidentalStyle default \musicA } \context Staff = "down" { \accidentalStyle default \musicB } >> }
Observeu que les últimes línies d’aquest exemple es poden substituir per les següents, sempre i quan vulguem usar el mateix estil als dos pentagrames.
\new PianoStaff { << \context Staff = "up" { %%% canvieu la línia següent com desitgeu: \accidentalStyle Score.default \musicA } \context Staff = "down" { \musicB } >> }
-
default (predeterminado)
-
Es el comportament de gravat predeterminat per a composició. Correspon a la pràctica comuna del segle XVIII: les alteracions accidentals es recorden fins al final del compàs en el qual apareixen i sols en la mateixa octava. Així, a l’exemple següent, no s’imprimeixen becaires abans del Si natural al segon compàs ni a l’últim Do:
-
voice (veu)
-
El comportament normal és recordar les alteracions accidentals al nivell de
Staff
. En aquest estil, tanmateix, es graven les alteracions individualment per a cada veu. A part d’això la regla és semblant adefault
.Com a resultat, les alteracions d’una veu no es cancel·len a les altres veus, el que amb freqüència porta a un resultat no desitjat: a l’exemple següent és difícil determinar si el segon La s’ha de tocar natural o sostingut. Per tant, l’opció
voice
s’ha d’usar sols si les veus es llegiran individualment per músics diferents. Si el pentagrama s’utilitzarà per part d’un sols músic (per exemple un director, o a una partitura de piano), aleshores s’han d’usar en el seu lloc els estilsmodern
omodern-cautionary
. -
modern
-
Aquesta regla correspon a la pràctica comuna del segle XX. Omet alguns becaires addicionals, que tradicionalment s’imprimien precedint a un sostingut que segueix a un doble sostingut, o a un bemoll que segueix a un doble bemoll. La regla
modern
imprimeix les mateix alteracions que l’estildefault
, amb dos addicions que serveixen per evitar la ambigüitat: després d’alteracions temporals s’imprimeixen indicacions de cancel·lació també al compàs següent (per a notes a la mateixa octava) i, al mateix compàs, per a notes a octaves diferents. D’aquí els becaires abans del Si natural i del Do al segon compàs del pentagrama superior: -
modern-cautionary (modern de precaució)
-
Aquesta regla és semblant a
modern
, però les alteracions ‘afegides’ se imprimeixen como alteracions de precaució (entre parèntesis). També es poden imprimir en una mida diferent sobreescrivint la propietatfont-size
de l’objecteAccidentalCautionary
. -
modern-voice (modern, per a veus)
-
Aquesta regla s’usa perquè puguin llegir les alteracions a diverses veus, tant els músics que toquen una veu com els musics que toquen totes les veus. S’imprimeixen les alteracions per a cada veu, però es cancel·len entre veus dins del mateix
Staff
. Per tant, el La a l’últim compàs es cancel·la perquè la cancel·lació anterior estava a una veu diferent, i el Re al pentagrama inferior es cancel·la a causa de l’alteració a una altra veu al compàs previ: -
modern-voice-cautionary (modern, veu, de precaució)
-
Aquesta regla és la mateixa que
modern-voice
, però amb les alteracions afegides (les que l’estilovoice
no imprimeix) composades com de precaució. Fins i tot malgrat que totes les alteracions impreses per l’estildefault
són impreses amb aquesta regla, algunes d’elles es graven com de precaució. -
piano
-
Aquesta regla reflexa la pràctica del segle XX per a la notació de piano. El seu comportament és molt semblan a l’estil
modern
, però aquí les alteracions també es cancel·len entre diferents pentagrames del mateix grupGrandStaff
oPianoStaff
, d’aquí totes les cancel·lacions de les últimes notes.Aquest estil d’alteració s’aplica de manera predeterminada al grup
GrandStaff
oPianoStaff
en curs. -
piano-cautionary (piano, de precaución)
-
Igual que
\accidentalStyle piano
però amb les alteracions afegides composades com de precaució. -
neo-modern
-
Aquesta regla reprodueix una pràctica comuna a la música contemporània: les alteracions accidentals s’imprimeixen com a
modern
, però es tornen a imprimir si apareix la mateixa nota una altra vegada al mateix compàs (excepte si la nota es repeteix immediatament). -
neo-modern-cautionary
-
Aquesta regla és sembla a
neo-modern
, però les alteracions ‘addicionals’ s’imprimeixen com alteracions de precaució (amb parèntesis). També es poden imprimir a una mida diferent sobreescrivint la propietatfont-size
de l’objecteAccidentalCautionary
. -
neo-modern-voice
-
Aquesta regla s’usa per alteracions accidentals sobre diverses veus que s’han de llegir per part de músics que toquen una veu, així com per músics que toquen totes les veus. Les alteracions s’imprimeixen per a cada veu com amb
neo-modern
, però es cancel·len per a altres veus que estan al mateix pentagramaStaff
. -
neo-modern-voice-cautionary
-
Aquesta regla és semblant a
neo-modern-voice
, però les alteracions addicionals s’imprimeixen com alteracions de precaució. -
dodecaphonic
-
Aquesta regla reflexa una pràctica introduïda pels compositors de principis del segle XX, en un intent d’abolir la jerarquia entre notes naturals i alterades. Amb aquest estil, todas les notes porten alteració, fins i tot becaires.
-
dodecaphonic-no-repeat
-
Com amb l’estil d’alteracions dodecafònic totes les notes porten una alteració de forma predeterminada, però les alteracions se suprimeixen quan hi ha notes repetides immediatament al mateix pentagrama.
-
dodecaphonic-first
-
Semblant a l’estil d’alteracions dodecafònic, totes les notes porten una alteració, però sols la primera vegada que es troben al compàs. Les alteracions es recorden sols per a l’octava actual però a través de les veus.
-
teaching (ensenyament)
-
Aquesta regla està pensada per a estudiants, i fa més senzill crear automàticament fulls d’escales amb alteracions de precaució. Les alteracions s’imprimeixen com a l’estil
modern
, però s’afegeixen alteracions de precaució per a totes les notes sostingudes o bemolls especificats per l’armadura, excepte si la nota es repeteix immediatament. -
no-reset (sense restabliment)
-
És el mateix que
default
però amb alteracions que duren ‘per sempre’ i no sols dins del mateix compàs: -
forget (oblit)
-
És l’oposat a
sense restabliment
: Les alteracions no es recorden en absolut: d’aquí que totes les alteracions es gravin en relació a l’armadura de la tonalitat, sense que es vegin afectades pel que hi ha abans.
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referècia de funcionament interno: Accidental, Accidental_engraver, GrandStaff, PianoStaff, Staff, AccidentalSuggestion, AccidentalPlacement, accidental-suggestion-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Les notes simultànies no es tenen en compte per a la determinació
automàtica de les alteracions accidentals; sols es consideren les
notes anteriors i l’armadura de la tonalitat. Pot ser necessari
forçar les alteracions accidentals amb with !
o ?
quan la mateixa nota, amb al mateix nom, aparegui
simultàniament amb diferents alteracions, com a ‘<f! fis!>’.
La cancel·lació de precaució d’alteracions es fa mirant el compàs
previ. Malgrat això, al bloc \alternative
que segueix a
una secció de repetició de primera i segona vegada \repeat
volta N
, s’esperaria que la cancel·lació es calculés utilitzant
el compàs previ que s’ha tocat, no el compàs previ
que s’ha imprès. A l’exemple següent al Do natural de la
casella de segona vegada no li cal becaire:
Es pot usar la següent solució del problema: definir una funció
que canviï localment l’estil d’alteracions a forget
:
forget = #(define-music-function (music) (ly:music?) #{ \accidentalStyle forget #music \accidentalStyle modern #}) { \accidentalStyle modern \time 2/4 \repeat volta 2 { c'2 } \alternative { cis' \forget c' } }
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Tessitura
El terme ambitus o àmbit denota el rang de notes que abasta una veu donada a una part musical. També pot denotar el marge de notes que és capaç de tocar un determinat instrument musical. Els àmbits s’imprimeixen a les parts vocals de tal manera que els intèrprets puguin determinar amb facilitat si compleixen amb les seves pròpies possibilitats.
Els àmbits es presenten al començament de la peça junt a la clau inicial. El rang s’especifica gràficament mitjançant dos caps de nota que representen a les notes inferior i superior. Sols s’imprimeixen alteracions si no formen part de l’armadura de la tonalitat.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } } \relative { aes' c e2 cis,1 }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Adding ambitus per voice
Ambitus can be added per voice. In this case, the ambitus must be moved manually to prevent collisions.
\new Staff << \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c'' { \override Ambitus.X-offset = #2.0 \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
Ambitus with multiple voices
Adding the Ambitus_engraver
to the Staff
context creates
a single ambitus per staff, even in the case of staves with multiple
voices.
\new Staff \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } << \new Voice \relative c'' { \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
Changing the ambitus gap
It is possible to change the default gap between the ambitus noteheads and the line joining them.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } } \new Staff { \time 2/4 % Default setting c'4 g'' } \new Staff { \time 2/4 \override AmbitusLine.gap = #0 c'4 g'' } \new Staff { \time 2/4 \override AmbitusLine.gap = #1 c'4 g'' } \new Staff { \time 2/4 \override AmbitusLine.gap = #1.5 c'4 g'' }
Vegeu també
Glossri musical: ambitus.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament interno: Ambitus_engraver, Voice, Staff, Ambitus, AmbitusAccidental, AmbitusLine, AmbitusNoteHead, ambitus-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
No s’efectua un tractament de les possibles col·lisions en cas de diverses indicacions d’àmbit simultànies a veus diferents.
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1.1.4 Cap de les notes
Aquesta secció proposa formes d’alterar els caps de les figures.
Caps de nota especials | ||
Caps de notes de Notació Fàcil | ||
Caps de notes amb formes diverses | ||
Improvisació |
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Caps de nota especials
Es pot modificar l’aparença del cap de les notes:
\relative c'' { c4 b \override NoteHead.style = #'cross c4 b \revert NoteHead.style a b \override NoteHead.style = #'harmonic a b \revert NoteHead.style c4 d e f }
Per veure totes els estils de caps de les notes, consulteu Estils de caps de nota.
L’estil cross
(aspes) es fa servir per representar una
àmplia varietat d’intencions musicals. Les següent ordres
genèriques predefinides modifiquen la forma del cap de les figures
tant al context del pentagrama normal com al de tabulatura, i es
poden fer servir per representar qualsevol significat musical:
\relative { c''4 b \xNotesOn a b c4 b \xNotesOff c4 d }
La forma de funció musical d’aquesta ordre predefinida es pot usar dins i fora dels acords per generar caps de nota en aspa, tant al context de pentagrama normal com al de tabulatura:
\relative { c''4 b \xNote { e f } c b < g \xNote c f > b }
Como sinònims de \xNote
, \xNotesOn
i
\xNotesOff
, se poden usar \deadNote
,
\deadNotesOn
i \deadNotesOff
. El terme
dead note (nota morta) s’utilitza habitualment per part
dels guitarristes.
També hi ha una abreviatura semblant per a les formes en rombe:
\relative c'' { <c f\harmonic>2 <d a'\harmonic>4 <c g'\harmonic> f\harmonic }
Instruccions predefinides
\harmonic
,
\xNotesOn
,
\xNotesOff
,
\xNote
.
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de la notació: Estils de caps de nota, Notes en acord, Indicació d’harmònics y notes tapades.
Referència de funcionament interno: note-event, Note_heads_engraver, Ledger_line_engraver, NoteHead, LedgerLineSpanner, note-head-interface, ledger-line-spanner-interface.
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Caps de notes de Notació Fàcil
Les notes amb cap de ‘notació facilitada’ tenen el nom de la nota (en angles) dins del cap. S’usen a la música per a principiants. Perquè que les lletres siguin llegibles, s’han d’imprimir en una mida gran de tipus de lletra. Per imprimir amb un tipus de lletra més gran, vegeu Establiment de la mida del pentagrama.
#(set-global-staff-size 26) \relative c' { \easyHeadsOn c2 e4 f g1 \easyHeadsOff c,1 }
Instruccions predefinides
\easyHeadsOn
,
\easyHeadsOff
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Numbers as easy note heads
Easy notation note heads use the note-names
property of the
NoteHead
object to determine what appears inside the note head.
By overriding this property, it is possible to print numbers
representing the scale-degree.
A simple engraver can be created to do this for every note head object it sees.
#(define Ez_numbers_engraver (make-engraver (acknowledgers ((note-head-interface engraver grob source-engraver) (let* ((context (ly:translator-context engraver)) (tonic-pitch (ly:context-property context 'tonic)) (tonic-name (ly:pitch-notename tonic-pitch)) (grob-pitch (ly:event-property (event-cause grob) 'pitch)) (grob-name (ly:pitch-notename grob-pitch)) (delta (modulo (- grob-name tonic-name) 7)) (note-names (make-vector 7 (number->string (1+ delta))))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'note-names note-names)))))) #(set-global-staff-size 26) \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Voice \consists \Ez_numbers_engraver } } \relative c' { \easyHeadsOn c4 d e f g4 a b c \break \key a \major a,4 b cis d e4 fis gis a \break \key d \dorian d,4 e f g a4 b c d }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Establiment de la mida del pentagrama.
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament interno: note-event, Note_heads_engraver, NoteHead, note-head-interface.
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Caps de notes amb formes diverses
A la notació de caps amb forma, la forma del cap correspon a la funció harmònica d’una nota dins de l’escala. Aquesta notació es va fer popular als llibres americans de cançons durant el segle XIX. Els caps de nota amb formes es poden produir amb els estils ‘Arpa Sacra’, ‘Southern Harmony’, Funk (Harmonia Sacra), Walker i Aiken ‘(Christian Harmony)’:
\relative c'' { \aikenHeads c, d e f g2 a b1 c \break \sacredHarpHeads c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break \southernHarmonyHeads c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break \funkHeads c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break \walkerHeads c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break }
Les formes es determinen en funció del grau de l’escala, on la
tònica està determinada per l’ordre \key
. Quan s’escriu en
un to menor, la nota de l’escala es pot determinar a partir del
relatiu major:
\relative c'' { \key a \minor \aikenHeads a b c d e2 f g1 a \break \aikenHeadsMinor a,4 b c d e2 f g1 a \break \sacredHarpHeadsMinor a,2 b c d \break \southernHarmonyHeadsMinor a2 b c d \break \funkHeadsMinor a2 b c d \break \walkerHeadsMinor a2 b c d \break }
Instruccions predefinides
\aikenHeads
,
\aikenHeadsMinor
,
\funkHeads
,
\funkHeadsMinor
,
\sacredHarpHeads
,
\sacredHarpHeadsMinor
,
\southernHarmonyHeads
,
\southernHarmonyHeadsMinor
,
\walkerHeads
,
\walkerHeadsMinor
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Applying note head styles depending on the step of the scale
The shapeNoteStyles
property can be used to define various note
head styles for each step of the scale (as set by the key signature or
the tonic
property). This property requires a set of symbols,
which can be purely arbitrary (geometrical expressions such as
triangle
, cross
, and xcircle
are allowed) or based
on old American engraving tradition (some latin note names are also
allowed).
That said, to imitate old American song books, there are several
predefined note head styles available through shortcut commands such as
\aikenHeads
or \sacredHarpHeads
.
This example shows different ways to obtain shape note heads, and demonstrates the ability to transpose a melody without losing the correspondence between harmonic functions and note head styles.
fragment = { \key c \major c2 d e2 f g2 a b2 c } \new Staff { \transpose c d \relative c' { \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(do re mi fa #f la ti) \fragment } \break \relative c' { \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(cross triangle fa #f mensural xcircle diamond) \fragment } }
Per veure tots els estils de formes de cap de nota, consulteu Estils de caps de nota,
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de la notació: Estils de caps de nota,
Referencia de funcionament interno: note-event, Note_heads_engraver, NoteHead, note-head-interface.
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Improvisació
La improvisació es denota a vegades mitjançant caps de nota en forma de barra inclinada, on l’executant pot escollir qualsevol nota però amb el ritme especificat. Aquests cap de nota es creen així:
\new Voice \with { \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" } \relative { e''8 e g a a16( bes) a8 g \improvisationOn e8 ~ 2 ~ 8 f4 f8 ~ 2 \improvisationOff a16( bes) a8 g e }
Instruccions predefinides
\improvisationOn
,
\improvisationOff
.
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Pitches.
Referència de funcionament interno: Pitch_squash_engraver, Voice, RhythmicStaff.
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[ < Improvisació ] | [ Amunt : Notació musical ] | [ Escriptura de les duracions (valors rítmics) > ] |
1.2 Duracions
Aquesta secció tracta dels ritmes, els silencis, les duracions, les barres i els compassos.
1.2.1 Escriptura de les duracions (valors rítmics) | ||
1.2.2 Escriptura dels silencis | ||
1.2.3 Impressió de les duracions | ||
1.2.4 Barres | ||
1.2.5 Compassos | ||
1.2.6 Temes especials de ritme |
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[ < Duracions ] | [ Amunt : Duracions ] | [ Duració de les notes > ] |
1.2.1 Escriptura de les duracions (valors rítmics)
Duració de les notes | ||
Grups especials | ||
Escalat de les duracions | ||
Lligadures d’unió |
Duració de les notes
Les duracions es designen mitjançant nombres i punts. Les
duracions s’introdueixen en relació als seus valores recíproc
respecte de la rodona. Per exemple, una negra s’escriu usant un
4
(atès que és 1/4 de rodona), mentre que una blanca
s’escriu amb un 2
(per ser 1/2 de rodona). Per a notes
majors de la rodona s’han d’usar les instruccions \longa
(que és una breu doble) i \breve
. Es poden especificar
duracions tan curtes com la garrapatea (amb el número 128). Es
poden fer valors més curts, però sols com a notes unides per una
barra.
\relative { \time 8/1 c''\longa c\breve c1 c2 c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c128 c128 }
Aquí es poden veure les mateixes duracions amb el barrat automàtic desactivat.
\relative { \time 8/1 \autoBeamOff c''\longa c\breve c1 c2 c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c128 c128 }
Es pot escriure una nota amb la duració d’una quàdruple breu
mitjançant \maxima
, però això es permet sols dins de la
notació musical antiga. Per veure més detalls, consulteu
Notació antiga.
Si la duració s’omet, el seu valor serà el de la duració de la nota anterior. Per omissió, el valor de la primera nota és el d’una negra.
\relative { a' a a2 a a4 a a1 a }
Les duracions aïllades a una seqüència musical agafen l’altura de la nota o acord anterior.
\relative { \time 8/1 c'' \longa \breve 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 128 }
Per obtenir duracions de notes amb puntet, escriviu un punt
(.
) després del numero. Les notes amb doble puntet
s’especifiquen escrivint dos punts, i així successivament.
\relative { a'4 b c4. b8 a4. b4.. c8. }
Certes duracions no es poden representar sols amb duracions binaries i puntets; l’única forma de representar-les és lligat dos o més notes. Per veure més detalls, consulteu Lligadures d’unió.
Per veure de quina manera es poden especificar les duracions de les síl·labes de la lletra i com alinear la lletra a les notes, consulteu Música vocal.
De forma opcional es poden espaiar les notes de forma estrictament proporcional a les seves duracions. Per veure més detalls sobre aquest ajust i altres ajustos que controlen la notació proporciona, consulteu Notació proporcional.
Normalment els puntets es desplacen cap amunt per evitar les línies del pentagrama, excepte en situacions de polifonia. Es poden situar els puntets manualment a sobre o a sota de les línies de la pauta; vegeu Direcció i col·locació.
Instruccions predefinides
\autoBeamOn
,
\autoBeamOff
,
\dotsUp
,
\dotsDown
,
\dotsNeutral
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Alternative breve notes
Breve notes are also available with two vertical lines on each side of the notehead instead of one line and in baroque style.
\relative c'' { \time 4/2 c\breve | \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'altdefault b\breve \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'baroque b\breve \revert Staff.NoteHead.style a\breve }
Changing the number of augmentation dots per note
The number of augmentation dots on a single note can be changed indepently of the dots placed after the note.
\relative c' { c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #4 c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #0 c4.. a16 r2 | \revert Dots.dot-count c4.. a16 r2 | }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: breve, longa, maxima, note value, Duration names notes and rests.
Referència de la notació: Barres automàtiques, Lligadures d’unió, Pliques, Escriptura de les duracions (valors rítmics), Escriptura dels silencis, Música vocal, Notació antiga, Notació proporcional.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: Dots, DotColumn.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
No hi ha un límit fonamental per a les duracions dels silencis (tant per al més llarg com per al més curt), però el nombre dels glifs és limitat; sols es poden imprimir des del silenci de garrapatea (128) fins el de màxima (8 rodones).
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Grups especials
Els grups especials s’obtenen a partir d’una expressió musical amb
la instrucció \tuplet
, multiplicant la rapidesa de
l’expressió musical per una fracció:
\tuplet fracció { música }
El numerador de la fracció s’imprimeix a sobre o a sota de les notes, opcionalment amb una clau. El grup especial més comú és el treset, en el qual 3 notes tenen el valor que normalment tenen 2:
\relative { a'2 \tuplet 3/2 { b4 4 4 } c4 c \tuplet 3/2 { b4 a g } }
Si s’estan escrivint passatges amb molts grups de valoració
especial, resulta fastigós haver d’escriure una ordre
\tuplet
diferent per a cada grup. És possible especificar
la duració d’un conjunt de grups directament abans de la música
perquè així s’agrupin automàticament:
\relative { g'2 r8 \tuplet 3/2 8 { cis16 d e e f g g f e } }
Es poden col·locar manualment les claus de treset a sobre o a sota de la pauta:
\relative { \tupletUp \tuplet 3/2 { c''8 d e } \tupletNeutral \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } \tupletDown \tuplet 3/2 { f,8 g a } \tupletNeutral \tuplet 3/2 { f8 g a } }
Els grups poden niuar-se uns a dins dels altres:
\relative { \autoBeamOff c''4 \tuplet 5/4 { f8 e f \tuplet 3/2 { e[ f g] } } f4 }
La modificació dels grups especials niuats que comencen al mateix
instant musical s’han de fer amb \tweak
.
Per modificar la duració de les notes sense imprimir una de grup especial, vegeu
Instruccions predefinides
\tupletUp
,
\tupletDown
,
\tupletNeutral
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Entering several tuplets using only one \tuplet command
The property tupletSpannerDuration
sets how long each of the
tuplets contained within the brackets after \tuplet
should
last. Many consecutive tuplets can then be placed within a single
\tuplet
expression, thus saving typing.
There are several ways to set tupletSpannerDuration
. The
command \tupletSpan
sets it to a given duration, and clears it
when instead of a duration \default
is specified. Another way
is to use an optional argument with \tuplet
.
\relative c' { \time 2/4 \tupletSpan 4 \tuplet 3/2 { c8^"\\tupletSpan 4" c c c c c } \tupletSpan \default \tuplet 3/2 { c8^"\\tupletSpan \\default" c c c c c } \tuplet 3/2 4 { c8^"\\tuplet 3/2 4 {...}" c c c c c } }
Changing the tuplet number
By default, only the numerator of the tuplet number is printed over the
tuplet bracket, i.e., the numerator of the argument to the
\tuplet
command.
Alternatively, num:den of the tuplet number may be printed, or the tuplet number may be suppressed altogether.
\relative c'' { \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } \override TupletNumber.text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } \omit TupletNumber \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } }
Non-default tuplet numbers
LilyPond also provides formatting functions to print tuplet numbers different than the actual fraction, as well as to append a note value to the tuplet number or tuplet fraction.
\relative c'' { \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-denominator-text 7) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-fraction-text 12 7) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper (tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-fraction-text 12 7) (ly:make-duration 3 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text (ly:make-duration 2 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text (ly:make-duration 2 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::fraction-with-notes (ly:make-duration 2 1) (ly:make-duration 3 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-fraction-with-notes 12 (ly:make-duration 3 0) 4 (ly:make-duration 2 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } }
Controlling tuplet bracket visibility
The default behavior of tuplet-bracket visibility is to print a bracket
unless there is a beam of the same length as the tuplet. To control the
visibility of tuplet brackets, set the property
'bracket-visibility
to either #t
(always print a
bracket), #f
(never print a bracket) or #'if-no-beam
(only print a bracket if there is no beam).
music = \relative c'' { \tuplet 3/2 { c16[ d e } f8] \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } \tuplet 3/2 { c4 d e } } \new Voice { \relative c' { << \music s4^"default" >> \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam << \music s4^"'if-no-beam" >> \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = ##t << \music s4^"#t" >> \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = ##f << \music s4^"#f" >> %% v2.18 : \omit TupletBracket << \music s4^"omit" >> } }
Permitting line breaks within beamed tuplets
This artificial example shows how both manual and automatic line breaks may be permitted to within a beamed tuplet. Note that such off-beat tuplets have to be beamed manually.
\layout { \context { \Voice % Permit line breaks within tuplets \remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" % Allow beams to be broken at line breaks \override Beam.breakable = ##t } } \relative c'' { a8 \repeat unfold 5 { \tuplet 3/2 { c[ b a] } } % Insert a manual line break within a tuplet \tuplet 3/2 { c[ b \bar "" \break a] } \repeat unfold 5 { \tuplet 3/2 { c[ b a] } } c8 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: triplet, tuplet, polymetric.
Manual de aprenentatge: Mètodes d'ajustament.
Referència de la notació: Direcció i posició, Gestió del temps, Escalat de les duracions, L’ordre tweak, Notació polimètrica.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: TupletBracket, TupletNumber, TimeScaledMusic.
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Escalat de les duracions
La duració de les figures, silencis o acords es pot multiplicar
per un factor N/M
afegint *N/M
(o *N
si
M
és 1) a la duració. Aixo no afectarà a l’aparença de les
notes o silencis que es produeixen, però la duració alterada
s’usarà per calcular la posició dins del compàs i per establir la
duració en la sortida MIDI. Els factors de multiplicació es poden
combinar en la forma *L*M/N
. Els factors són part de la
duració: si no especifiquem una duració per a les notes següents,
la duració per omissió que s’agafa de la nota anterior inclourà
qualsevol factor d’escala que s’hagi aplicat.
Al següent exemple les tres primeres notes duren exactament dues parts, però no s’imprimeix cap clau de treset.
\relative { \time 2/4 % Altera les duracions a tresets a'4*2/3 gis a % Duracions normals a4 a % Duplica la duració de l'acord <a d>4*2 % Duració de negra, sembla de corxera b16*4 c4 }
La duració dels silencis espaiadors també es pot modificar
mitjançant un multiplicador. Això és útil per saltar molts
compassos, com per exemple s1*23
.
De la mateixa forma, es poden comprimir per una fracció trossos de música més llargs, com si cada nota, acord o silenci tingués la fracció com a multiplicador.. Això deixarà intacte l’aparença de la música, però la duració interna de les notes es multiplicarà per la fracció numerador/denominador. Vet aquí un exemple que mostra com es pot comprimir i expandir la música:
\relative { \time 2/4 % Duracions normals <c'' a>4 c8 a % Escala la música per *2/3 \scaleDurations 2/3 { <c a f>4. c8 a f } % Escala la música per *2 \scaleDurations 2/1 { <c' a>4 c8 b } }
Una aplicació d’aquesta ordre es troba a la notació polimètrica, vegeu Notació polimètrica.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Grups especials, Silencis invisibles, Notació polimètrica.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
El càlcul de la posició dins d’un compàs ha de tenir en compte tots els factors d’escalat que s’han aplicat a les notes dins d’aquest compàs, i qualsevol arrossegament fraccionat des dels compassos anteriors. Aquest càlcul s’efectua utilitzant nombres racionals. Si un numerador o denominador intermedi en aquest procés de càlcul sobrepassa la quantitat de 2^30, la execució i el gravat es detindran a aquest punt sense indicar cap error.
Lligadures d’unió
Un lligadura d’unió connecta dues notes adjacents de la mateixa altura. La lligadura de fet estén la longitud d’una nota.
Nota: No s’han de confondre’s les lligadures d’unió amb les lligadures d’expressió, que indiquen articulació, ni amb les lligadures de fraseig, que indiquen el fraseig musical. Una lligadura d’unió és tan sols na manera d’estendre la duració d’una nota, quelcom semblant al que fa el puntet.
S’introdueix una lligadura d’unió escrivint el símbol de la titlla
corba (~
) després de la primera de cada parella de notes
que es volen unir. Això indica que la nota s’uneix a la següent,
que ha de tenir la mateixa altura.
{ a'2~ 4~ 16 r r8 }
Les lligadures d’unió poden fer ús de la interpretació ‘última altura explícita’ per a les duracions aïllades:
{ a'2~ 4~ 16 r r8 }
Es fan servir lligadures d’unió o bé quan la nota travessa la barra de compàs o bé quan no es poden usar puntets per denotar el ritme. També s’han d’usar lligadures quan les notes travessen subdivisions del compàs de major duració:
\relative { r8^"sí" c'~ 2 r4 | r8^"no" c2~ 8 r4 }
Si ens calen lligar moltes notes a través de les línies divisòries, ens podria resultar més fàcil utilitzar la divisió automàtica de les notes, vegeu Divisió automàtica de les notes. Aquest mecanisme divideix automàticament les notes llargues i les lliga a través de les barres de compàs.
Quan s’aplica una lligadura d’unió a un acord, es connecten tots els caps de les notes les altures de les quals coincideixen. Si no coincideix cap parell de caps, no es crea cap lligadura. Els acords es poden lligar parcialment col·locant les lligadures dins de l’acord.
\relative c' { <c e g>2~ 2 | <c e g>4~ <c e g c> <c~ e g~ b> <c e g b> | }
Quan la segona vegada d’una repetició comença amb una nota lligada, cal especificar la lligadura repetida com segueix:
\relative { \repeat volta 2 { c'' g <c e>2~ } \alternative { % Primera alternativa: la nota següent es lliga normalment { <c e>2. r4 } % Segona alternativa: la nota següent té una lligadura repetida { <c e>2\repeatTie d4 c } } }
Les lligadures L.v. (laissez vibrer, deixar vibrar) indiquen que les notes no es poden apagar al final. S’usen en la notació per a piano, arpa i altres instruments de corda i percussió. Es poden introduir de la manera següent:
<c' f' g'>1\laissezVibrer
És possible fer manualment que les lligadures d’unió es corbin cap amunt o cap avall; vegeu placement Direcció i posició.
Es pot fer que les lligadures d’expressió siguin discontínues, puntejades o un combinació de contínues i discontínues.
\relative c' { \tieDotted c2~ 2 \tieDashed c2~ 2 \tieHalfDashed c2~ 2 \tieHalfSolid c2~ 2 \tieSolid c2~ 2 }
Es poden especific patrons de discontinuïtat personalitzats:
\relative c' { \tieDashPattern #0.3 #0.75 c2~ 2 \tieDashPattern #0.7 #1.5 c2~ 2 \tieSolid c2~ 2 }
Les definicions de patrons de discontinuïtat per a les lligadures d’unió tenen la mateixa estructura que les definicions de patrons de discontinuïtat per a les lligadures d’expressió. Per veure més informació sobre els patrons de discontinuïtat complexos, consulteu els fragments de codi sota Lligadures d’expressió.
Sobreescriviu les propietats de disposició whiteout i layer dels objectes que poden causar una discontinuïtat en les lligadures d’unió.
\relative { \override Tie.layer = #-2 \override Staff.TimeSignature.layer = #-1 \override Staff.KeySignature.layer = #-1 \override Staff.TimeSignature.whiteout = ##t \override Staff.KeySignature.whiteout = ##t b'2 b~ \time 3/4 \key a \major b r4 }
Instruccions predefinides
\tieUp
,
\tieDown
,
\tieNeutral
,
\tieDotted
,
\tieDashed
,
\tieDashPattern
,
\tieHalfDashed
,
\tieHalfSolid
,
\tieSolid
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Using ties with arpeggios
Ties are sometimes used to write out arpeggios. In this case, two tied
notes need not be consecutive. This can be achieved by setting the
tieWaitForNote
property to #t
. The same feature is also
useful, for example, to tie a tremolo to a chord, but in principle, it
can also be used for ordinary consecutive notes.
\relative c' { \set tieWaitForNote = ##t \grace { c16[ ~ e ~ g] ~ } <c, e g>2 \repeat tremolo 8 { c32 ~ c' ~ } <c c,>1 e8 ~ c ~ a ~ f ~ <e' c a f>2 \tieUp c8 ~ a \tieDown \tieDotted g8 ~ c g2 }
Engraving ties manually
Ties may be engraved manually by changing the tie-configuration
property of the TieColumn
object. The first number indicates the
distance from the center of the staff in half staff-spaces, and the
second number indicates the direction (1 = up, -1 = down).
\relative c' { <c e g>2~ <c e g> \override TieColumn.tie-configuration = #'((0.0 . 1) (-2.0 . 1) (-4.0 . 1)) <c e g>2~ <c e g> }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: tie, laissez vibrer.
Referència de la notació: Lligadures d’expressió, Divisió automàtica de les notes.
Fragments de codi: slurs, Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament interno: LaissezVibrerTie, LaissezVibrerTieColumn, TieColumn, Tie.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Un canvi de pentagrama quan hi ha una lligadura activa no produirà una lligadura inclinada.
Els canvis de clau o d’octava durant una lligadura d’unió no estan ben definits realment. En aquests casos pot ser preferible una lligadura d’expressió.
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1.2.2 Escriptura dels silencis
Els silencis s’escriuen com a part de la música dins de les expressions musicals.
Silencis | ||
Silencis invisibles | ||
Silencis de compas complet |
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Silencis
Els silencis s’introdueixen com a notes amb el nom r
. Les
duracions majors que la rodona utilitzen les instruccions
predefinides que es mostren aquí:
\new Staff { % Aquestes dues línies sols son per embellir aquest exemple \time 16/1 \omit Staff.TimeSignature % Imprimeix un silenci de maxima, igual a quatre breves r\maxima % Imprimeix un silenci de longa, igual a dos breves r\longa % Imprimeix un silenci de breve r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 }
Els silencis d’un compàs, centrats en mig del compàs, s’han de fer amb silencis multicompàs. Es poden usar per un sol compàs així com per a molts compassos, i s’estudien a Silencis de compas complet.
Per especificar explícitament la posició vertical d’un silenci,
escriviu una nota seguida de \rest
. Es col·locarà un
silenci en la posició en la qual hauria d’aparèixer la nota. Això
possibilita l’aplicació manual precisa de format a la música
polifònica, ja que el gravador automàtic de col·lisions de
silencis no mou aquests silencis.
\relative { a'4\rest d4\rest }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Rest styles
Rests may be used in various styles.
\new Staff \relative c { \omit Score.TimeSignature \cadenzaOn \override Staff.Rest.style = #'mensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { mensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'neomensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { neomensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'classical r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { classical } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'z r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { z-style } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'default r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { default } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: breve, longa, maxima.
Referència de la notació: Silencis de compas complet.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referencia de funcionament interno: Rest.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
No hi ha un límit fonamental respecte de les duracions dels silencis (tant per al més curt com per al més llarg), però el nombre de glifs és limitat: hi ha silencis des de la garrapatea (128) fins la màxima (8 rodones).
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Silencis invisibles
Un silenci invisible (també conegut com ‘skip’ o desplaçament)
es pot introduir com una nota amb el nom s
:
\relative c'' { c4 c s c | s2 c | }
Els silencis de separació sols estan disponible en el mode de
notes i en el mode d’acords. En altres situacions, per exemple,
quan s’introdueix la lletra, s’usa l’ordre \skip
per
produir un desplaçament d’una certa magnitud temporal.
\skip
requereix una duració explícita, però s’ignora si les
síl·labes de la lletra agafen les seves duracions de les notes
d’una melodia associada, a través de \addlyrics
o de
\lyricsto
.
<< { a'2 \skip2 a'2 a'2 } \new Lyrics { \lyricmode { foo2 \skip 1 bla2 } } >>
Atès que \skip
es una ordre, no afecta a les duracions per
omissió de les notes següents, a diferència de s
.
<< { \repeat unfold 8 { a'4 } } { a'4 \skip 2 a' | s2 a' } >>
Un silenci de separació produeix implícitament contextos
Staff
i Voice
si no hi ha cap, igual que les notes i
els silencis normals:
{ s1 s s }
\skip
tan sols desplaça un temps musical; no produeix cap
sortida, de cap classe.
% Això és entrada valida, però no fa res { \skip 1 \skip1 \skip 1 }
Vegeu també
Manual de aprenentatge: Visibilitat i color dels objectes.
Referència de la notació: Notes ocultes, Visibilitat dels objectes.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: SkipMusic.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Silencis invisibles ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura dels silencis ] | [ Impressió de les duracions > ] |
Silencis de compas complet
Els silencis d’un o més compassos complets s’introdueixen com a
notes amb el nom R
en majúscula:
% Compassos de silencis contrets a un compàs únic \compressMMRests { R1*4 R1*24 R1*4 b'2^"Tutti" b'4 a'4 }
La duració dels silencis de compàs complet és idèntica a la notació de la duració que s’usa per a les notes. La duració d’un silenci multicompàs ha de ser sempre un nombre enter de compassos, per la qual cosa freqüentment s’han d’utilitzar puntets o fraccions:
\compressMMRests { \time 2/4 R1 | R2 | \time 3/4 R2. | R2.*2 | \time 13/8 R1*13/8 | R1*13/8*12 | \time 10/8 R4*5*4 | }
Un silenci d’un compàs complet s’imprimeix com un silenci de rodona o de breve, centrat en el compàs, segons el tipus de compàs vigent.
\time 4/4 R1 | \time 6/4 R1*3/2 | \time 8/4 R1*2 |
De forma predeterminada un silenci multicompàs s’expandeix en la partitura impresa per mostrar explícitament tots els compassos de silenci. De forma alternativa, un silenci multicompàs es pot presentar com un sols compàs que conté un símbol de silenci multicompàs, amb el nombre de compassos imprès sobre el compàs:
% Default behavior \time 3/4 r2. | R2.*2 | \time 2/4 R2 | \time 4/4 % Rest measures contracted to single measure \compressMMRests { r1 | R1*17 | R1*4 | } % Rest measures expanded again \time 3/4 R2.*2 |
Es poden afegir elements de marcatge als silencis multicompàs. Es
proporciona l’ordre predefinida \fermataMarkup
per afegir
calderons.
\compressMMRests { \time 3/4 R2.*10^\markup { \italic "ad lib." } R2.^\fermataMarkup }
Nota: Els elements de marcatge que s’afegeixen a un silenci
multicompàs són objectes del tipus MultiMeasureRestText
, no
TextScript
. Les sobreescriptures de propietats han d’anar
dirigides cap a l’objecte correcte, o s’ignoraran. Vegeu
l’exemple següent:
% Això no funciona, atès que s'especifica el nom incorrecte d'objecte \override TextScript.padding = #5 R1^"wrong" % Aquest és el nom d'objecte correcte que s'ha d'especificar \override MultiMeasureRestText.padding = #5 R1^"right"
Quan un silenci multicompàs segueix immediatament a l’establiment
d’un compàs parcial amb \partial
, és possible que no es
mostrin els advertiments corresponents de comprovació de compàs.
Instruccions predefinides
\textLengthOn
,
\textLengthOff
,
\fermataMarkup
,
\compressMMRests
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Changing form of multi-measure rests
If there are ten or fewer measures of rests, a series of longa and
breve rests (called in German “Kirchenpausen” - church rests) is
printed within the staff; otherwise a simple line is shown. This
default number of ten may be changed by overriding the
expand-limit
property.
\relative c'' { \compressMMRests { R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9 \override MultiMeasureRest.expand-limit = #3 R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9 } }
Positioning multi-measure rests
Unlike ordinary rests, there is no predefined command to change the staff position of a multi-measure rest symbol of either form by attaching it to a note. However, in polyphonic music multi-measure rests in odd-numbered and even-numbered voices are vertically separated. The positioning of multi-measure rests can be controlled as follows:
\relative c'' { % Multi-measure rests by default are set under the fourth line R1 % They can be moved using an override \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #-2 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #0 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #2 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #3 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #6 R1 \revert MultiMeasureRest.staff-position \break % In two Voices, odd-numbered voices are under the top line << { R1 } \\ { a1 } >> % Even-numbered voices are under the bottom line << { a1 } \\ { R1 } >> % Multi-measure rests in both voices remain separate << { R1 } \\ { R1 } >> % Separating multi-measure rests in more than two voices % requires an override << { R1 } \\ { R1 } \\ \once \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #0 { R1 } >> % Using compressed bars in multiple voices requires another override % in all voices to avoid multiple instances being printed \compressMMRests << \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { R1*3 } \\ \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { R1*3 } >> }
Multi-measure rest markup
Markups attached to a multi-measure rest will be centered above or below it. Long markups attached to multi-measure rests do not cause the measure to expand. To expand a multi-measure rest to fit the markup, use an empty chord with an attached markup before the multi-measure rest.
Text attached to a spacer rest in this way is left-aligned to the position where the note would be placed in the measure, but if the measure length is determined by the length of the text, the text will appear to be centered.
\relative c' { \compressMMRests { \textLengthOn <>^\markup { [MAJOR GENERAL] } R1*19 <>_\markup { \italic { Cue: ... it is yours } } <>^\markup { A } R1*30^\markup { [MABEL] } \textLengthOff c4^\markup { CHORUS } d f c } }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: multi-measure rest.
Referència de la notació: Duracions, Text, Donar format al text, Scripts de text.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: MultiMeasureRest, MultiMeasureRestNumber, MultiMeasureRestText.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
En les digitacions a sobre silencis multicompàs
(per exemple, R1*10-4
), la xifra de la digitació pot xocar
amb el número del compàs.
No hi ha cap manera de condensar automàticament molts silencis en un sols silenci multicompàs.
Els silencis multicompàs no estan involucrats en les col·lisiones de silencis.
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1.2.3 Impressió de les duracions
Indicació de compàs | ||
Indicacions metronòmiques | ||
Anacrusis | ||
Música sense compassos | ||
Notació polimètrica | ||
Divisió automàtica de les notes | ||
Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia |
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Indicació de compàs
La indicació de compàs s’estableix como segueix:
\time 2/4 c''2 \time 3/4 c''2.
Se estudien els canvis d’indicació de compàs al mig d’un compàs a Anacrusis.
La indicació de compàs s’imprimeix al començament d’una peça i sempre que hi hagi un canvi de compàs. Si es produeix un canvi al final d’una línia, s’imprimeix una indicació d’advertiment a aquest lloc. Es pot modificar aquest comportament predeterminat, vegeu Visibilitat dels objectes
\relative c'' { \time 2/4 c2 c \break c c \break \time 4/4 c c c c }
El símbol de compàs que s’usa 2/2 i 4/4 es pot canviar a un estil numèric:
\relative c'' { % Estil predeterminat \time 4/4 c1 \time 2/2 c1 % Canvia a estil numèric \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 c1 \time 2/2 c1 % Torna al estil predeterminat \defaultTimeSignature \time 4/4 c1 \time 2/2 c1 }
Les indicacions de compàs de la música mensural s’estudien a Indicacions de compàs de la música mensural.
A més d’ajustar la indicació de compàs que s’imprimeix, l’ordre
\time
estableix els valors de les propietats basades en el
tipus de compàs baseMoment
, beatStructure
i
beamExceptions
. Els valors predefinits d’aquestes
propietats estan a
‘scm/time-signature-settings.scm’.
El valor predeterminat de beatStructure
pot sobreescriure’s
dins de la pròpia ordre \time
escrivint-lo com a primer
argument opcional:
\score { \new Staff { \relative { \time 2,2,3 7/8 \repeat unfold 7 { c'8 } | \time 3,2,2 7/8 \repeat unfold 7 { c8 } | } } }
De forma alternativa, els valors predeterminats de totes aquestes
variables basades en la indicació de compàs, incloses
baseMoment
i beamExceptions
, es poden establir totes
a l’hora. Els valors es poden fixar independentment per a
diversos tipus de compàs diferents. Els nous valors tenen efecte
quan s’executa una ordre \time
posterior amb el mateix
valor del tipus de compàs:
\score { \new Staff { \relative c' { \overrideTimeSignatureSettings 4/4 % timeSignatureFraction 1/4 % baseMomentFraction 3,1 % beatStructure #'() % beamExceptions \time 4/4 \repeat unfold 8 { c8 } | } } }
\overrideTimeSignatureSettings
pren quatre arguments:
-
timeSignatureFraction
, una fracció que descriu el tipus de compàs al que s’apliquen aquests valors. -
baseMomentFraction
, una fracció que conté el numerador i denominador de la unitat de mesura bàsica d’aquest tipus de compàs. -
beatStructure
, una llista d’Scheme que indica l’estructura de les pulsacions del compàs, en unitats del moment base. -
beamExceptions
, una llista-A que conté qualssevol regles de barrat per al tipus de compàs que vagin més enllà d’acabar de cada pulsació, com es descriu a Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques.
Els valors modificats de les propietats predeterminades del tipus de compàs es poden restaurar als valors originals:
\score{ \relative { \repeat unfold 8 { c'8 } | \overrideTimeSignatureSettings 4/4 % timeSignatureFraction 1/4 % baseMomentFraction 3,1 % beatStructure #'() % beamExceptions \time 4/4 \repeat unfold 8 { c8 } | \revertTimeSignatureSettings 4/4 \time 4/4 \repeat unfold 8 { c8 } | } }
Es poden establir diferents valors de les propietats
predeterminades del tipus de compàs per als diferents pentagrames
movent el Timing_translator
i el
Default_bar_line_engraver
del context Score
al
context Staff
.
\score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \overrideTimeSignatureSettings 4/4 % timeSignatureFraction 1/4 % baseMomentFraction 3,1 % beatStructure #'() % beamExceptions \time 4/4 \repeat unfold 8 {c''8} } \new Staff { \overrideTimeSignatureSettings 4/4 % timeSignatureFraction 1/4 % baseMomentFraction 1,3 % beatStructure #'() % beamExceptions \time 4/4 \repeat unfold 8 {c''8} } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" \remove "Default_bar_line_engraver" } \context { \Staff \consists "Timing_translator" \consists "Default_bar_line_engraver" } } }
Un altre mètode per a canviar aquestes variables relacionades amb el tipus de compàs, que impedeix la reimpressió de la indicació de compàs en el moment del canvi, es mostra a Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques.
Instruccions predefinides
\numericTimeSignature
,
\defaultTimeSignature
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Time signature printing only the numerator as a number (instead of the fraction)
Sometimes, a time signature should not print the whole fraction (e.g.
7/4), but only the numerator (7 in this case). This can be easily done
by using \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit
to change the style permanently. By using \revert
Staff.TimeSignature.style
, this setting can be reversed. To apply the
single-digit style to only one time signature, use the
\override
command and prefix it with a \once
.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 c4 c c % Change the style permanently \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit \time 2/4 c4 c \time 3/4 c4 c c % Revert to default style: \revert Staff.TimeSignature.style \time 2/4 c4 c % single-digit style only for the next time signature \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit \time 5/4 c4 c c c c \time 2/4 c4 c }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: time signature
Referència de la notació: Indicacions de compàs de la música mensural, Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques, Gestió del temps.
Fitxers instal·lats ‘scm/time-signature-settings.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: TimeSignature, Timing_translator.
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Indicacions metronòmiques
És molt senzill escriure una indicació metronòmica bàsica:
\relative { \tempo 4 = 120 c'2 d e4. d8 c2 }
També es poden imprimir indicacions metronòmiques com un interval entre dos números:
\relative { \tempo 4 = 40 - 46 c'4. e8 a4 g b,2 d4 r }
Es poden usar indicacions de tempo amb text:
\relative { \tempo "Allegretto" c''4 e d c b4. a16 b c4 r4 }
La combinació d’una indicació metronòmica i un text fa que la marca de metrònom es tanqui entre parèntesis automàticament:
\relative { \tempo "Allegro" 4 = 160 g'4 c d e d4 b g2 }
En general, el text pot ser qualsevol objecte de marcatge:
\relative { \tempo \markup { \italic Faster } 4 = 132 a'8-. r8 b-. r gis-. r a-. r }
Es pot escriure una indicació metronòmica entre parèntesis sens cap indicació textual, escrivint una cadena buida a l’entrada:
\relative { \tempo "" 8 = 96 d''4 g e c }
A una particel·la d’un instrument amb períodes de silenci llargs,
en ocasions es succeeixen molt a prop diferents indicacions de
tempo. L’ordre \markLengthOn
aporta un espai horitzontal
addicional per evitar que les indicacions de temps se superposin,
i \markLengthOff
restableix el comportament predeterminat
d’ignorar les indicacions de tempo per a l’espaiat horitzontal.
\compressMMRests { \markLengthOn \tempo "Molto vivace" R1*12 \tempo "Meno mosso" R1*16 \markLengthOff \tempo "Tranquillo" R1*20 }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Printing metronome and rehearsal marks below the staff
By default, metronome and rehearsal marks are printed above the staff.
To place them below the staff simply set the direction
property
of MetronomeMark
or RehearsalMark
appropriately.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f } { % Metronome marks below the staff \override Score.MetronomeMark.direction = #DOWN \tempo 8. = 120 c''1 % Rehearsal marks below the staff \override Score.RehearsalMark.direction = #DOWN \mark \default c''1 }
Changing the tempo without a metronome mark
To change the tempo in MIDI output without printing anything, make the metronome mark invisible.
\score { \new Staff \relative c' { \tempo 4 = 160 c4 e g b c4 b d c \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 96 d,4 fis a cis d4 cis e d } \layout { } \midi { } }
Creating metronome marks in markup mode
New metronome marks can be created in markup mode, but they will not change the tempo in MIDI output.
\relative c' { \tempo \markup { \concat { ( \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note {16.} #1 " = " \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note {8} #1 ) } } c1 c4 c' c,2 }
Para veure més detalls, consulteu Donar format al text.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: metronome, metronomic indication, tempo indication, metronome mark.
Referència de la notació: Donar format al text, Creació de sortida MIDI.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern:: MetronomeMark.
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Anacrusis
Els compassos parcials com les anacrusis o parts en
començar s’escriuen usant l’ordre \partial
:
\partial duración
Quan s’usa \partial
al principi de la partitura,
duració
és el temps d’anacrusis, la longitud de la
música que precedeix al primer compàs.
\relative { \time 3/4 \partial 4. r4 e'8 | a4 c8 b c4 | }
Quan s’usa \partial
després del començament de la
partitura, duració
és la longitud restant
del compàs actual. No crea un nou compàs amb numeració.
\relative { \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \time 9/8 d''4.~ 4 d8 d( c) b | c4.~ 4. \bar "||" \time 12/8 \partial 4. c8( d) e | f2.~ 4 f8 a,( c) f | }
L’ordre \partial
és necessària quan canvia la
indicació de compàs en mig d’un compàs, però també pot usar-se
sol.
\relative { \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \time 6/8 \partial 8 e'8 | a4 c8 b[ c b] | \partial 4 r8 e,8 | a4 \bar "||" \partial 4 r8 e8 | a4 c8 b[ c b] | }
L’ordre \partial
fixa la propietat
Timing.measurePosition
, que és un nombre racional que
indica quant temps ha transcorregut dins del compàs actual.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: anacrusis.
Referència de la notació: Notes d’adorn.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: Timing_translator.
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Música sense compassos
En la música mesurada s’insereixen línies divisòries i es calculen
els números de compàs automàticament. A la música sense metre (és
a dir, cadències) això no és desitjable i es pot ‘desactivar’
usant l’ordre \cadenzaOn
, per després ‘reactivar-lo’ en
el lloc adequat usant \cadenzaOff
.
\relative c'' { c4 d e d \cadenzaOn c4 c d8[ d d] f4 g4. \cadenzaOff \bar "|" d4 e d c }
La numeració de compassos es continua al final de la cadència.
\relative c'' { % Mostra tots els números de barra \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #all-visible c4 d e d \cadenzaOn c4 c d8[ d d] f4 g4. \cadenzaOff \bar "|" d4 e d c }
En inserir una ordre \bar
dins d’una cadència no s’inicia
un compàs nou, fins i tot que s’imprimeixi una línia divisòria.
Així doncs, les alteracions accidentals (l’efecte de les quals se
suposa que roman fins al final del compàs) seran vàlides encara
després de la línia divisòria que s’imprimeix per part de
\bar
. Si es volen imprimir alteracions accidentals
posteriors tindran que inserir-se manualment alteracions forçades
o de cortesia, vegeu Alteracions accidentals.
\relative c'' { c4 d e d \cadenzaOn cis4 d cis d \bar "|" % El primer cis s'imprimeix sense alteració fins i tot si està després de un \bar cis4 d cis! d \cadenzaOff \bar "|" }
El barat automàtic es desactiva mitjançant \cadenzaOn
.
Per tant, tot el barrat en les cadències s’ha d’introduir
manualment. Vegeu Barres manuals.
\relative { \repeat unfold 8 { c''8 } \cadenzaOn cis8 c c c c \bar"|" c8 c c \cadenzaOff \repeat unfold 8 { c8 } }
Aquestes ordres predefinides afecten a totes les pautes de la
partitura, tot i que apareguin en un sol context Voice
.
Per canviar això, traslladeu el Timing_translator
del
context Score
al context Staff
, Vegeu
Notació polimètrica.
Instruccions predefinides
\cadenzaOn
,
\cadenzaOff
.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: cadenza.
Referència de la notació: Visibilitat dels objectes, Notació polimètrica, Barres manuals, Alteracions accidentals.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Sols s’insereixen salts de línia i de pàgina automàticament en les línies divisòries, per la qual cosa cal inserir manualment línies divisòries ‘invisibles’ en fragments llargs de música sense mesurar per permetre els salts:
\bar ""
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Notació polimètrica
Està contemplada la notació polimètrica, ja sigui explícitament o mitjançant la modificació manual de la indicació visible del compàs i/o l’escalat de la duració de les notes.
Pentagrames amb diferents indicacions de compàs i compassos d’igual longitud
Establiu una indicació de copàs comuna per a cada pentagrama, i
fixeu timeSignatureFraction
a la fracció desitjada.
Després useu la funció \scaleDurations
per escalar les
duracions de les notes a cada pauta a la indicació de compàs comú.
Al següent exemple, s’usa en paral·lel música amb compassos de 3/4, 9/8 i 10/8. Al segon pentagrama, les duracions mostrades es multipliquen per 2/3 (atès que 2/3 * 9/8 = 3/4), i en el tercer pentagrama, les duracions que es mostren estan multiplicades per 3/5 (atès que 3/5 * 10/8 = 3/4). Amb freqüència haurà que inserir les barres de forma manual, atès que l’escalat de les duracions afecta a les regles de barrat automàtic.
\relative << \new Staff { \time 3/4 c'4 c c | c4 c c | } \new Staff { \time 3/4 \set Staff.timeSignatureFraction = 9/8 \scaleDurations 2/3 \repeat unfold 6 { c8[ c c] } } \new Staff { \time 3/4 \set Staff.timeSignatureFraction = 10/8 \scaleDurations 3/5 { \repeat unfold 2 { c8[ c c] } \repeat unfold 2 { c8[ c] } | c4. c \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] } c4 } } >>
Pentagrames amb diferents indicacions de compàs i longituds de compàs diferents
Es pot donar a cada pentagrama la seva pròpia indicació de compàs
independent traslladant els gravadors Timing_translator
i Default_bar_line_engraver
al context de Staff
.
\layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" \remove "Default_bar_line_engraver" } \context { \Staff \consists "Timing_translator" \consists "Default_bar_line_engraver" } } % Ara cada pentagrama té la seva pròpia indicació de temps \relative << \new Staff { \time 3/4 c'4 c c | c4 c c | } \new Staff { \time 2/4 c4 c | c4 c | c4 c | } \new Staff { \time 3/8 c4. | c8 c c | c4. | c8 c c | } >>
Indicacions de compàs compost
Es creen usant la funció \compoundMeter
. La sintaxi és:
\compoundMeter #'(llista de llistes)
La construcció més simple és una llista única, en la qual l’últim número indica el denominador de la indicació de compàs i les anteriors són els numeradors.
\relative { \compoundMeter #'((2 2 2 8)) \repeat unfold 6 c'8 \repeat unfold 12 c16 }
Es poden construir compassos més complexos utilitzant llistes addicionals. Així mateix, els ajustos de barrat s’ajustaran depenent dels valors.
\relative { \compoundMeter #'((1 4) (3 8)) \repeat unfold 5 c'8 \repeat unfold 10 c16 } \relative { \compoundMeter #'((1 2 3 8) (3 4)) \repeat unfold 12 c'8 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: polymetric, polymetric time signature, meter.
Referència de la notació: Barres automàtiques, Barres manuals, Indicació de compàs, Escalat de les duracions.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: TimeSignature, Timing_translator, Default_bar_line_engraver, Staff.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
En usar diferents compassos en paral·lel, les notes que estiguin en el mateix instant de temps es col·loquen en la mateixa posició horitzontal. Tanmateix, les barres de compàs als diferents pentagrames faran que l’espaiat de notes sigui menys regular en cada pentagrama individual del que seria normal sense les diferents indicacions de compàs.
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Divisió automàtica de les notes
Les notes llargues es poden convertir automàticament en notes
lligades. Es fa mitjançant la substitució de
Note_heads_engraver
per
Completion_heads_engraver
. De forma semblant, els silencis
llargs que sobrepassen línies de compàs es divideixen
automàticament substituint el gravador Rest_engraver
amb el
gravador Completion_rest_engraver
. A l’exemple següent,
les notes i els silencis que travessen la barra de compàs es
divideixen, i a més les notes s’uneixen mitjançant una lligadura.
\new Voice \with { \remove "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Completion_heads_engraver" \remove "Rest_engraver" \consists "Completion_rest_engraver" } \relative { c'2. c8 d4 e f g a b c8 c2 b4 a g16 f4 e d c8. c2 r1*2 }
Aquests gravadors divideixen totes les notes i silencis llargs en la barra de compàs, e insereix lligadures en les notes. Un dels seus usos és depurar partitures complexes: si els compassos no estan complets, les lligadures mostraran exactament quant li falta a cada compàs.
La propietat completionUnit
fixa una duració preferida per
a les notes dividides.
\new Voice \with { \remove "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Completion_heads_engraver" } \relative { \time 9/8 g\breve. d''4. \bar "||" \set completionUnit = #(ly:make-moment 3 8) g\breve. d4. }
Aquests gravadors divideixen les notes que tenen la duració escalada, com la dels tresets, en notes que tenen el mateix factor d’escala que la nota original de l’entrada.
\new Voice \with { \remove "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Completion_heads_engraver" } \relative { \time 2/4 r4 \tuplet 3/2 {g'4 a b} \scaleDurations 2/3 {g a b} g4*2/3 a b \tuplet 3/2 {g4 a b} r4 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: tie
Manual d’aprenentatge: Explicació dels gravadors, Afegir i eliminar gravadors
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: Note_heads_engraver, Completion_heads_engraver, Rest_engraver, Completion_rest_engraver, Forbid_line_break_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Per consistència amb el comportament anterior, les notes i
silencis que tenen un duració major d’un compàs, com
c1*2
, es divideixen en notes sense cap factor d’escala,
{ c1 c1 }
. La propietat completionFactor
controla
aquest comportament, i en donar-li el valor #f
podem fer
que les notes i silencis dividits tinguin el mateix factor
d’escala que les duracions de les notes originals de l’entrada.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Divisió automàtica de les notes ] | [ Amunt : Impressió de les duracions ] | [ Barres > ] |
Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia
En algunes ocasiones volem mostrar solament el ritme d’una melodia. Això es pot fer amb un pentagrama de ritme. Totes les altures de les notes es converteixen en barres inclinades, i el pentagrama te una sola línia:
<< \new RhythmicStaff { \new Voice = "myRhythm" \relative { \time 4/4 c'4 e8 f g2 r4 g g f g1 } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "myRhythm" { This is my song I like to sing } } >>
Les taules d’acords de guitarra ofereixen sovint els ritmes
d’acompanyament. Això es pot fer amb el gravador
Pitch_squash_engraver
i \improvisationOn
.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 f g c } } \new Voice \with { \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" } \relative c'' { \improvisationOn c4 c8 c c4 c8 c f4 f8 f f4 f8 f g4 g8 g g4 g8 g c4 c8 c c4 c8 c } >>
Instruccions predefinides
\improvisationOn
,
\improvisationOff
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Guitar strum rhythms
For guitar music, it is possible to show strum rhythms, along with melody notes, chord names and fret diagrams.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 | f | g | c } } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 | f | g | c } } \new Voice \with { \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" } { \relative c'' { \improvisationOn c4 c8 c c4 c8 c f4 f8 f f4 f8 f g4 g8 g g4 g8 g c4 c8 c c4 c8 c } } \new Voice = "melody" { \relative c'' { c2 e4 e4 f2. r4 g2. a4 e4 c2. } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { This is my song. I like to sing. } } >>
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: RhythmicStaff, Pitch_squash_engraver.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia ] | [ Amunt : Duracions ] | [ Barres automàtiques > ] |
1.2.4 Barres
Barres automàtiques | ||
Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques | ||
Barres manuals | ||
Barres progressives |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Barres ] | [ Amunt : Barres ] | [ Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques > ] |
Barres automàtiques
De manera predeterminada, las barres de corxera s’insereixen automàticament:
\relative c'' { \time 2/4 c8 c c c \time 6/8 c8 c c c8. c16 c8 }
Quan aquestes decisions automàtiques no són prou bones, es poden escriure els barrats de forma explícita; vegeu Barres manuals. Les barres s’han d’introduir manualment si es volen estendre per sobre els silencis.
Si no cal el barrat automàtic, es pot desactivar amb
\autoBeamOff
i activar-se amb \autoBeamOn
:
\relative c' { c4 c8 c8. c16 c8. c16 c8 \autoBeamOff c4 c8 c8. c16 c8. \autoBeamOn c16 c8 }
Nota: Si s’usen barres per indicar els melismes de les cançons,
aleshores s’ha de desactivar el barrat automàtic amb
\autoBeamOff
i indicar les barres manualment. La
utilització de \partcombine
amb \autoBeamOff
pot produir resultats no desitjats. Vegeu els fragments de codi
per a més informació.
Es poden crear patrons de barrat que difereixin dels valors automàtics predeterminats; vegeu Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques.
Instruccions predefinides
\autoBeamOff
,
\autoBeamOn
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Beams across line breaks
Line breaks are normally forbidden when beams cross bar lines. This behavior can be changed as shown:
\relative c'' { \override Beam.breakable = ##t c8 c[ c] c[ c] c[ c] c[ \break c8] c[ c] c[ c] c[ c] c }
Changing beam knee gap
Kneed beams are inserted automatically when a large gap is detected
between the note heads. This behavior can be tuned through the
auto-knee-gap
property. A kneed beam is drawn if the gap is
larger than the value of auto-knee-gap
plus the width of the
beam object (which depends on the duration of the notes and the slope
of the beam). By default auto-knee-gap
is set to 5.5 staff
spaces.
{ f8 f''8 f8 f''8 \override Beam.auto-knee-gap = #6 f8 f''8 f8 f''8 }
Partcombine and autoBeamOff
The function of \autoBeamOff
when used with
\partcombine
can be difficult to understand.
It may be preferable to use
\set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
instead, to ensure that autobeaming will be turned off for the entire staff.
\partcombine
apparently works with 3 voices – stem up single,
stem down single, stem up combined.
An \autoBeamOff
call in the first argument to partcombine will
apply to the voice that is active at the time the call is processed,
either stem up single or stem up combined. An \autoBeamOff
call
in the second argument will apply to the voice that is stem down single.
In order to use \autoBeamOff
to stop all autobeaming when used
with \partcombine
, it will be necessary to use three calls to
\autoBeamOff
.
{ %\set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f % turns off all autobeaming \partcombine { \autoBeamOff % applies to split up stems \repeat unfold 4 a'16 %\autoBeamOff % applies to combined up stems \repeat unfold 4 a'8 \repeat unfold 4 a'16 } { \autoBeamOff % applies to down stems \repeat unfold 4 f'8 \repeat unfold 8 f'16 | } }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Barres manuals, Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques.
Fitxers instal·lats: ‘scm/auto-beam.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament interno: Auto_beam_engraver, Beam_engraver, Beam, BeamEvent, BeamForbidEvent, beam-interface, unbreakable-spanner-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Les propietats d’una barra venen determinades al començament de la seva construcció i qualsevol canvi addicional en les propietats de la barra que es produeixi abans que la barra s’hagi completat no tindrà efecte fins que inicieu la següent barra nova.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Barres automàtiques ] | [ Amunt : Barres ] | [ Barres manuals > ] |
Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques
Quan està habilitat el barrat automàtic, la col·locació de les
barres automàtiques ve determinada per tres propietats de context:
baseMoment
, beatStructure
i beamExceptions
.
Els valores predeterminats d’aquestes variables es poden
sobreescriure com es descriu més a baix, o de forma alternativa
els propis valors predeterminats es poden canviar com s’explica a
Indicació de compàs.
Si hi ha definida una regla de beamExceptions
per al compàs
en curs, s’usa aquesta regla per determinar la col·locació de les
barres; s’ignoren els valores de baseMoment
i
beatStructure
.
Si no hi ha definida cap regla de beamExceptions
per al
tipus de compàs en curs, la col·locació de les barres està
determinada pels valors de baseMoment
i
beatStructure
.
Barrat basat en baseMoment
i beatStructure
De forma predeterminada, les regles de beamExceptions
estan
definides per als compassos més comuns, i les regles de
beamExceptions
s’han de desactivar si pretenem que el
barrat automàtic estigui basat en baseMoment
i
beatStructure
. Les regles de beamExceptions
es
desactiven mitjançant
\set Timing.beamExceptions = #'()
Quan el valor de beamExceptions
s’ha establert a
#'()
, ja sigui degut a un ajust explícit o a causa que no
hi ha cap regla de beamExceptions
definida internament per
al compàs actual, els punts finals de les barres estan en les
pulsacions segons vingui determinat per les propietats de context
baseMoment
i beatStructure
.
beatStructure
és una llista d’Scheme que defineix la
longitud de cada pulsació dins del compàs en unitats de
baseMoment
. De forma predeterminada, cada unitat de
longitud baseMoment
és una única pulsació.
Observeu que hi ha valors de beatStructure
i de
baseMoment
diferents per a cada indicació de compàs. Els
canvis que es fan a aquestes variables s’apliquen sols al tipus de
compàs vigent, per la qual cosa aquests canvis s’han d’escriure
després de l’ordre \time
que dóna començament a una secció
nova amb un tipus de compàs diferent, no abans. Els valors nous
que es donen a una indicació de compàs concreta es retenen i es
tornen a aplicar quan aquest tipus de compàs torna a establir-se.
\relative c'' { \time 5/16 c16^"default" c c c c | % beamExceptions no és probable que es defineixi per a un tempo 5/16 % però els desactivarem igual per assegurar-nos \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \set Timing.beatStructure = 2,3 c16^"(2+3)" c c c c | \set Timing.beatStructure = 3,2 c16^"(3+2)" c c c c | }
\relative { \time 4/4 a'8^"default" a a a a a a a % Desactiva beamExceptions perquè sí que està % definit per a un tempo 4/4 \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \set Timing.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/4) \set Timing.beatStructure = 1,1,1,1 a8^"changed" a a a a a a a }
Els canvis als ajustament de barrat es poden limitar a contextos específics. Si no s’inclou cap ajustament a un context de nivell més baix, s’apliquen els ajustament del context que l’envolta.
\new Staff { \time 7/8 % No cal beamExceptions % atès que no està definit per al tempo 7/8 \set Staff.beatStructure = 2,3,2 << \new Voice = one { \relative { a'8 a a a a a a } } \new Voice = two { \relative { \voiceTwo \set Voice.beatStructure = 1,3,3 f'8 f f f f f f } } >> }
En cas d’usar diverses veus, s’ha d’especificar el context
Staff
si volem aplicar el barrat a totes les veus del
pentagrama:
\time 7/8 % ritme 3-1-1-2 % Canvi aplicat a Voice per defecte -- no funciona correctament % A causa de veus autogenerades, totes les pulsacions estaran a % baseMoment (1 . 8) \set beatStructure = 3,1,1,2 << \relative {a'8 a a a16 a a a a8 a} \\ \relative {f'4. f8 f f f} >> % Funciona correctament amb el context Staff especificat \set Staff.beatStructure = 3,1,1,2 << \relative {a'8 a a a16 a a a a8 a} \\ \relative {f'4. f8 f f f} >>
El valor de baseMoment
es pot ajustar per canviar el
comportament de les barres, si es desitja. Quan es fa, el
valor de beatStructure
s’ha de fixar de manera que sigui
compatible amb el nou valor de baseMoment
.
\time 5/8 % No cal desactivar beamExceptions % atès que no està definit per al tempo 5/8 \set Timing.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \set Timing.beatStructure = 7,3 \repeat unfold 10 { a'16 }
baseMoment
és un moment, una unitat de duració
musical. Es crea una quantitat del tipus moment per mitjà de
la funció d’Scheme ly:make-moment
. Per veure més
informació sobre aquest funció, consulteu
Gestió del temps.
De forma predeterminada baseMoment
està fixat a una unitat
més que el denominador del compàs. Totes les excepcions a aquest
valor predeterminat estan a
‘scm/time-signature-settings.scm’.
Barrat basat en beamExceptions
Les regles d’autobarrat especials (diferents a acabar una barra
sobre una pulsació) estan definides a la propietat
beamExceptions
.
El valor de beamExceptions
, que és una estructura de dades
força complexa, es genera fàcilment amb la funció
\beamExceptions
. Aquesta funció rep un o més patrons
rítmics barrats manualment i amb un compàs de duració (els
compassos s’han de separar amb una barra de comprovació de
compàs |
perquè la funció no té cap altra manera
d’esbrinar la longitud del compàs). Vet aquí un exemple senzill:
\relative c'' { \time 3/16 \set Timing.beatStructure = 2,1 \set Timing.beamExceptions = \beamExceptions { 32[ 32] 32[ 32] 32[ 32] } c16 c c | \repeat unfold 6 { c32 } | }
Nota: Un valor de beamExceptions
ha de ser una llista
d’excepcions completa. És a dir, tota excepció que s’hagi
d’aplicar ha d’estar inclosa a aquest ajustament. No és possible
afegir, eliminar o canviar sols una de les excepcions. Tot i que
això pot semblar fastigós, vol dir que no és necessari conèixer
els ajustaments de barrat actuals per poder especificar un patró
de barrat nou.
Quan canvia el compàs es fixen els valors predeterminats de
Timing.baseMoment
, Timing.beatStructure
i
Timing.beamExceptions
. Un ajustament en el tipus de compàs
dóna com a resultat un reinici dels ajustaments de barrat
automàtic per al context Timing
al comportament predeterminat.
\relative a' { \time 6/8 \repeat unfold 6 { a8 } % grup (4 + 2) \set Timing.beatStructure = 4,2 \repeat unfold 6 { a8 } % torna al comportament predeterminat \time 6/8 \repeat unfold 6 { a8 } }
Els ajustament de barrat automàtic predeterminat per a un tipus de compàs estan determinats en el fitxer ‘scm/time-signature-settings.scm’. La forma de canviar els ajustament predeterminats de barrat automàtic per a un tipus de compas es descriu a Indicació de compàs.
Molts ajustaments de barrat automàtics per a un tipus de compàs
contenen una entrada per a beamExceptions
. Per exemple, el
compàs de 4/4 intenta unir el compàs en dues parts si sols hi ha
corxeres. La regla beamExceptions
pot sobreescriure
l’ajustament beatStructure
si no es reinicia
beamExceptions
.
\time 4/4 \set Timing.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set Timing.beatStructure = 3,3,2 % Això no barrarà (3 3 2) degut a beamExceptions \repeat unfold 8 {c''8} | % Això barrarà (3 3 2) perquè eliminem beamExceptions \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \repeat unfold 8 {c''8}
De forma semblant, les corxeres en compàs de 3/4 s’uneixen
mitjançant una sola barra per a tot el compàs, de forma
predeterminada. Per unir les corxeres en 3/4 mitjançant una barra
a cada part, reinicieu beamExceptions
.
\time 3/4 % per defecte barrem a (6) degut a beamExceptions \repeat unfold 6 {a'8} | % Això barrarà (1 1 1) degut a baseMoment i beatStructure predeterminats \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \repeat unfold 6 {a'8}
A la música gravada dels períodes clàssic i romàntic, amb
freqüència les barres comencen a meitat d’un compàs de 3/4, però
la pràctic moderna és evitar la falsa impressió de 6/8 (vegeu
Gould, pàg. 153). Es produeixen situacions semblants al compàs de
3/8. Aquest comportament es controla mitjançant la propietat de
context beamHalfMeasure
, que té efecte sobre indicacions de
compàs que tenen la xifra 3 al numerador:
\relative a' { \time 3/4 r4. a8 a a | \set Timing.beamHalfMeasure = ##f r4. a8 a a | }
Com funciona el barrat automàtic
Quan s’habilita el barrat automàtic, la col·locació de les barres
de corxera automàtiques es determinen per les propietats de
context baseMoment
, beatStructure
i
beamExceptions
.
Són d’aplicació les següents regles, en ordre de prioritat, quan es determina l’aspecte de les barres:
-
Si està especificada una barra manual amb
[…]
, s’ha de fixar la barra tal com s’ha especificat; en cas contrari, -
Si està definida a
beamExceptions
una regla de barrat per a aquest tipus de barra més llarg, s’ha d’utilitzar-la per determinar els llocs vàlids en els quals poden acabar les barres; en cas contrari, -
Si està definida a
beamExceptions
una regla de final de barra per a un tipus de barra més llarg, s’ha d’utilitzar-la per determinar els llocs vàlids en els quals poden acabar les barres; en cas contrari, -
usar els valors de
baseMoment
i debeatStructure
per determinar els finals de les pulsacions del compàs, i terminar les barres al final de les pulsacions.
En les regles anteriors, el tipus de barra beam-type és la duració de la nota més breu dins del grup unit per una barra.
Les regles de barrat predefinides estan al fitxer ‘scm/time-signature-settings.scm’.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Subdividing beams
The beams of consecutive 16th (or shorter) notes are, by default, not
subdivided. That is, the three (or more) beams stretch unbroken over
entire groups of notes. This behavior can be modified to subdivide the
beams into sub-groups by setting the property subdivideBeams
.
When set, multiple beams will be subdivided at intervals defined by the
current value of baseMoment
by reducing the multiple beams to
the number of beams that indicates the metric value of the subdivision.
If the group following the division is shorter than the current metric
value (usually because the beam is incomplete) the number of beams
reflects the longest possible subdivision group. However, if there is
only one note left after the division this restriction isn’t applied.
Note that baseMoment
defaults to one over the denominator of the
current time signature if not set explicitly. It must be set to a
fraction giving the duration of the beam sub-group using the
ly:make-moment
function, as shown in this snippet. Also, when
baseMoment
is changed, beatStructure
should also be
changed to match the new baseMoment
:
\relative c'' { c32[ c c c c c c c] \set subdivideBeams = ##t c32[ c c c c c c c] % Set beam sub-group length to an eighth note \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 c32[ c c c c c c c] % Set beam sub-group length to a sixteenth note \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \set beatStructure = 4,4,4,4 c32[ c c c c c c c] % Shorten beam by 1/32 \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 c32[ c c c c c c] r32 % Shorten beam by 3/32 \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 c32[ c c c c] r16. r2 }
Strict beat beaming
Beamlets can be set to point in the direction of the beat to which they belong. The first beam avoids sticking out flags (the default); the second beam strictly follows the beat.
\relative c'' { \time 6/8 a8. a16 a a \set strictBeatBeaming = ##t a8. a16 a a }
Conducting signs measure grouping signs
Beat grouping within a measure is controlled by the context property
beatStructure
. Values of beatStructure
are established
for many time signatures in scm/time-signature-settings.scm
.
Values of beatStructure
can be changed or set with \set
.
Alternatively, \time
can be used to both set the time signature
and establish the beat structure. For this, you specify the internal
grouping of beats in a measure as a list of numbers (in Scheme syntax)
before the time signature.
\time
applies to the Timing
context, so it will not
reset values of beatStructure
or baseMoment
that are set
in other lower-level contexts, such as Voice
.
If the Measure_grouping_engraver
is included in one of the
display contexts, measure grouping signs will be created. Such signs
ease reading rhythmically complex modern music. In the example, the 9/8
measure is grouped in two different patterns using the two different
methods, while the 5/8 measure is grouped according to the default
setting in scm/time-signature-settings.scm
:
\score { \new Voice \relative c'' { \time 9/8 g8 g d d g g a( bes g) | \set Timing.beatStructure = 2,2,2,3 g8 g d d g g a( bes g) | \time 4,5 9/8 g8 g d d g g a( bes g) | \time 5/8 a4. g4 | } \layout { \context { \Staff \consists "Measure_grouping_engraver" } } }
Beam endings in Score context
Beam-ending rules specified in the Score
context apply to all
staves, but can be modified at both Staff
and Voice
levels:
\relative c'' { \time 5/4 % Set default beaming for all staves \set Score.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set Score.beatStructure = 3,4,3 << \new Staff { c8 c c c c c c c c c } \new Staff { % Modify beaming for just this staff \set Staff.beatStructure = 6,4 c8 c c c c c c c c c } \new Staff { % Inherit beaming from Score context << { \voiceOne c8 c c c c c c c c c } % Modify beaming for this voice only \new Voice { \voiceTwo \set Voice.beatStructure = 6,4 a8 a a a a a a a a a } >> } >> }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Indicació de compàs.
Fitxer d’inici: ‘scm/time-signature-settings.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: Auto_beam_engraver, Beam, BeamForbidEvent, beam-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Si una partitura acaba mentre una barra de corxera automàtica no
ha acabat i encara accepta notes, aquesta última barra no
s’imprimeix en absolut. El mateix serveix per a les veus
polifòniques introduïdes amb << … \\ … >>
. Si
una veu polifònica acaba mentre una barra de corxera automàtica
encara admet notes, no s’imprimeix. La solució per a aquests
problemes és aplicar el barrat manual a l’última barra de la veu o
partitura.
De forma predeterminada, el traductor Timing
rep el nom de
context Score
como àlies. Això significa que l’establiment
del compàs a una pauta afectarà el barrat de les altres pautes
també. Així, un ajust en el compàs a un pentagrama tardà
reiniciarà el barrat personalitzat que s’havia ajustat a un
pentagrama més primerenc. Una forma d’evitar aquest problema és
ajustar la indicació de compàs a un pentagrama solament.
<< \new Staff { \time 3/4 \set Timing.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set Timing.beatStructure = 1,5 \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \repeat unfold 6 { a'8 } } \new Staff { \repeat unfold 6 { a'8 } } >>
Els ajustos de barrat predeterminat per a aquest compàs també es poden canviar, de forma que sempre s’utilitzi el barrat desitjat. La menara d’efectuar canvis als ajustos de barrat automàtic per a una indicació de compàs es descriu a Indicació de compàs.
<< \new Staff { \overrideTimeSignatureSettings 3/4 % timeSignatureFraction 1/8 % baseMomentFraction 1,5 % beatStructure #'() % beamExceptions \time 3/4 \repeat unfold 6 { a'8 } } \new Staff { \time 3/4 \repeat unfold 6 { a'8 } } >>
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques ] | [ Amunt : Barres ] | [ Barres progressives > ] |
Barres manuals
En certs casos pot ser precís sobreescriure l’algoritme de barrat
automàtic. Per exemple, el mecanisme de barrat automàtic no
escriu barres per sobre els silencis o les línies divisòries, i a
les partitures corals el barrat s’ajusta amb freqüència perquè
segueixi la mesura de la lletra en comptes de la de les notes.
Aquestes barres s’especifiquen manualment marcant els punts de
començament i final amb [
y ]
.
\relative { r4 r8[ g' a r] r g[ | a] r }
La direcció de les barres es pot establir manualment utilitzant indicadors de direcció:
\relative { c''8^[ d e] c,_[ d e f g] }
Es poden marcar notes individuals amb \noBeam
per evitar
que resultin unides per una barra:
\relative { \time 2/4 c''8 c\noBeam c c }
Es poden produir al mateix temps barres de notes d’adorn i barres normals. Les notes d’adorn sense barra no es col·loquen dins de les barres de notes normals.
\relative { c''4 d8[ \grace { e32 d c d } e8] e[ e \grace { f16 } e8 e] }
Es pot aconseguir un control fins i tot més estricte sobres les
barres establint les propietats stemLeftBeamCount
i
stemRightBeamCount
. Especifiquen el nombre de barres que
es dibuixaran als costats esquerre i dret, respectivament, de la
nota següent. Si qualsevol d’aquestes dues propietats s’ajusta a
un valor, aquest valor s’usarà una sola vegada, i després
s’esborrarà. En aquest exemple, l’últim Fa s’imprimeix amb sols
una barra al costat esquerre, és a dir, la barra de corxera del
grup com un tot.
\relative a' { a8[ r16 f g a] a8[ r16 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #2 \set stemRightBeamCount = #1 f16 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1 g16 a] }
Instruccions predefinides
\noBeam
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Flat flags and beam nibs
Flat flags on lone notes and beam nibs at the ends of beamed figures
are both possible with a combination of stemLeftBeamCount
,
stemRightBeamCount
and paired []
beam indicators.
For right-pointing flat flags on lone notes, use paired []
beam
indicators and set stemLeftBeamCount
to zero (see Example 1).
For left-pointing flat flags, set stemRightBeamCount
instead
(Example 2).
For right-pointing nibs at the end of a run of beamed notes, set
stemRightBeamCount
to a positive value. And for left-pointing
nibs at the start of a run of beamed notes, set
stemLeftBeamCount
instead (Example 3).
Sometimes it may make sense for a lone note surrounded by rests to
carry both a left- and right-pointing flat flag. Do this with paired
[]
beam indicators alone (Example 4).
(Note that \set stemLeftBeamCount
is always equivalent to
\once \set
. In other words, the beam count settings are not
“sticky”, so the pair of flat flags attached to the lone
16[]
in the last example have nothing to do with the
\set
two notes prior.)
\score { << % Example 1 \new RhythmicStaff { \set stemLeftBeamCount = #0 c16[] r8. } % Example 2 \new RhythmicStaff { r8. \set stemRightBeamCount = #0 16[] } % Example 3 \new RhythmicStaff { 16 16 \set stemRightBeamCount = #2 16 r r \set stemLeftBeamCount = #2 16 16 16 } % Example 4 \new RhythmicStaff { 16 16 \set stemRightBeamCount = #2 16 r16 16[] r16 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #2 16 16 } >> }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Direcció i posició, Notes d’adorn.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: Beam, BeamEvent, Beam_engraver, beam-interface, Stem_engraver.
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Barres progressives
Les barres progressives s’usen per indicar que un petit grup de
notes s’ha de tocar a una velocitat creixent (o decreixent), sense
canviar el temps general de la peça. L’àmbit de la barra
progressiva s’ha d’indicar manualment usant [
i ]
,
l‘efecte d’angle de la barra s’inicia especificant una direcció de
la propietat grow-direction
de l’objecte Beam
.
Si volem que la col·locació de les notes i el so de la sortida
MIDI reflecteixi el ritardando o accelerando indicat
per la barra progressiva, les notes s’han d’agrupar com una
expressió musical delimitada per claus i precedida d’una ordre
featheredDurations
que especifica la raó
entre les duracions de la primera i l’última notes dins del grup.
Els claudàtors rectes mostren l’àmbit de la barra i les claus mostren quines notes han de modificar les seves duracions. Normalment delimitarien el mateix grup de notes, però no és un requisit: les dues ordres són independents.
A l’exemple següent les vuit semicorxeres ocupen exactament el mateix temps que una blanca, però la primera nota té la meitat de duració que l’última, amb les notes intermèdies allargant-se gradualment. Les quatre primeres fuses s’acceleren gradualment, mentre que les últimes quatre fuses estan a un temps constant.
\relative c' { \override Beam.grow-direction = #LEFT \featherDurations #(ly:make-moment 2/1) { c16[ c c c c c c c] } \override Beam.grow-direction = #RIGHT \featherDurations #(ly:make-moment 2/3) { c32[ d e f] } % retorna a barres sense ploma \override Beam.grow-direction = #'() { g32[ a b c] } }
L’espaiat a la sortida impresa representa les duracions de les notes d’una forma sols aproximada, però la sortida MIDI és exacta.
Instruccions predefinides
\featherDurations
.
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
L’ordre \featherDurations
sols funciona amb fragments
musicals molt breus, i quan els nombres de la fracció són petits.
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[ < Barres progressives ] | [ Amunt : Duracions ] | [ Barres de compàs > ] |
1.2.5 Compassos
Barres de compàs | ||
Numeració de compassos | ||
Comprovació de compàs i de número de compàs | ||
Marques d’assaig |
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Barres de compàs
Les línies divisòries delimiten als compassos però també es poden usar per indicar les repeticions. Normalment, les línies divisòries normals s’insereixen de manera automàtica a la sortida impresa a llocs que estan basats en el compàs actual.
Les barres de compàs senzilles inserides automàticament es poden
canviar per altres tipus d’ordre \bar
. Per exemple, se sol
posar una doble barra de tancament al final de la peça:
\relative { e'4 d c2 \bar "|." }
No deixa de ser vàlida l’última nota d’un compàs si no acaba sobre la línia divisòria automàtica: se suposa que la nota es perllonga sobre el compàs següent. Però una seqüència llarga de aquests compassos perllongats pot fer que la música aparegui comprimida o fins i tot que se surti de la pàgina. Això és a causa de què els salts de línia automàtics solament es produeixen al final de compassos complets, és a dir, quan totes les notes han finalitzat abans que el compàs acabi.
Nota: Una duració incorrecta pot fer que s’intenti evitar la producció de salts de línia, donant com a resultat una línia de música amb una compressió exagerada o música que se surt de la pàgina.
També es permeten salts de línia en les barres inserides manualment fins i tot dins de compassos incomplets. Per permetre un salt de línia on no hi ha cap línia divisòria visible. Utilitzeu el següent:
\bar ""
D’aquesta manera s’inserira una barra invisible de compàs i es farà possible el salt de línia a aquest punt, sense forçar-lo. No s’incrementa el comptador dels números de compàs. Per forçar un salt de línia, consulteu Salts de línia.
Aquesta i altres línies divisòries especials es poden inserir manualment en qualsevol punt. Quan coincideixen amb el final d’un compàs, substitueixen a la línia divisòria simple que s’hauria inserit automàticament en aquest lloc. Quan no coincideixen amb el final d’un compàs, s’insereix la línia especificada en aquest punt de la sortida impresa.
Observeu que les línies divisòries manuals són purament visuals. No afecten a cap de les propietats que una barra normal afectaria, com als números de compàs, alteracions, salts de línia, etc. No afecten tampoc el càlcul i col·locació de les línies divisòries subsegüents. Quan una divisòria es col·loca manualment on ja hi ha una divisòria normal, els efectes de la línia original no s’alteren.
Estan disponibles per a la seva inserció manual dos tipus de línies divisòries simples i cinc tipus de doble barra:
\relative { f'1 \bar "|" f1 \bar "." g1 \bar "||" a1 \bar ".|" b1 \bar ".." c1 \bar "|.|" d1 \bar "|." e1 }
així com la barra de punts i la discontínua:
\relative { f'1 \bar ";" g1 \bar "!" a1 }
i nou tipus de barres de repetició:
\relative { f'1 \bar ".|:" g1 \bar ":..:" a1 \bar ":|.|:" b1 \bar ":|.:" c1 \bar ":.|.:" d1 \bar "[|:" e1 \bar ":|][|:" f1 \bar ":|]" g1 \bar ":|." a1 }
A més es pot imprimir una línia divisòria com una marca curta:
f'1 \bar "'" g'1
Malgrat això, donat que les mencionades marques s’utilitzen
usualment al cant gregorià, és preferible en aquest cas utilitzar
\divisioMinima
, que es descriu en la secció
Divisiones dins de cant gregorià:
El LilyPond contempla la notació del cant kievà i ofereix una línia divisòria especial kievana:
f'1 \bar "k"
Poden veure’s detalls d’aquest notació explicats a Gravat del cant kievà en notació quadrada.
Per als símbols de segno en línia, hi ha tres tipus de barres de compàs que es diferencien en el seu comportament respecte als salts de línia:
\relative c'' { c4 c c c \bar "S" c4 c c c \break \bar "S" c4 c c c \bar "S-|" c4 c c c \break \bar "S-|" c4 c c c \bar "S-S" c4 c c c \break \bar "S-S" c1 }
Tot i que es poden inserir manualment barres de compàs amb significat de repeticions, no es reconeixen com repeticions per part del LilyPond. Les seccions repetides s’introdueixen millor utilitzant les diverses ordres de repetició (vegeu Repeticions), que imprimeixen automàticament les barres corresponents.
A més es pot especificar ".|:-||"
, que equival a
".|:"
excepte al salts de línia, en el qual es produeix una
doble barra al final de la línia i una repetició esquerra (de
començament) al principio de la línia següent.
\relative c'' { c4 c c c \bar ".|:-||" c4 c c c \break \bar ".|:-||" c4 c c c }
Per a combinacions de repeticions amb el símbol de segno, hi ha sis variants diferents:
\relative c'' { c4 c c c \bar ":|.S" c4 c c c \break \bar ":|.S" c4 c c c \bar ":|.S-S" c4 c c c \break \bar ":|.S-S" c4 c c c \bar "S.|:-S" c4 c c c \break \bar "S.|:-S" c4 c c c \bar "S.|:" c4 c c c \break \bar "S.|:" c4 c c c \bar ":|.S.|:" c4 c c c \break \bar ":|.S.|:" c4 c c c \bar ":|.S.|:-S" c4 c c c \break \bar ":|.S.|:-S" c1 }
A més, hi ha una ordre \inStaffSegno
que crea una barra de
compàs amb símbol de segno, situada en conjunció amb una línia de
repetició adequada si s’utilitza amb una ordre \repeat
volta
, vegeu Repeticions normals.
Es poden definir tipus nous de línies divisòries amb
\defineBarLine
:
\defineBarLine tipus_de_barra #'(final començament extensió)
Les variables de \defineBarline
poden incloure la cadena de
caràcters ‘buida’ ""
, que equival a imprimir una línia
divisòria invisible. També es pot establir al valor fals#f
que no imprimeix cap línia divisòria.
Després de la definició, la nova línia divisòria es pot utilitzar
mitjançant \bar
tipus_de_barra.
Actualment hi ha disponibles deu elements de barra de compàs:
\defineBarLine ":" #'("" ":" "") \defineBarLine "=" #'("=" "" "") \defineBarLine "[" #'("" "[" "") \defineBarLine "]" #'("]" "" "") \new Staff { s1 \bar "|" s1 \bar "." s1 \bar "!" s1 \bar ";" s1 \bar ":" s1 \bar "k" s1 \bar "S" s1 \bar "=" s1 \bar "[" s1 \bar "]" s1 \bar "" }
La línia divisòria "="
proporciona la barra de doble
extensió, usada en combinació amb el símbol de segno. No l’heu
d’usar com una doble línia divisòria fina aïllada; per això es
preferible \bar
"||".
El signe "-"
inicia anotacions a les barres de compàs, que
són útils per distingir entre aquelles que tenen idèntica aparença
però diferent comportament als salts de línia i/o diferents barres
d’extensió. La part que segueix al signe "-"
no s’usa per
construir la barra de compàs.
\defineBarLine "||-dashedSpan" #'("||" "" "!!") \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 \bar "||" c1 \bar "||-dashedSpan" c1 } \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 c1 c1 } >>
A més, el caràcter de l’espai en blanc " "
serveix com a
contenidor per definir barres d’extensió correctament alineats a
les barres principals:
\defineBarLine ":|.-wrong" #'(":|." "" "|.") \defineBarLine ":|.-right" #'(":|." "" " |.") \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 \bar ":|.-wrong" c1 \bar ":|.-right" c1 } \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 c1 c1 } >>
Si calen elements addicionals, el LilyPond proveeix una forma senzilla de definir-los. Per veure més informació sobre com modificar o afegir barres de compàs, consulteu el fitxer ‘scm/bar-line.scm’.
En les partitures amb molts pentagrames, una ordre\bar
a un
d’ells s’aplica automàticament a tots els altres. Les línies
resultants es connecten entre els diferents pentagrames d’un
StaffGroup
, PianoStaff
o GrandStaff
.
<< \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative { e'4 d \bar "||" f4 e } \new Staff \relative { \clef bass c'4 g e g } >> \new Staff \relative { \clef bass c'2 c2 } >>
L’ordre ‘\bar tipus de barra’ és forma curta de fer
‘\set Timing.whichBar = tipo de barra’. Quan
s’estableix whichBar
amb el valor d’una cadena de
caràcters, es crea una línia divisòria d’aquest tipus.
El tipus de barra predeterminat que s’usa per a les línies
divisòries inserides automàticament és "|"
. Es pot canviar
en qualsevol moment amb ‘\set Timing.defaultBarType
= tipus de barra’.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Salts de línia, Repeticions, Agrupament de pentagrames.
Fitxers instal·lats: ‘scm/bar-line.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament interno:
BarLine (creada al nivell de Staff
(pentagrama)),
SpanBar (a través dels pentagrames),
Timing_translator (per a les propietats del comptador de temps Timing).
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Numeració de compassos
Per defecte, els números de compàs s’imprimeixen al principi de la
línia, excepte la primera. El número pròpiament dit s’emmagatzema
a la propietat currentBarNumber
, que normalment
s’actualitza automàticament per a cada compàs. També es pot
establir manualment:
\relative c' { c1 c c c \break \set Score.currentBarNumber = #50 c1 c c c }
Els números de compàs es poden gravar a intervals regulars en
comptes de al principi de cada línia. Per fer-lo, s’ha de
sobreescriure el comportament predeterminat de forma que es puguin
imprimir en altres llocs. Això ve controlat per la propietat
break-visibility
de BarNumber
. Agafa tres valors
que es poden establir al valor #t
o #f
per
especificar si el número de compàs corresponent és visible o no.
L’ordre dels tres valors és visible al final de la línia
,
visible a la meitat de la línia
, o visible al
principi de la línia
. A l’exemple següent s’imprimeixen els
números de compàs en tots els llocs possibles:
\relative c' { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = ##(#t #t #t) \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11 % Permet que s'imprimeixi el número del primer compàs \bar "" c1 | c | c | c | \break c1 | c | c | c | }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Printing the bar number for the first measure
By default, the first bar number in a score is suppressed if it is less
than or equal to ‘1’. By setting barNumberVisibility
to
all-bar-numbers-visible
, any bar number can be printed for the
first measure and all subsequent measures. Note that an empty bar line
must be inserted before the first note for this to work.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##t } \relative c' { \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible \bar "" c1 | d | e | f \break g1 | e | d | c }
Printing bar numbers at regular intervals
Bar numbers can be printed at regular intervals by setting the property
barNumberVisibility
. Here the bar numbers are printed every two
measures except at the end of the line.
\relative c' { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11 % Permit first bar number to be printed \bar "" % Print a bar number every second measure \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2) c1 | c | c | c | c \break c1 | c | c | c | c }
Printing bar numbers with changing regular intervals
The bar number interval can be changed by changing the context function
{set-bar-number-visibility}
.
\relative c' { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \context Score \applyContext #(set-bar-number-visibility 4) \repeat unfold 10 c'1 \context Score \applyContext #(set-bar-number-visibility 2) \repeat unfold 10 c }
Printing bar numbers inside boxes or circles
Bar numbers can also be printed inside boxes or circles.
\relative c' { % Prevent bar numbers at the end of a line and permit them elsewhere \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 4) % Increase the size of the bar number by 2 \override Score.BarNumber.font-size = #2 % Draw a box round the following bar number(s) \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \repeat unfold 5 { c1 } % Draw a circle round the following bar number(s) \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \repeat unfold 4 { c1 } \bar "|." }
Alternative bar numbering
Two alternative methods for bar numbering can be set, especially for when using repeated music.
\relative c'{ \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 \break \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers-with-letters \repeat volta 3 { c,4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 }
Aligning bar numbers
Bar numbers by default are right-aligned to their parent object. This is usually the left edge of a line or, if numbers are printed within a line, the left hand side of a bar line. The numbers may also be positioned directly over the bar line or left-aligned to the bar line.
\relative c' { \set Score.currentBarNumber = #111 \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #all-visible % Increase the size of the bar number by 2 \override Score.BarNumber.font-size = #2 % Print a bar number every second measure \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2) c1 | c1 % Center-align bar numbers \override Score.BarNumber.self-alignment-X = #CENTER c1 | c1 % Left-align bar numbers \override Score.BarNumber.self-alignment-X = #LEFT c1 | c1 }
Removing bar numbers from a score
Bar numbers can be removed entirely by removing the
Bar_number_engraver
from the Score
context.
\layout { \context { \Score \omit BarNumber % or: %\remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } \relative c'' { c4 c c c \break c4 c c c }
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: BarNumber, Bar_number_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Els números de compàs poden col·lisionar amb la clau
StaffGroup
, si hi ha un a la part de dalt. Per
solucionar-lo es pot usar la propietat de farciment padding
de BarNumber
per col·locar el número correctament.
Consulteu
StaffGroup i
BarNumber para
veure més informació.
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Comprovació de compàs i de número de compàs
Les comprovacions de compàs ajuden a detectar errors a les
duracions. Una comprovació de compàs s’escriu usant el símbol de
la barra vertical, |
, a qualsevol lloc on s’espera que
caigui una línia divisòria. Si es troben línies de comprovació de
compàs a altres llocs, s’imprimeix una llista d’advertiments al
fitxer log de registre, mostrant els números de línia i columna en
el qual han fallat les comprovacions de compàs. Al següent
exemple, la segona comprovació de compàs avisarà d’un error.
\time 3/4 c2 e4 | g2 |
Una duració incorrecte produeix una partitura completament desbaratada, especialment si la partitura es polifònica, de manera que la millor manera de començar a corregir l’entrada és buscar sistemàticament l’existència de comprovacions de compàs fallides i duracions incorrectes.
Si es produeixen diverses comprovacions de compàs seguides per valor de la mateixa duració musical, sols apareix el primer missatge d’advertiment. Així s’aconsegueix que el missatge estigui concentrat a la font d’error de la pulsació.
Les comprovacions de compàs també es poden inserir dins de la lletra de les cançons:
\lyricmode { \time 2/4 Twin -- kle | Twin -- kle | }
Observeu que les comprovacions de compàs dins de la lletra de les cançons s’avaluen al moment musical de la síl·laba següent a la comprovació de compàs que es processa. Si la lletra està associada amb les notes d’una veu que té un silenci al principi del compàs, no es pot posar cap síl·laba al comen ament d’aquest compàs i s’imprimeix un missatge d’advertiment si s’escriu una comprovació de compàs dins de la lletra, en aquesta posició.
També és possible redefinir l’acció que es fa quan es troba una
barra vertical o símbol de comprovació de compàs, |
, al
codi d’entrada, de forma que faci quelcom diferent a una
comprovació de compàs. Es fa assignant una expressió musical a
"|"
, el símbol de barra vertical. A l’exemple següent
s’estableix |
de forma que insereixi una doble línia
divisòria quan apareix al codi d’entrada, en comptes de comprovar
el final d’un compàs.
"|" = \bar "||" { c'2 c' | c'2 c' c'2 | c' c'2 c' }
En copiar peces musicals grans pot servir d’ajuda comprovar que el
número de compàs del LilyPond correspongui a l’original des del
qual s’està copiant. Això es pot comprovar amb
\barNumberCheck
, por exemple:
\barNumberCheck #123
imprimeix un advertiment si el currentBarNumber
(número del
compàs actual) no és el 123 en el moment de la compilació.
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Comprovació de compàs i de número de compàs ] | [ Amunt : Compassos ] | [ Temes especials de ritme > ] |
Marques d’assaig
Per imprimir una lletra d’assaig, utilitzeu l’ordre \mark
.
\relative c'' { c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default }
La lletra d’assaig s’incrementa automàticament si useu
\mark \default
, però també podeu utilitzar un número enter
com argument per establir la indicació manualment. El valor que
s’utilitzarà s’emmagatzema dins de la propietat
rehearsalMark
.
\relative c'' { c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark #8 c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default }
La lletra ‘I’ se salta d’acord amb les tradicions de gravat. Si voleu incloure la la lletra ‘I’, useu una de les ordres següents, segons l’estil de marques d’assaig que desitgeu (sols lletres, lletres dins d’un rectangle o lletres dins d’un cercle).
\set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-alphabet \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-alphabet \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-circle-alphabet
\relative c'' { \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-alphabet c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark #8 c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default }
L’estil es defineix per mitjà de la propietat
markFormatter
. És una funció que agafa com arguments la
marca en curs (un nombre enter) i el context actual. Ha de tornar
un objecte de marcatge. A l’exemple següent, s’estableix
markFormatter
amb el valor d’un procediment predefinit.
Després d’alguns compassos s’estableix amb un valor d’una funció
que produeix un número tancat a una capsa.
\relative c'' { \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-numbers c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-numbers c1 \mark \default \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-circle-numbers c1 \mark \default \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-circle-letters c1 }
El fitxer ‘scm/translation-functions.scm’ conté les
definicions de format-mark-numbers
(el format per omissió),
format-mark-box-numbers
, format-mark-letters
i
format-mark-box-letters
. Es poden usar aquestes
definicions com a inspiració per a d’altres funcions de format.
Podem fer servir format-mark-barnumbers
,
format-mark-box-barnumbers
i
format-mark-circle-barnumbers
per obtenir números de compas
en lloc de números de lletres seqüencials.
Es poden especificar altres estils de lletra d’assaig de forma manual:
\mark "A1"
Observeu que Score.markFormatter
no afecta a las marque que
s’especifiquen de aquest forma. Malgrat això, és possible aplicar
un element \markup
a la cadena.
\mark \markup{ \box A1 }
Els glifs musicals (como ara el segno) es poden imprimir dins d’un
element \mark
\relative c' { c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.segno" } c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.coda" } c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.ufermata" } c1 }
Consulteu
El tipus de lletra Emmentaler
per veure una llista dels símbols que es poden imprimir amb
\musicglyph
.
Per veure formes comuns d’ajustar la col·locació de les lletres
d’assaig, consulteu
Donar format al text. Per a un control més precís, consulteu
break-alignable-interface
a la secció
Alineació d’objectes.
El fitxer ‘scm/translation-functions.scm’ conté les
definicions de format-mark-numbers
i de
format-mark-letters
. Es poden utilitzar com a inspiració
per escriure altres funcions per donar format.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: El tipus de lletra Emmentaler, Donar format al text, Alineació d’objectes.
Fitxers d’inici: ‘scm/translation-functions.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: MarkEvent, Mark_engraver, RehearsalMark.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Marques d'assaig ] | [ Amunt : Duracions ] | [ Notes d'adorn > ] |
1.2.6 Temes especials de ritme
Notes d’adorn | ||
Alinear amb una cadenza | ||
Gestió del temps |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Temes especials de ritme ] | [ Amunt : Temes especials de ritme ] | [ Alinear amb una cadenza > ] |
Notes d’adorn
Els mordents i les notes d’adorn són ornaments musicals, impresos a un tipus de lletra més petita i no ocupen cap temps lògic addicional al compàs.
\relative { c''4 \grace b16 a4( \grace { b16 c16 } a2) }
Hi ha tres tipus possibles de notes d’adorn; la
acciaccatura o mordent d’una nota (una nota d’adorn sense
mesura que s’indica mitjançant una nota lligada i amb la clau
ratllada) i la appoggiatura, que agafa una fracció fixa de
la nota principal a la que s’adjunta, i que s’imprimeix sense
ratllar. És possible escriure una nota d’adorn amb la plica
ratllada, com la acciaccatura però sense la lligadura, com
per col·locar-la entre notes que estan lligades entre sí,
utilitzant la funció \slashedGrace
.
\relative { \acciaccatura d''8 c4 \appoggiatura e8 d4 \acciaccatura { g16 f } e2 \slashedGrace a,8 g4 \slashedGrace b16 a4( \slashedGrace b8 a2) }
La col·locació de notes d’adorn se sincronitza entres els diferents pentagrames. A l’exemple següent, hi ha dues semicorxeres d’adorn per a cada corxera d’adorn:
<< \new Staff \relative { e''2 \grace { c16 d e f } e2 } \new Staff \relative { c''2 \grace { g8 b } c2 } >>
Si volem acabar una nota amb un adorn, usem l’ordre
\afterGrace
. Agafa dos argument: la nota principal, i les
notes d’adorn que segueixen a la nota principal.
\relative { c''1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1 }
Això posa les notes d’adorn després d’un espai que dura 3/4 de la
longitud de la nota principal. La fracció predeterminada de 3/4
es pot canviar establint afterGraceFraction
. L’exemple
següent mostra el resultat d’establir l’espai en el seu valor
predeterminat, en 15/16, i per últim en 1/2 de la nota principal.
<< \new Staff \relative { c''1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1 } \new Staff \relative { #(define afterGraceFraction (cons 15 16)) c''1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1 } \new Staff \relative { #(define afterGraceFraction (cons 1 2)) c''1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c1 } >>
L’espai entre la nota principal i la d’adorn també es pot especificar usant espaiadors. L’exemple següent situa la nota d’adorn després d’un espai que dura 7/8 de la nota principal.
\new Voice \relative { << { d''1^\trill_( } { s2 s4. \grace { c16 d } } >> c1) }
Una expressió musical \grace
introdueix ajustos de tipus de
lletra especials, per exemple per produir un tipus de lletra més
petit i per fixes les direccions. Per això, quan s’introdueixen
ajustaments per a la presentació, han d’anar dins de l’expressió
d’adorn. Les sobreescriptures s’han de revertir també dins de
l’expressió d’adorn. Aquí, la direcció predeterminada de la plica
de la nota d’adorn se sobreescriu i després es reverteix.
\new Voice \relative { \acciaccatura { \stemDown f''16-> \stemNeutral } g4 e c2 }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Using grace note slashes with normal heads
The slash through the stem found in acciaccaturas can be applied in other situations.
\relative c'' { \override Flag.stroke-style = #"grace" c8( d2) e8( f4) }
Tweaking grace layout within music
The layout of grace expressions can be changed throughout the music
using the functions add-grace-property
and
remove-grace-property
. The following example undefines the
Stem
direction for this grace, so that stems do not always point
up, and changes the default note heads to crosses.
\relative c'' { \new Staff { $(remove-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction) $(add-grace-property 'Voice 'NoteHead 'style 'cross) \new Voice { \acciaccatura { f16 } g4 \grace { d16 e } f4 \appoggiatura { f,32 g a } e2 } } }
Redefining grace note global defaults
The global defaults for grace notes are stored in the identifiers
startGraceMusic
, stopGraceMusic
,
startAcciaccaturaMusic
, stopAcciaccaturaMusic
,
startAppoggiaturaMusic
and stopAppoggiaturaMusic
, which
are defined in the file ly/grace-init.ly
. By redefining them
other effects may be obtained.
startAcciaccaturaMusic = { <>( \override Flag.stroke-style = #"grace" \slurDashed } stopAcciaccaturaMusic = { \revert Flag.stroke-style \slurSolid <>) } \relative c'' { \acciaccatura d8 c1 }
Positioning grace notes with floating space
Setting the property 'strict-grace-spacing
makes the musical
columns for grace notes ’floating’, i.e., decoupled from the non-grace
notes: first the normal notes are spaced, then the (musical columns of
the) graces are put left of the musical columns for the main notes.
\relative c'' { << \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-grace-spacing = ##t \new Staff \new Voice { \afterGrace c4 { c16[ c8 c16] } c8[ \grace { b16 d } c8] c4 r } \new Staff { c16 c c c c c c c c4 r } >> }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: grace notes, acciaccatura, appoggiatura.
Referència de la notació: Escalat de les duracions, Barres manuals.
Fitxers d’inici: ‘ly/grace-init.ly’.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament intern: GraceMusic, Grace_beam_engraver, Grace_auto_beam_engraver, Grace_engraver, Grace_spacing_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Una acciaccatura de diverses notes amb una barra s’imprimeix sense ratllar, i té exactament la mateixa aparença que una appoggiatura de diverses notes amb barra.
La sincronització de les notes d’adorn també pot portar sorpreses. La notació de pentagrames, com ara armadures, línies divisòries, etc., també se sincronitzen. Aneu amb cura quan barregeu pentagrames amb adorns i sense adorns, per exemple
<< \new Staff \relative { e''4 \bar ".|:" \grace c16 d2. } \new Staff \relative { c''4 \bar ".|:" d2. } >>
Això es pot remeiar inserint desplaçaments d’adorn de les duracions corresponents als altres pentagrames. Per a l’exemple anterior
<< \new Staff \relative { e''4 \bar ".|:" \grace c16 d2. } \new Staff \relative { c''4 \bar ".|:" \grace s16 d2. } >>
És obligatori usar l’ordre \grace
per a la part dels
desplaçaments, fins i tot si la part visual usa
\acciaccatura
o \appoggiatura
perquè en cas contrari
s’imprimeix una lligadura lletja que connecta a la nota d’adorn
invisible amb la nota següent.
Les seccions d’adorn sols s’han d’usar dins d’expressions de música seqüencials. No estan contemplats ni el niuat ni la juxtaposició de seccions d’adorn, i podria produir fallades i altres errors.
Cada nota d’adorn a la sortida MIDI té una longitud que és 1/4 de
la seva duració real. Si la duració combinada de les notes
d’adorn és més gran que la longitud de la nota precedent, es
genera un error “Retrocedint al temps MIDI
”. Teniu dues
opcions: en primer lloc, podeu fer més curta la duració de les
notes d’adorn, per exemple:
c'8 \acciaccatura { c'8[ d' e' f' g'] }
es converteix a:
c'8 \acciaccatura { c'16[ d' e' f' g'] }
Una altra opció és canviar explícitament la duració musical:
c'8 \acciaccatura { \scaleDurations 1/2 { c'8[ d' e' f' g'] } }
Vegeu Escalat de les duracions.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Notes d'adorn ] | [ Amunt : Temes especials de ritme ] | [ Gestió del temps > ] |
Alinear amb una cadenza
A un context orquestral, les cadenzas presenten un problema espacial: en construir una partitura que te una cadenza, tots els altres instruments han de saltar tantes notes com la longitud de la cadenza, ja que en cas contrari començaran massa aviat o massa tard.
Una solució a aquest problema són les funcions
mmrest-of-length
i skip-of-length
. Aquestes
funcions de l’Scheme agafen un fragment de música com a argument i
generen un \skip
o silenci multicompàs de la longitud
exacta del fragment.
MyCadenza = \relative { c'4 d8 e f g g4 f2 g4 g } \new GrandStaff << \new Staff { \MyCadenza c'1 \MyCadenza c'1 } \new Staff { #(mmrest-of-length MyCadenza) c'1 #(skip-of-length MyCadenza) c'1 } >>
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: cadenza.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Alinear amb una cadenza ] | [ Amunt : Temes especials de ritme ] | [ Expressions > ] |
Gestió del temps
El temps esta administrat per Timing_translator
, que de
forma predeterminada es troba al context de Score
.
S’afegeix un àlies, Timing
, al context que en el qual es
col·loca el Timing_translator
. Per assegurar que està
disponible l’àlies Timing
, potser heu de crear
explícitament una instància del context contenidor (com Voice
o
Staff
).
S’usen les següents propietats de Timing
per seguir la
pista del temps dins de la partitura.
-
currentBarNumber
El número de compàs en curs. Per veure un exemple que mostra l’sú d’aquesta propietat, consulteu Numeració de compassos.
-
measureLength
La longitud dels compassos dins de la indicació actual de compàs. Per a un 4/4 això és 1, i per al 6/8 és 3/4. El seu valor determina quan s’insereixen les línies divisòries i com es generen les barres automàtiques.
-
measurePosition
El punt en el qual ens trobem dins del compàs. Aquesta quantitat es reinicia restant
measureLength
cada cop que s’assoleix o s’excedeixmeasureLength
. Quan això passa, s’incrementacurrentBarNumber
.-
timing
Si té un valor vertader, les variables anteriors s’actualitzen a cada pas del temps, quan té un valor fals, el gravador es queda al compàs actual indefinidament.
El compte del temps es pot canviar establint el valor de qualsevol
d’aquestes variables explícitament. A l’exemple següent,
s’imprimeix la indicació de compàs predeterminada 4/4,
però measureLength
s’ajusta a 5/4. Als 4/8 fins el tercer
compàs, la posició measurePosition
s’avança en 1/8 fins a
5/8, escurçant aquest compàs en 1/8. Aleshores, la següent línia
divisòria cau en 9/8 en comptes de fer-ho en 5/4.
\new Voice \relative { \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 5/4) c'1 c4 | c1 c4 | c4 c \set Timing.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment 5/8) b4 b b8 | c4 c1 | }
Com s’il·lustra a l’exemple, ly:make-moment n m
construeix
una duració de la fracció d’una rodona. Per exemple,
ly:make-moment 1 8
és una duració d’una corxera i
ly:make-moment 7 16
és la duració de set semicorxeres.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Numeració de compassos, Música sense compassos.
Fragments de codi: Rhythms.
Referència de funcionament interno: Timing_translator, Score.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Gestió del temps ] | [ Amunt : Notació musical ] | [ Expressions annexades a les notes > ] |
1.3 Expressions
Aquesta secció relaciona diverses marques d’expressió que es poden crear a una partitura.
1.3.1 Expressions annexades a les notes | ||
1.3.2 Marques expressives en forma corba | ||
1.3.3 Marques expressives en forma de línies |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Expressions ] | [ Amunt : Expressions ] | [ Articulacions i ornaments > ] |
1.3.1 Expressions annexades a les notes
Aquesta secció explica com crear marques expressives que estan aplicades a notes: articulacions, ornaments i matisos. També es tracten els mètodes per crear les marques dinàmiques.
Articulacions i ornaments | ||
Matisos dinàmics | ||
Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Expressions annexades a les notes ] | [ Amunt : Expressions annexades a les notes ] | [ Matisos dinàmics > ] |
Articulacions i ornaments
Es poden annexar a les notes un ample ventall de símbols per denotar articulacions, adorns i altres indicacions d’execució, utilitzant la sintaxi següent:
nota\nom
La llista de possibles valors de nom
està a
Llista d’articulacions. Per exemple
\relative { c''4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn c1\fermata }
Algunes d’aquestes articulacions tenen abreviatures que faciliten
la seva escriptura. Les abreviatures s’escriuen a darrere del nom
de la nota, i la seva sintaxi consisteix en un guió -
seguit d’un símbol que especifica l’articulació. Existeixen
abreviatures prededefinides per al marcato,
stopped (nota apagada), tenuto, staccatissimo,
accent (acent), staccato (picat), i
portato. La sortida corresponent a aquestes
articulacions apareix de la manera següent:
\relative { c''4-^ c-+ c-- c-! c4-> c-. c2-_ }
Les regles per a la col·locació predeterminada de les articulacions es troben definides al fitxer ‘scm/script.scm’. Les articulacions i ornaments es poden col·locar manualment per sobre o per sota del pentagrama; vegeu Direcció i posició.
Les articulacions són objectes Script
. Les seves
propietats es descriuen de forma més completa a
Script.
Les articulacions es poden adjuntar als silencis així com a les
notes, pero no es poden ajuntar a silencis multicompàs. Hi ha
disponible una ordre predefinida especial, \fermataMarkup
,
per annexar un calderó a un silenci multicompàs (i sols a un
silenci multicompàs). L’ordre crea un objecte MultiMeasureRestText
.
\override Script.color = #red \override MultiMeasureRestText.color = #blue a'2\fermata r\fermata R1\fermataMarkup
A més d’articulacions, es poden adjuntar textos i elements de marcatge de les notes. Vegeu Scripts de text.
Per veure més informació quant a l’ordenació dels elements Script i TextScript que s’annexen a les notes, consulteu Col·locació dels objectes.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Modifying default values for articulation shorthand notation
The shorthands are defined in ‘ly/script-init.ly’, where the
variables dashHat
, dashPlus
, dashDash
,
dashBar
, dashLarger
, dashDot
, and
dashUnderscore
are assigned default values. The default values
for the shorthands can be modified. For example, to associate the
-+
(dashPlus
) shorthand with the trill symbol instead of
the default + symbol, assign the value trill
to the variable
dashPlus
:
\relative c'' { c1-+ } dashPlus = "trill" \relative c'' { c1-+ }
Controlling the vertical ordering of scripts
The vertical ordering of scripts is controlled with the
'script-priority
property. The lower this number, the closer it
will be put to the note. In this example, the TextScript
(the
sharp symbol) first has the lowest priority, so it is put lowest in the
first example. In the second, the prall trill (the Script
) has
the lowest, so it is on the inside. When two objects have the same
priority, the order in which they are entered determines which one
comes first.
\relative c''' { \once \override TextScript.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } \once \override Script.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } }
Creating a delayed turn
Creating a delayed turn, where the lower note of the turn uses the
accidental, requires several overrides. The
outside-staff-priority
property must be set to #f
, as
otherwise this would take precedence over the avoid-slur
property
. Changing the fractions 2/3
and 1/3
adjusts
the horizontal position.
\relative c'' { c2*2/3 ( s2*1/3\turn d4) r << { c4.( d8) } { s4 s\turn } >> \transpose c d \relative c'' << { c4.( d8) } { s4 \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.avoid-slur = #'inside \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.font-size = -3 \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.script-priority = -1 \single \hideNotes b8-\turn \noBeam s8 } >> }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: tenuto, accent, staccato, portato.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Col·locació dels objectes.
Referència de la notació: Scripts de text, Direcció i posició, Llista d’articulacions, Refilets.
Fitxers instal·lats: ‘scm/script.scm’.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament intern: Script, TextScript.
Matisos dinàmics
Les marques dinàmiques de matís absolut s’especifiquen usant una
ordre després d’una nota: c4\ff
. Les marques dinàmiques
disponibles són \ppppp
, \pppp
,
\ppp
, \pp
, \p
, \mp
, \mf
,
\f
, \ff
, \fff
, \ffff
, \fffff
,
\fp
, \sf
, \sff
, \sp
, \spp
,
\sfz
i \rfz
. Les indicaciones dinàmiques es poden
col·locar manulament per sobre o per sota del pentagrama; per veure
més detalls, consulteu
Direcció i posició.
\relative c'' { c2\ppp c\mp c2\rfz c^\mf c2_\spp c^\ff }
Una indicació de crescendo s’inicia amb \<
i
s’acaba amb \!
, amb un matís absolut o amb una altra
indicació de crescendo o de descrescendo. Una indicació de
decrescendo comença amb \>
i acaba també amb
\!
, amb un matís dinàmic absolut o amb una altra indicació
de crescendo o de decrescendo. Es poden usar \cr
i
\decr
en lloc de \<
i \>
. De forma
predeterminada, es graven reguladors en angle quan es fa servir
aquesta notació.
\relative c'' { c2\< c\! d2\< d\f e2\< e\> f2\> f\! e2\> e\mp d2\> d\> c1\! }
Un regulador acabat mitjançant \!
finalitza a la vora dreta
de la nota que porta el \!
annexat. En el cas en el qual
estigui acabat amb el començament d’una altra indicació
crescendo o decrescendo, acabarà al centre
de la nota que té annexada la següent indicació
\<
o \>
. El regulador següent començarà aleshores a
la vora dreta de la mateixa nota en comptes de la vora esquerra,
com seria normal si hagués acabaat amb \!
prèviament.
\relative { c''1\< | c4 a c\< a | c4 a c\! a\< | c4 a c a\! }
Els reguladors que acaben amb indicacions dinàmiques absolutes en
lloc d’amb \!
també es graven de manera semblant.
Tanmateix, la longitud de la pròpia indicació dinàmica pot alterar
el punt en el qual finalitza el regulador anterior.
\relative { c''1\< | c4 a c\mf a | c1\< | c4 a c\ffff a }
Es requereixen silencis espaiadors per tipografiar diverses indicacions dinàmiques sobre una sola nota. Això és útil especialment per afegir un crescendo i un decrescendo a la mateixa nota:
\relative { c''4\< c\! d\> e\! << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >> }
Es pot fer servir l’ordre \espressivo
per indicar un
crescendo o un decrescendo sobra la mateixa nota. Tanmateix,
noteu que aquesta indicació està implementada com una articulació,
no com una expressió dinàmica.
\relative { c''2 b4 a g1\espressivo }
Les indicacions de crescendo textuals s’inicien amb
\cresc
. Els decrescendos textuals s’inicien amb
\decresc
o amb \dim
. Es tracen líniies extensores
quan cal.
\relative { g'8\cresc a b c b c d e\mf | f8\decresc e d c e\> d c b | a1\dim ~ | a2. r4\! | }
També poden substituir-se els reguladors gràfics per canvis de dinàmica textuals:
\relative c'' { \crescTextCresc c4\< d e f\! | \dimTextDecresc g4\> e d c\! | \dimTextDecr e4\> d c b\! | \dimTextDim d4\> c b a\! | \crescHairpin \dimHairpin c4\< d\! e\> d\! | }
Per crear noves indicacions de matís absolut o de text que s’han d’alinear amb els matisos; vegeu Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies.
La col·locació vertical de les indicacions de dinàmica es gestiona per part de DynamicLineSpanner.
Hi ha disponible un context Dynamics
per gravar les
indicacions de matís dinàmic en la seva pròpia línia
horitzontal. Useu silencis de separació per indicar els temps
(les notes que estan dins d’un context Dynamics
també
ocupen temps musical, però no s’imprimeixen). El context
Dynamics
pot contenir altres elements com inscripcions
textuals, objectes extensors de text i indicacions de pedal de
piano.
<< \new Staff \relative { c'2 d4 e | c4 e e,2 | g'4 a g a | c1 | } \new Dynamics { s1\< | s1\f | s2\dim s2-"rit." | s1\p | } >>
Instruccions predefinides
\dynamicUp
,
\dynamicDown
,
\dynamicNeutral
,
\crescTextCresc
,
\dimTextDim
,
\dimTextDecr
,
\dimTextDecresc
,
\crescHairpin
,
\dimHairpin
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Setting hairpin behavior at bar lines
If the note which ends a hairpin falls on a downbeat, the hairpin stops
at the bar line immediately preceding. This behavior can be controlled
by overriding the 'to-barline
property.
\relative c'' { e4\< e2. e1\! \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f e4\< e2. e1\! }
Setting the minimum length of hairpins
If hairpins are too short, they can be lengthened by modifying the
minimum-length
property of the Hairpin
object.
\relative c'' { c4\< c\! d\> e\! << f1 { s4 s\< s\> s\! } >> \override Hairpin.minimum-length = #5 << f1 { s4 s\< s\> s\! } >> }
Printing hairpins using al niente notation
Hairpin dynamics may be printed with a circled tip (“al niente”
notation) by setting the circled-tip
property of the
Hairpin
object to #t
.
\relative c'' { \override Hairpin.circled-tip = ##t c2\< c\! c4\> c\< c2\! }
Printing hairpins in various styles
Hairpin dynamics may be created in a variety of styles.
\relative c'' { \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin a4\< a a a\f a4\p\< a a a\ff a4\sfz\< a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin a4\< a a a\f a4\p\< a a a\ff a4\sfz\< a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin a4\> a a a\f a4\p\> a a a\ff a4\sfz\> a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin a4\> a a a\f a4\p\> a a a\ff a4\sfz\> a a a\! }
Vertically aligned dynamics and textscripts
All DynamicLineSpanner
objects (hairpins and dynamic texts) are
placed with their reference line at least 'staff-padding
from
the staff, unless other notation forces them to be farther. Setting
'staff-padding
to a sufficiently large value aligns the dynamics.
The same idea, together with \textLengthOn
, is used to align
the text scripts along their baseline.
music = \relative c' { a'2\p b\f e4\p f\f\> g, b\p c2^\markup { \huge gorgeous } c^\markup { \huge fantastic } } { \music \break \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #3 \textLengthOn \override TextScript.staff-padding = #1 \music }
Hiding the extender line for text dynamics
Text style dynamic changes (such as cresc. and dim.) are printed with a dashed line showing their extent. This line can be suppressed in the following way:
\relative c'' { \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'none \crescTextCresc c1\< | d | b | c\! }
Changing text and spanner styles for text dynamics
The text used for crescendos and decrescendos can be changed by
modifying the context properties crescendoText
and
decrescendoText
.
The style of the spanner line can be changed by modifying the
'style
property of DynamicTextSpanner
. The default value
is 'dashed-line
, and other possible values include 'line
,
'dotted-line
and 'none
.
\relative c'' { \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic { cresc. poco } } \set crescendoSpanner = #'text \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'dotted-line a2\< a a2 a a2 a a2 a\mf }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: al niente, crescendo, decrescendo, hairpin.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Articulacions i matisos dinàmics.
Referència de la notació: Direcció i posició, Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies, Enriquiment de la sortida MIDI, Control de las dinàmiques del MIDI.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament intern: DynamicText, Hairpin, DynamicLineSpanner, Dynamics.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Matisos dinàmics ] | [ Amunt : Expressions annexades a les notes ] | [ Marques expressives en forma corba > ] |
Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies
La menara més fàcil de crear indicacions dinàmiques és usar
objectes de marcatge (\markup
).
moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f } \relative { <d' e>16_\moltoF <d e> <d e>2.. }
En el mode de marcatge es poden crear indicacions dinàmiques editorials (entre parèntesis o claus). La sintaxi del mode de marcatge es descriu a Format del text.
roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( } \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } \relative { c'1_\roundF c1_\boxF }
Les indicacions dinàmiques senzilles i centrades es creen
fàcilment amb la funció make-dynamic-script
.
sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp") \relative { c'4 c c\sfzp c }
En general make-dynamic-script
agafa qualsevol objecte de
marcatge com a argument. El tipus de lletra de matisos sols conté
els caràcters f, m, p, r, s
y z
, per la qual cosa si
desitgeu obtenir una indicació dinàmica que inclogui text normal o
signes de puntuació, cal fer servir ordres de marcatge que
retornin els ajustaments de la família de tipus de lletra i la
seva codificació a las del text normal, per exemple
\normal-text
. L’interès de la utilització de
make-dynamic-script
en lloc d’un element de marcatge
corrent radica en assegurar l’alineació vertical dels objectes de
marcatge i reguladors que s’apliquen al mateix cap de nota.
roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } } \dynamic f \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } } boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line { \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } } roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF) boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF) mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress) \relative { c'4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f g,1~_\boxFdynamic\> g1 g'1~\mfEspressDynamic g1 }
Es pot utilitzar en el seu lloc la forma Scheme del mode de marcatge. La seva sintaxi s’explica a
Se puede utilizar en su lugar la forma Scheme del modo de marcado. Su sintaxis se explica en Construcció de marcatge en Scheme.
moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:normal-text "molto" #:dynamic "f")) \relative { <d' e>16 <d e> <d e>2..\moltoF }
Per alinear el text del matís dinàmic a l’esquerra en lloc de
centrar-lo sobre una nota, utilitzeu un \tweak
:
moltoF = \tweak DynamicText.self-alignment-X #LEFT #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:normal-text "molto" #:dynamic "f")) \relative { <d' e>16 <d e> <d e>2..\moltoF <d e>1 }
Els ajustos per als tipus de lletra en mode de marcatge es descriuen a Selecció del tipus de lletra i la seva mida.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Format del text, Selecció del tipus de lletra i la seva mida, Enriquiment de la sortida MIDI, Control de las dinàmiques del MIDI.
Extensió del LilyPond: Construcció de marcatge en Scheme.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies ] | [ Amunt : Expressions ] | [ Lligadures d'expressió > ] |
1.3.2 Marques expressives en forma corba
Aquesta secció explica com crear diverses marques expressives amb forma corba: lligagures d’expressió i de fraseig, respiracions, caigudes i elevacions de to.
Lligadures d’expressió | ||
Lligadures de fraseig | ||
Marques de respiració | ||
Caigudes i elevacions |
Lligadures d’expressió
Les lligadures d’expressió s’introdueixen utilitzant parèntesis:
Nota: A la música polifònica, les lligadures d’expressió han d’acabar a la mateixa veu en la qual comencen.
\relative { f''4( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4) <c e>2( <b d>2) }
Les lligadures d’expressió es poden col·locar manualment per sobre o per sota de les notes; vegeu Direcció i posició.
S’ha de tenir cura amb les lligadures d’expressió simultànies o
superposades. En gairebé tots els casos, les lligadures
d’expressió externes indiquen, certament, fraseig, i les
lligadures de fraseig poden superposar-se amb les lligadures
d’expressió normals, vegeu Lligadures de fraseig. Quan
calen diverses lligadures d’expressió normals dins d’una sola
veu, els començament i els finals corresponents de les lligadures
s’han d’etiquetar precedint-los per \=
seguit d’un número o
cadena de caràcters que la identifiqui.
\fixed c' { <c~ f\=1( g\=2( >2 <c e\=1) a\=2) > }
Les lligadures d’expressió poden ser contínues, discontínues o de punts. L’estil predeterminat de les lligadures d’expressió és el continu:
\relative { c'4( e g2) \slurDashed g4( e c2) \slurDotted c4( e g2) \slurSolid g4( e c2) }
També es pot fer que les lligadures d’expressió siguin semi-discontínues (la primera meitat discontínua i la segona meitat contínua) o semi-contínues (la primera meitat contínua i la segona discontínua):
\relative { c'4( e g2) \slurHalfDashed g4( e c2) \slurHalfSolid c4( e g2) \slurSolid g4( e c2) }
Es poden definir patrons de discontinuïtat per a les lligadures d’expressió:
\relative { c'4( e g2) \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75 g4( e c2) \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0 c4( e g2) \slurSolid g4( e c2) }
Instruccions predefinides
\slurUp
,
\slurDown
,
\slurNeutral
,
\slurDashed
,
\slurDotted
,
\slurHalfDashed
,
\slurHalfSolid
,
\slurDashPattern
,
\slurSolid
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Using double slurs for legato chords
Some composers write two slurs when they want legato chords. This can
be achieved by setting doubleSlurs
.
\relative c' { \set doubleSlurs = ##t <c e>4( <d f> <c e> <d f>) }
Positioning text markups inside slurs
Text markups need to have the outside-staff-priority
property
set to false in order to be printed inside slurs.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c2(^\markup { \halign #-10 \natural } d4.) c8 }
Making slurs with complex dash structure
Slurs can be made with complex dash patterns by defining the
dash-definition
property. dash-definition
is a list of
dash-elements
. A dash-element
is a list of parameters
defining the dash behavior for a segment of the slur.
The slur is defined in terms of the bezier parameter t which ranges
from 0 at the left end of the slur to 1 at the right end of the slur.
dash-element
is a list (start-t stop-t dash-fraction
dash-period)
. The region of the slur from start-t
to
stop-t
will have a fraction dash-fraction
of each
dash-period
black. dash-period
is defined in terms of
staff spaces. dash-fraction
is set to 1 for a solid slur.
\relative c' { \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.3 0.1 0.75) (0.3 0.6 1 1) (0.65 1.0 0.4 0.75)) c4( d e f) \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.25 1 1) (0.3 0.7 0.4 0.75) (0.75 1.0 1 1)) c4( d e f) }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: slur.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Quant a la impossibilitat de niuar claus i lligadures
Referència de la notació: Direcció i posició, Lligadures de fraseig.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament interno: Slur.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Lligadures d'expressió ] | [ Amunt : Marques expressives en forma corba ] | [ Marques de respiració > ] |
Lligadures de fraseig
Les lligadures de fraseig (o marques de fraseig) que
indiquen una frase musical s’escriuen usant les ordres
\(
i \)
respectivament:
\relative { c''4\( d( e) f( e2) d\) }
Tipogràficament, la lligadura de fraseig es comporta gairebé
exactament igual que una lligadura d’expressió normal. Tanmateix,
es tracten com a objectes diferents. Una \slurUp
no tindrà
cap efecte sobre una lligadura de fraseig. El fraseig es pot
col·locar manualment per sobre o per sota de les notes; vegeu
Direcció i posició.
Les lligadures de fraseig simultànies o superposades
s’introdueixen usant \=
igual que es fa amb les lligadures
d’expressió normals, vegeu Lligadures d’expressió.
Les lligadures de fraseig poden ser contínues, de punts o de ratlles. L’estil predeterminat per a les lligadures de fraseig és el continu:
\relative { c'4\( e g2\) \phrasingSlurDashed g4\( e c2\) \phrasingSlurDotted c4\( e g2\) \phrasingSlurSolid g4\( e c2\) }
Es pot fer també que les lligadures de fraseig siguin semi-dicontínues (la primera meitat discontínua i la segona meitat contínua) o semi-continues (la primera meitat contínua i la segona meitat discontínua):
\relative { c'4\( e g2\) \phrasingSlurHalfDashed g4\( e c2\) \phrasingSlurHalfSolid c4\( e g2\) \phrasingSlurSolid g4\( e c2\) }
Es poden definir patrons de discontinuïtat per a les lligadures de fraseig:
\relative { c'4\( e g2\) \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75 g4\( e c2\) \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0 c4\( e g2\) \phrasingSlurSolid g4\( e c2\) }
Les definicions de patrons de discontinuïtat tenen la mateixa estructura que les definicions de patrons de discontinuïtat de les lligadures d’expressió. Per veure més informació sobre els patrons de discontinuïtat complexos, consulteu els fragments de codi sota Lligadures d’expressió.
Instruccions predefinides
\phrasingSlurUp
,
\phrasingSlurDown
,
\phrasingSlurNeutral
,
\phrasingSlurDashed
,
\phrasingSlurDotted
,
\phrasingSlurHalfDashed
,
\phrasingSlurHalfSolid
,
\phrasingSlurDashPattern
,
\phrasingSlurSolid
.
Vegeu també
Manual de aprenentatge: Quant a la impossibilitat de niuar claus i lligadures
Referència de la notació: Direcció i posició, Lligadures d’expressió.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament intern: PhrasingSlur.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Lligadures de fraseig ] | [ Amunt : Marques expressives en forma corba ] | [ Caigudes i elevacions > ] |
Marques de respiració
Les respiracions s’introdueixen utilitzant \breathe
:
{ c''2. \breathe d''4 }
A diferència d’altres marques d’expressió, els símbols de
respiració no estan associats amb la nota anterior, sinó que són
esdeveniments independents. Per això, totes les marques
d’expressió que estan annexades a la nota anterior, qualsevol
claudàtor que indiqui barrat manual i qualsevol parèntesi
que indiqui lligadures d’expressió i de fraseig, s’han d’escriure
abans de \breathe
.
Les marques de respiració donen per acabades les barres automàtiques; per anul·lar aquest comportament, consulteu Barres manuals.
\relative { c''8 \breathe d e f g2 }
A la notació antiga, es contemplen els indicadors musicals per a les marques de respiració, o divisiones. Per veure més detalls, consulteu Divisiones.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Changing the breath mark symbol
The glyph of the breath mark can be tuned by overriding the text
property of the BreathingSign
layout object with any markup
text.
\relative c'' { c2 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.rvarcomma" } \breathe d2 }
Using a tick as the breath mark symbol
Vocal and wind music frequently uses a tick mark as a breathing sign. This indicates a breath that subtracts a little time from the previous note rather than causing a short pause, which is indicated by the comma breath mark. The mark can be moved up a little to take it away from the stave.
\relative c'' { c2 \breathe d2 \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #2.6 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.tickmark" } c2 \breathe d2 }
Inserting a caesura
Caesura marks can be created by overriding the 'text
property of
the BreathingSign
object. A curved caesura mark is also
available.
\relative c'' { \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.caesura.straight" } c8 e4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.caesura.curved" } g8 e'4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: caesura.
Referència de la notació: Divisiones.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament intern: BreathingEvent, BreathingSign, Breathing_sign_engraver.
Caigudes i elevacions
Es poden expressar caigudes y elevacions de
to (falls i doits) afegides a les notes mitjançant l’ordre
\bendAfter
. La direcció de la caiguda i elevació s’indica
amb un signe de més o menys (a dalt o a sota). El número indica
l’interval d’alçades sobre el qual s’estén la caiguda o elevació
partint de la nota principal.
\relative c'' { c2\bendAfter #+4 c2\bendAfter #-4 c2\bendAfter #+6.5 c2\bendAfter #-6.5 c2\bendAfter #+8 c2\bendAfter #-8 }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Adjusting the shape of falls and doits
The shortest-duration-space
property may be tweaked to adjust
the shape of falls and doits.
\relative c'' { \override Score.SpacingSpanner.shortest-duration-space = #4.0 c2-\bendAfter #5 c2-\bendAfter #-4.75 c2-\bendAfter #8.5 c2-\bendAfter #-6 }
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi Expressive marks.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Caigudes i elevacions ] | [ Amunt : Expressions ] | [ Glissando > ] |
1.3.3 Marques expressives en forma de línies
Aquesta secció explica com crear diverses marques d’expressió que segueixen un camí lineal: glissandi, arpegis i refilets.
Glissando | ||
Arpegi | ||
Refilets |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Marques expressives en forma de línies ] | [ Amunt : Marques expressives en forma de línies ] | [ Arpegi > ] |
Glissando
Es crea un glissando afegint \glissando
després de la nota:
\relative { g'2\glissando g' c2\glissando c, \afterGrace f,1\glissando f'16 }
Un glissando pot connectar notes d’un pentagrama a un altre:
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "right" { e'''2\glissando \change Staff = "left" a,,4\glissando \change Staff = "right" b''8 r | } \new Staff = "left" { \clef bass s1 } >>
Un glissando pot connectar les notes dins d’un acord. Si cal fer
quelcom que no sigui una connexió d’una nota amb una altra entre
els dos acords, les connexions entre les notes venen definides per
mitjà de \glissandoMap
, on les notes d’un acord se suposen
numerades, començant de zero, en l’ordre en el qual apareixen en
el codi d’entrada del fitxer ‘.ly’.
\relative { <c' e>1\glissando g' | <c, e>1\glissando | <g' b> | \break \set glissandoMap = #'((0 . 1) (1 . 0)) <c, g'>1\glissando | <d a'> | \set glissandoMap = #'((0 . 0) (0 . 1) (0 . 2)) c1\glissando | <d f a> | \set glissandoMap = #'((2 . 0) (1 . 0) (0 . 1)) <f d a'>1\glissando | <c c'> | }
Es poden crear diversos tipus de glissando. Per veure més detalls, consulteu Estils de línia.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Contemporary glissando
A contemporary glissando without a final note can be typeset using a hidden note and cadenza timing.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 \override Glissando.style = #'zigzag c4 c \cadenzaOn c4\glissando \hideNotes c,,4 \unHideNotes \cadenzaOff \bar "|" }
Adding timing marks to long glissandi
Skipped beats in very long glissandi are sometimes indicated by timing marks, often consisting of stems without noteheads. Such stems can also be used to carry intermediate expression markings.
If the stems do not align well with the glissando, they may need to be repositioned slightly.
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } glissandoSkipOff = { \revert NoteColumn.glissando-skip \undo \hide NoteHead \revert NoteHead.no-ledgers } \relative c'' { r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn f4 g a a8\noBeam \glissandoSkipOff a8 r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn g4 a8 \glissandoSkipOff a8 | r4 f\glissando \< \glissandoSkipOn a4\f \> \glissandoSkipOff b8\! r | }
Making glissandi breakable
Setting the breakable
property to #t
in combination with
after-line-breaking
allows a glissando to break if it occurs at
a line break:
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } \relative c'' { \override Glissando.breakable = ##t \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t f1\glissando | \break a4 r2. | f1\glissando \once \glissandoSkipOn \break a2 a4 r4 | }
Extending glissandi across repeats
A glissando which extends into several \alternative
blocks can
be simulated by adding a hidden grace note with a glissando at the
start of each \alternative
block. The grace note should be at
the same pitch as the note which starts the initial glissando. This is
implemented here with a music function which takes the pitch of the
grace note as its argument.
Note that in polyphonic music the grace note must be matched with corresponding grace notes in all other voices.
repeatGliss = #(define-music-function (grace) (ly:pitch?) #{ % the next two lines ensure the glissando is long enough % to be visible \once \override Glissando.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \once \override Glissando.minimum-length = #3.5 \once \hideNotes \grace $grace \glissando #}) \score { \relative c'' { \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f\glissando } \alternative { { g2 d } { \repeatGliss f g2 e } { \repeatGliss f e2 d } } } } music = \relative c' { \voiceOne \repeat volta 2 { g a b c\glissando } \alternative { { d1 } { \repeatGliss c \once \omit StringNumber e1\2 } } } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \context Voice { \clef "G_8" \music } >> \new TabStaff << \context TabVoice { \clef "moderntab" \music } >> >> }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: glissando.
Referència de la notació: Estils de línia.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament interno: Glissando.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
La impressió de text sobre la línia (com a gliss.), no està contemplada.
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Arpegi
Un signe de acord arpegiat (conegut també com acord
trencat) sobre un acord, es denota annexant \arpeggio
a
l’acord:
\relative { <c' e g c>1\arpeggio }
Es poden escriure diversos tipus d’acords arpegiats.
\arpeggioNormal
produeix la volta a l’arpegi normal:
\relative { <c' e g c>2\arpeggio \arpeggioArrowUp <c e g c>2\arpeggio \arpeggioArrowDown <c e g c>2\arpeggio \arpeggioNormal <c e g c>2\arpeggio }
Es poden crear símbols especials d’arpegi amb parèntesis:
\relative { <c' e g c>2 \arpeggioBracket <c e g c>2\arpeggio \arpeggioParenthesis <c e g c>2\arpeggio \arpeggioParenthesisDashed <c e g c>2\arpeggio \arpeggioNormal <c e g c>2\arpeggio }
Les propietats de discontinuïtat del parèntesi de l’arpegi es
controlen mitjançant la propietat 'dash-definition
, que es
descriu a Lligadures d’expressió.
Els acords arpegiats es poden desenvolupar explícitament utilitzant lligadures d’unió. Vegeu Lligadures d’unió.
Instruccions predefinides
\arpeggio
,
\arpeggioArrowUp
,
\arpeggioArrowDown
,
\arpeggioNormal
,
\arpeggioBracket
,
\arpeggioParenthesis
\arpeggioParenthesisDashed
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Creating cross-staff arpeggios in a piano staff
In a PianoStaff
, it is possible to let an arpeggio cross between
the staves by setting the property PianoStaff.connectArpeggios
.
\new PianoStaff \relative c'' << \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t \new Staff { <c e g c>4\arpeggio <g c e g>4\arpeggio <e g c e>4\arpeggio <c e g c>4\arpeggio } \new Staff { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 { <c,, e g c>4\arpeggio } } >>
Creating cross-staff arpeggios in other contexts
Cross-staff arpeggios can be created in contexts other than
GrandStaff
, PianoStaff
and StaffGroup
if the
Span_arpeggio_engraver
is included in the Score
context.
\score { \new ChoirStaff { \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t << \new Voice \relative c' { <c e>2\arpeggio <d f>2\arpeggio <c e>1\arpeggio } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass <c g'>2\arpeggio <b g'>2\arpeggio <c g'>1\arpeggio } >> } \layout { \context { \Score \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" } } }
Creating arpeggios across notes in different voices
An arpeggio can be drawn across notes in different voices on the same
staff if the Span_arpeggio_engraver
is added to the Staff
context:
\new Staff \with { \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" } \relative c' { \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t << { <e' g>4\arpeggio <d f> <d f>2 } \\ { <d, f>2\arpeggio <g b>2 } >> }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: arpeggio.
Referència de la notació: Lligadures d’expressió, Lligadures d’unió.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament intern: Arpeggio, Slur, PianoStaff.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
No és possible barrejat arpegis connectats i no connectat a un
PianoStaff
al mateix moment de temps.
La forma senzilla d’especificar el parèntesis als arpegis de parèntesis no funciona per als arpegis de pentagrama creuat; vegeu Pliques de pentagrama creuat.
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Refilets
Els refilets curts sense línia extensora es graven amb
\trill
; vegeu Articulacions i ornaments.
Els refilets llargs mantinguts, amb línia d’extensió,
es fan amb \startTrillSpan
i \stopTrillSpan
:
\relative { d''1\startTrillSpan d1 c2\stopTrillSpan r2 }
Un refilet estès que travessa un salt de línia recomença exactament a sobre de la primera nota de la línia nova.
\relative { d''1\startTrillSpan \break d1 c2\stopTrillSpan r2 }
Els refilets estesos consecutius funcionen sense necessitat
d’ordres \stopTrillSpan
explícites, perquè cada refilet es
convertirà automàticament a la vora dreta del refilet anterior.
\relative { d''1\startTrillSpan d1 b1\startTrillSpan d2\stopTrillSpan r2 }
També es poden combinar els refilets amb notes d’adorn. La sintaxi d’aquesta construcció i el mètode per col·locar les notes d’adorn amb precisió es descriuien a Notes d’adorn.
\relative { d''1~\afterGrace d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan } c2 r2 }
Els refilets que s’han d’executar sobre notes auxiliars explícites
es poden gravar amb l’ordre pitchedTrill
. El primer
argument és la nota principal, i el segon és la nota
refilada, que es grava com un cap de nota, sense plica i
entre parèntesis.
\relative { \pitchedTrill d''2\startTrillSpan fis d2 c2\stopTrillSpan r2 }
Cal afegir manualment les alteracions subsegüents de la mateixa nota dins del mateix compàs. Sols s’imprimeix l’alteració del primer refilet amb nota, dins d’un compàs.
\relative { \pitchedTrill eis''4\startTrillSpan fis eis4\stopTrillSpan \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan cis eis4\stopTrillSpan \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis eis4\stopTrillSpan \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis! eis4\stopTrillSpan }
Instruccions predefinides
\startTrillSpan
,
\stopTrillSpan
.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: trill.
Referècia de la notació: Articulacions i ornaments, Notes d’adorn.
Fragments de codi: Expressive marks.
Referència de funcionament intern: TrillSpanner.
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1.4 Repeticions
La repetició és un concepte fonamental a la música, i hi ha diversos tipus de notació per a les repeticions. El LilyPond dóna suport als següents tipus de repetició:
-
volta (primera i segona vegada)
La repetició de la músic no s’imprimeix de forma desenvolupada, sinó que s’indica envoltant-la entre barres de repetició. Si el salt de la repetició es troba al començament de la peça, la barra de repetició sols s’imprimeix al final del fragment. S’imprimeixen una sèrie de finals alternatius (volta) d’esquerra a dreta indicats mitjançant claus. Aquesta és la notació estàndard per a les repeticions amb finals alternatius.
-
unfold (desplegada)
La música repetida s’escriu i s’interpreta completament tantes vegades com especifiqueu el valor
nombre_de_repeticions
. És útil quan s’està escrivint música repetitiva.-
percent (percentatge)
Fer repeticions de compassos o part d’ells. Tenen un aspecte semblant a un signe de percentatge. Les repeticions de percentatge s’han de declarar dins d’un context
Voice
.-
tremolo (trèmol)
Fer barres de trèmol.
1.4.1 Repeticions llargues | ||
1.4.2 Repeticions curtes |
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1.4.1 Repeticions llargues
Aquesta secció tracta sobre la forma d’introduir repeticions llargues, normalment de diversos compassos. Les repeticions adopten dues formes: repeticions envoltades entre signes de repetició, o repeticions explícites, que s’usen per escriure música repetitiva. També es poden controlar manualment els signes de repetició.
Repeticions normals | ||
Marques de repetició manual | ||
Repeticions explícites |
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Repeticions normals
La sintaxi d’una repetició normal és
\repeat volta nombre_de_repeticions expressió_musical
on expressió_musical
és una expressió musical.
Una repetició simple sense finals alternatius:
\relative { \repeat volta 2 { c''4 d e f } c2 d \repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g } }
De forma predeterminada no s’imprimeixen les dobles barres
d’obertura de repetició al primer compàs complet. Malgrat això és
possible imprimir-les usant \bar ".|:"
abans de la primera nota.
\relative { \repeat volta 2 { \bar ".|:" c''4 d e f } c2 d \repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g } }
Els finals alternatius (celes de primera i segona vegada) es
poden generar utilitzant \alternative
. Cada grup
d’alternatives ha d’estar envoltat pel seu compte entre claus.
\repeat volta nombre_de_repeticions expressió_musical \alternative { { expressió_musical } }
on expressió_musical
és una expressió musical.
Si hi ha més repeticions que finals alternatius, s’assigna el primer final alternatiu a les repeticions més antigues.
Repetició única amb primera i segona vegada:
\relative { \repeat volta 2 { c''4 d e f | } \alternative { { c2 e | } { f2 g | } } c1 }
Diverses repeticions amb primera i segona vegada:
\relative { \repeat volta 4 { c''4 d e f | } \alternative { { c2 e | } { f2 g | } } c1 }
Més d’una repetició amb més d’un final alternatiu:
\relative { \repeat volta 3 { c''4 d e f | } \alternative { { c2 e | } { f2 g | } { a2 g | } } c1 }
Nota: Si hi ha dos o més alternatives, no ha d’aparèixer res
entre la clau de tancament d’una i la d’obertura de l’altra
dins d’un bloc \alternative
, atès que en cas contrari
no obtindrem el nombre de finals esperat.
Nota: Si incloem \relative
dins d’un
\repeat
sense instancia el context Voice
explícitament, apareixeran pentagrames addicionals no desitjats.
Vegeu
Apareix un pentagrama de més.
Si una repetició sense celes de primera i segona vegada comença
en mig d’un compàs, normalment acaba en el lloc corresponent a
meitat d’un altre compàs posterior (de tal forma que els dos sumen
un compàs complet). En aquest cas, els símbols de repetició no
són ‘veritables’ línies divisòries, per la qual cosa no s’han
d’escriure en aquest lloc comprovacions de compàs ni ordres
\partial
:
c'4 e g \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 e | g4 g g } g4 | a2 a | g1 |
Si una repetició que no té celes de primera i segona vegada
comença amb un compàs parcial, aleshores s’aplica el mateix
principi, excepte que es requereix una ordre \partial
al començament del compàs:
\partial 4 \repeat volta 4 { e'4 | c2 e | g4 g g } g4 | a2 a | g1 |
Es poden afegir lligadures d’unió al segon final:
\relative { c''1 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f~ } \alternative { { f2 d } { f2\repeatTie f, } } }
L’ordre \inStaffSegno
es pot utilitzar per generar una
barra de compàs combinada que incorpora el símbol del segno junt
amb la barra de repetició, quan s’usa amb la instrucció
\repeat volta
. Se selecciona automàticament el tipus
correcte de línia divisòria de repetició, ja sigui de començament
o fi de repetició, o de doble repetició. Observeu que la
indicació “D.S.” corresponent s’ha d’afegir manualment.
Sortida d’una repetició:
\relative { e'1 \inStaffSegno f2 g a b c1_"D.S." \bar "|." }
Al començament d’una repetició:
\relative { e'1 \repeat volta 2 { \inStaffSegno % inicia repetició f2 g a b } c1_"D.S." \bar "|." }
Al final de una repetición:
\relative { e'1 \repeat volta 2 { f2 g a b \inStaffSegno % finalitza repetició } f2 g a b c1_"D.S." \bar "|." }
Entre dues repeticions:
\relative { e'1 \repeat volta 2 { f2 g a b } \inStaffSegno % doble repetició \repeat volta 2 { f2 g a b } c1_"D.S." \bar "|." }
Es poden obtenir símbols de línia divisòria alternatius mitjançant
l’establiment (en el context Score) de les propietats
segnoType
, startRepeatSegnoType
,
endRepeatSegnoType
o doubleRepeatSegnoType
al tipus
de línia requerit. Els tipus de línia divisòria alternatius s’han
de seleccionar a partir dels tipus predefinits o de tipus definits
anteriorment amb la instrucció \defineBarLine
(vegeu Barres de compàs).
\defineBarLine ":|.S[" #'(":|." "S[" "") \defineBarLine "]" #'("]" "" "") \relative { e'1 \repeat volta 2 { f2 g a b \once \set Score.endRepeatSegnoType = ":|.S[" \inStaffSegno } f2 g \bar "]" a b c1_"D.S." \bar "|." }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Shortening volta brackets
By default, the volta brackets will be drawn over all of the
alternative music, but it is possible to shorten them by setting
voltaSpannerDuration
. In the next example, the bracket only
lasts one measure, which is a duration of 3/4.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 c4 c c \set Score.voltaSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3/4) \repeat volta 5 { d4 d d } \alternative { { e4 e e f4 f f } { g4 g g } } }
Adding volta brackets to additional staves
The Volta_engraver
by default resides in the Score
context, and brackets for the repeat are thus normally only printed
over the topmost staff. This can be adjusted by adding the
Volta_engraver
to the Staff
context where the brackets
should appear; see also the “Volta multi staff” snippet.
<< \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { c'2 g' e' a' } \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >>
Setting the double repeat default for volte
There are three different styles of double repeats for volte, that can
be set using doubleRepeatType
.
\relative c'' { \repeat volta 1 { c1 } \set Score.doubleRepeatType = #":..:" \repeat volta 1 { c1 } \set Score.doubleRepeatType = #":|.|:" \repeat volta 1 { c1 } \set Score.doubleRepeatType = #":|.:" \repeat volta 1 { c1 } }
Alternative bar numbering
Two alternative methods for bar numbering can be set, especially for when using repeated music.
\relative c'{ \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 \break \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers-with-letters \repeat volta 3 { c,4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: repeat, volta.
Referència de la notació: Barres de compàs, Modificació dels complements (plug-ins) de context, Modificació de lligadures d’unió i d’expressió, Gestió del temps.
Fitxers instal·lats: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’.
Fragments de codi: Repeats.
Referència de funcionament intern: VoltaBracket, RepeatedMusic, VoltaRepeatedMusic, UnfoldedRepeatedMusic.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Les lligadures d’expressió que abasten des d’un bloc
\repeat
fins un bloc \alternative
sols funcionen
per a la cela de primera vegada. L’aparença visual d’una
lligadura d’expressió que es continua introduint a d’altres
celes de repetició pot simular-se amb \repeatTie
si la
lligadura s’estén fins una sola nota dins de la cela de
repetició, tot i que aquest mètode no funciona a TabStaff
.
D’altres mètodes que poden servir per indicar lligadures que es
continuen per sobre de diverses notes a les celes de repetició,
i que també funcionen en contextos de tabulatura TabStaff
,
s’expliquen a
Modificació de lligadures d’unió i d’expressió.
Així mateix, no és possible fer que les lligadures d’expressió es repleguin des del final d’una alternativa fins el començament de la repetició.
Els glissandos que s’estenen des d’un bloc \repeat
fins un bloc
\alternative
sols funcionen per a la cela de primera
vegada. Es pot indicar l’aparença visual d’un glissando que es
continua fin l’interior d’altres celes de repetició mitjançant
la codificació d’un glissando que comença a una nota d’adorn
oculta. Per veure un exemple, consulteu
“Extensió dels glissandos sobre les repeticions” sota l’epígraf
Fragments de codi seleccionats, a Glissando.
Si una repetició que comença amb un compàs incomplet té un bloc
\alternative
que conté modificacions a la propietat
measureLength
, la utilització de \unfoldRepeats
donarà lloc a línies divisòries erròniament col·locades i
advertiments de comprovació de compàs.
Una repetició niuada com
\repeat … \repeat … \alternative
és ambigua perquè no està clar a quin \repeat
pertany la
\alternative
. Aquesta ambigüitat es resol fent que la
\alternative
pertanyi sempre a la \repeat
més
interna. Per més claredat, es recomana usar claus en aquestes
situacions.
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Marques de repetició manual
Nota: Aquests mètodes sols s’utilitzen per realitzar
construccions de repetició poc usuals. A gairebé totes les
situacions s’han de crear les repeticions utilitzant l’ordre
estàndard \repeat
o imprimint les barres de compàs
corresponents. Per veure més informació, consulteu
Barres de compàs.
Es pot usar la propietat repeatCommands
per controlar la
disposició de les repeticions. El seu valor és una llista de
l’Scheme d’ordres de repetició.
-
start-repeat
Impressió d’una barra de compàs
.|:
\relative { c''1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat) d4 e f g c1 }
A la pràctica habitual del gravat no s’imprimeixen signes de repetició al principi de la peça.
-
end-repeat
Impressió d’una barra de compàs
:|.
\relative { c''1 d4 e f g \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat) c1 }
-
(volta number) … (volta #f)
Creació d’una nova cela de repetició amb el número que s’especifica. El parèntesi de vegada s’ha de finalitzar de forma explícita, en cas contrari no s’imprimeix.
\relative { f''4 g a b \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2")) g4 a g a \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) c1 }
Es poden produir diverses ordres de repetició amb el mateix punt:
\relative { f''4 g a b \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat) g4 a g a c1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat) b1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) }
Es pot incloure text dins de la cela de primera i segona vegada. El text pot ser un número o números, o un element de marcatge, vegeu Format del text. La forma més fàcil d’usar text de marcatge és definir el marcatge prèviament, i després incloure’l dins d’una llista de l’Scheme.
voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } } \relative { c''1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat) c4 b d e \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat) f1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Barres de compàs, Format del text.
Fragments de codi: Repeats.
Referència de funcionament intern: VoltaBracket, RepeatedMusic, VoltaRepeatedMusic.
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Repeticions explícites
Mitjançant la utilització de l’ordre unfold
es poden usar
les repeticions per simplificar l’escriptura desplegada de música
repetitiva. La sintaxi és:
\repeat unfold número_de_repeticions expressió_musical
donde expressió_musical
és una musical i
nombre_de_repeticions
és el nombre de vegades que
expressió_musical
es repeteix.
\relative { \repeat unfold 2 { c''4 d e f } c1 }
En certs casos, especialment dins d’un context
\relative
, la funció \repeat unfold
no és
exactament igual que escriure l’expressió musical diverses
vegades. Per exemple:
\repeat unfold 2 { a'4 b c }
no equival a
a'4 b c | a'4 b c
Es poden fer repeticions desplegades amb finals alternatius.
\relative { \repeat unfold 2 { c''4 d e f } \alternative { { c2 g' } { c,2 b } } c1 }
Si hi ha repeticions amb finals alternatius, el primer final alternatiu s’aplica les vegades que calguin fins que les alternatives restants completen el nombre total de repeticions.
\relative { \repeat unfold 4 { c''4 d e f } \alternative { { c2 g' } { c,2 b } { e2 d } } c1 }
Si hi ha més finals alternatius que repeticions, s’apliquen sols els primers finals alternatius. Les alternatives restants s’ignoren i no s’imprimeixen.
\relative { \repeat unfold 2 { c''4 d e f } \alternative { { c2 g' } { c,2 b } { e2 d } } c1 }
És possible també niuar diverses funcions unfold
(amb
finals alternatius o sense ells).
\relative { \repeat unfold 2 { \repeat unfold 2 { c''4 d e f } \alternative { { c2 g' } { c,2 b } } } c1 }
Les construccions d’acord es poden repetir mitjançant el símbol de
repetició d’acords q
. Vegeu
Repetició d’acords.
Nota: Si poseu \relative
dins d’un bloc
\repeat
sense instanciar explícitament el context
Voice
, apareixeran pentagrames no desitjats. Vegeu
Apareix un pentagrama de més.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Repetició d’acords.
Fragments de codi: Repeats.
Referència de funcionament intern: RepeatedMusic, UnfoldedRepeatedMusic.
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1.4.2 Repeticions curtes
Aquesta secció tracta de com introduir repeticions curtes. Les repeticions curtes poden adoptar dues formes: barres inclinades o signes de percentatge si estem representant repeticions d’una sola nota, un compàs o dos compassos, i trèmols en cas contrari.
Repeticions de compàs o part d’ells | ||
Repeticions de trèmol |
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Repeticions de compàs o part d’ells
Els patrons curts que es repeteixen s’imprimeixen d’un sol cop, i el patró repetit se substitueix per un símbol especial.
La sintaxi és:
\repeat percent número expressió_musical
on expressió_musical
és una expressió musical.
Els patrons més curts que un compàs se substitueixen per barres inclinades.
\relative c'' { \repeat percent 4 { c128 d e f } \repeat percent 4 { c64 d e f } \repeat percent 5 { c32 d e f } \repeat percent 4 { c16 d e f } \repeat percent 4 { c8 d } \repeat percent 4 { c4 } \repeat percent 2 { c2 } }
Els patrons de repetició d’un o dos compassos se substitueixen per signes semblants al símbol de percentatge.
\relative c'' { \repeat percent 2 { c4 d e f } \repeat percent 2 { c2 d } \repeat percent 2 { c1 } }
\relative { \repeat percent 3 { c''4 d e f | c2 g' } }
Els patrons més curts que un compàs però que contenen duracions barrejades utilitzen un símbol de percentatge doble.
\relative { \repeat percent 4 { c''8. <d f>16 } \repeat percent 2 { \tuplet 3/2 { r8 c d } e4 } }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Percent repeat counter
Measure repeats of more than two repeats can get a counter when the convenient property is switched, as shown in this example:
\relative c'' { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \repeat percent 4 { c1 } }
Percent repeat count visibility
Percent repeat counters can be shown at regular intervals by setting
the context property repeatCountVisibility
.
\relative c'' { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \set repeatCountVisibility = #(every-nth-repeat-count-visible 5) \repeat percent 10 { c1 } \break \set repeatCountVisibility = #(every-nth-repeat-count-visible 2) \repeat percent 6 { c1 d1 } }
Isolated percent repeats
Isolated percents can also be printed.
makePercent = #(define-music-function (note) (ly:music?) "Make a percent repeat the same length as NOTE." (make-music 'PercentEvent 'length (ly:music-length note))) \relative c'' { \makePercent s1 }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: percent repeat, simile.
Fragments de codi: Repeats.
Referència de funcionament intern: RepeatSlash, RepeatSlashEvent, DoubleRepeatSlash, PercentRepeat, PercentRepeatCounter, PercentRepeatedMusic, Percent_repeat_engraver, DoublePercentEvent, DoublePercentRepeat, DoublePercentRepeatCounter, Double_percent_repeat_engraver, Slash_repeat_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Les repeticions de percentatge no contenen res més a part del propi signe de percentatge; especialment, els canvis d’indicació de compàs no es repeteixen.
\repeat percent 3 { \time 5/4 c2. 2 \time 4/4 2 2 }
Qualsevol canvi de compàs o ordre \partial
s’ha de produir
en passatges paral·lels fora de la repetició de
percentatge, per exemple en una pista especial per a la gestió del
compàs.
<< \repeat percent 3 { c2. 2 2 2 } \repeat unfold 3 { \time 5/4 s4*5 \time 4/4 s1 } >>
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Repeticions de trèmol
Els trèmols poden adoptar dues formes: alternança entre dos acords o dues notes, i repetició ràpida d’una sola nota o acord. Els trèmols que consisteixen en una alternança s’indiquen per mitjà de l’addició de barres entres les notes o acords que s’alternen, mentre que els trèmols que consisteixen en la repetició ràpida d’una sola nota s’indiquen mitjançant l’addició de barres creuades a una nota única.
Per col·locar marques de trèmol entre les notes, useu
\repeat
amb l’estil tremolo
(trèmol):
\relative c'' { \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d } \repeat tremolo 6 { c16 d } \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d } }
La sintaxi de \repeat tremolo
espera que s’escriguin
exactament dues notes dins de les claus, i el nombre de
repeticions s’ha de correspondre amb un valor que es pugui
expressar amb figures normals o amb puntet. Així, \repeat
tremolo 7
és vàlida i produeix una nota amb doble puntet, però
\repeat tremolo 9
no és vàlid.
La duració del trèmol és igual a la duració de l’expressió entre
claus, multiplicada pel número de repeticions:
\repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d16 }
dóna com a resultat un
trèmol de rodona, escrit com dues rodones unides per barres de trèmol.
Hi ha dues maneres de col·locar marques de trèmol sobre una única
nota. Fins i tot aquí es pot utilitzar la sintaxi \repeat
tremolo
, i en aquest cas la nota no ha d’anar envoltada entre claus:
\repeat tremolo 4 c'16
El mateix resultat es pot obtenir escrivint :N
després d’una nota, on N
indica la duració de la
subdivisió (ha de ser 8 com a mínim). Si N
és 8,
s’afegeix una barra de corxera a la plica de la nota. Si
N
s’omet, s’utilitza l’últim valor:
\relative { c''2:8 c:32 c: c: }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Cross-staff tremolos
Since \repeat tremolo
expects exactly two musical arguments for
chord tremolos, the note or chord which changes staff within a
cross-staff tremolo should be placed inside curly braces together with
its \change Staff
command.
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 3/8 s4. } \new Staff = "down" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 3/8 \voiceOne \repeat tremolo 6 { <a e'>32 { \change Staff = "up" \voiceTwo <cis a' dis>32 } } } >>
Vegeu també
Fragments de codi: Repeats.
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1.5 Notes simultànies
La paraula ‘polifonia’ en música fa referència a tenir més d’una veu en una peça qualsevol de música. Al LilyPond la polifonia fa referència a tenir més d’una veu al mateix pentagrama.
1.5.1 Una veu única | ||
1.5.2 Veus múltiples |
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1.5.1 Una veu única
Aquesta secció tracta de les notes simultànies dins de la mateixa veu.
Notes a un acord | ||
Repetició d’acords | ||
Expressions simultànies | ||
Clústers |
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Notes a un acord
Un acord es forma envoltant un conjunt de notes entre <
i
>
. Un acord pot anar seguit d’una duració, com si fos una
nota simple.
\relative { <a' c e>1 <a c e>2 <f a c e>4 <a c>8. <g c e>16 }
Els acords també poden anar seguit d’articulacions, com si fos una nota simple.
\relative { <a' c e>1\fermata <a c e>2-> <f a c e>4\prall <a c>8.^! <g c e>16-. }
Les notes dins del propi acord amb poden anar seguides d’articulacions i ornaments.
\relative { <a' c\prall e>1 <a-> c-^ e>2 <f-. a c-. e-.>4 <a-+ c-->8. <g\fermata c e\turn>16 }
Tanmateix alguns elements de notació com ara les expressions de matisos dinàmics i els reguladors han d’annexar-se a l’acord i no a les notes que l’integren, atès que en cas contrari no s’imprimiran. Altres elements de notació com les digitacions i les lligadures d’expressió es posicionen de forma molt diferent quan s’adjunten a les notes d’un acord en lloc de fer-lo a rodones i notes aïllades.
\relative { <a'\f c( e>1 <a c) e>\f <a\< c e>( <a\! c e>) <a c e>\< <a c e> <a c e>\! }
Un acord funciona com un simple contenidor per a les notes que ho composen, a més de les seves articulacions i altres elements adjunts. Com a conseqüència, un acord sense cap nota al seu interior no té realment cap duració. Qualsevol articulació annexa es produirà en el mateix moment musical que la nota o acord següent i es pot combinar amb ells (per veure possibilitats més complexes de combinacions d’aquests elements, consulteu Expressions simultànies):
\relative { \grace { g'8( a b } <> ) \p \< -. -\markup \italic "sempre staccato" \repeat unfold 4 { c4 e } c1\f }
Es pot usar el mode relatiu per a l’alçada de les notes dels acords. La primera nota de l’acord sempre és relativa a la primera nota de l’acord anterior, o en cas que l’element precedent no sigui un acord, l’alçada de l’última nota que va vindre abans de l’acord. La resta de les notes de l’acord són relatives a la nota anterior dins del mateix acord.
\relative { <a' c e>1 <f a c> <a c e> <f' a c> <b, e b,> }
Per veure més informació sobre els acords, consulteu Notació d’acords.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: chord.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Combinar notes per formar acords.
Referència de la notació: Notació d’acords, Articulacions i ornaments, Escriptura d’octava relativa, Veus múltiples.
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Els acords que contenen més de dues alçades al mateix espai de pentagrama, com ara ‘<e f! fis!>’, creen notes els caps de les quals se superposen. Depenent de la situació, un representació millor pot requerir:
- l’ús temporal de diverses veus, vegeu Veus múltiples, ‘<< f! \\ <e fis!> >>’,
- la transcripció enharmònica d’una o més notes, ‘<e f ges>’, o
- Clústers; vegeu Clústers.
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Repetició d’acords
Per reduir l’entrada d’acords, es pot usar una abreviatura de
repetició de l’acord anterior. El símbol de repetició d’acords és
q
:
\relative { <a' c e>1 q <f a c>2 q }
Com als acords normals, el símbol de repetició d’acords pot usar-se amb duracions, articulacions, elements de marcatge, lligadures d’expressió, barres, etc., atès que sols es dupliquen les notes de l’acord precedent.
\relative { <a' c e>1\p^"text" q2\<( q8)[-! q8.]\! q16-1-2-3 q8\prall }
El símbol de repetició d’acords sempre recorda l’última aparició d’un acord, per la qual cosa és possible repetir l’acord més recent fins i tot si s’han escrit en mig d’altres notes que no estiguin a l’acord, o silencis.
\relative { <a' c e>1 c'4 q2 r8 q8 | q2 c, | }
Tanmateix, el símbol de repetició d’acords no reté els matisos dinàmics, les articulacions ni els ornaments que conté o que estan annexats a l’acord anterior.
\relative { <a'-. c\prall e>1\sfz c'4 q2 r8 q8 | q2 c, | }
Per poder retenir alguns d’ells, es poden cridar explícitament a
la funció \chordRepeats
amb un argument addicional que
especifiqui una llista de tipus d’esdeveniment a conservar,
a no ser que els esdeveniments d’aquest tipus ja estiguin presents
al propi acord q
.
\relative { \chordRepeats #'(articulation-event) { <a'-. c\prall e>1\sfz c'4 q2 r8 q8-. } | q2 c, | }
Aquí, l’ús de \chordRepeats
dins d’una construcció
\relative
produeix un resultat inesperat: un cop s’han
expandit els esdeveniments d’acord, no poden distingir-se dels que
es van introduir com acords normals, fent que \relative
assigni una octava basada en el context original.
Atès que les instàncies niuades de \relative
no s’afecten
mútuament, es pot usar una altra ordre \relative
dins de
\chordRepeats
per establir les relacions d’octava abans
d’expandir els acords repetits. En aquest cas, tot el contingut
de l’ordre \relative
interior no afecta a l’exterior;
d’aquí l’escriptura diferent d’octava a l’última nota d’aquest
exemple.
\relative { \chordRepeats #'(articulation-event) \relative { <a'-. c\prall e>1\sfz c'4 q2 r8 q8-. } | q2 c'' | }
Les interaccions amb \relative
es produeixen sols amb les
crides explícites de \chordRepeats
: l’expansió implícita al
començament del procés de gravat es fa en un moment en el
qual totes les instàncies de \relative
ja s’han processat.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Notació d’acords, Articulacions i ornaments.
Fitxers d’inici: ‘ly/chord-repetition-init.ly’.
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Expressions simultànies
Una o més expressions musicals envoltades entre angles dobles s’entenen com a simultànies. Si la primera expressió comença amb una sola nota o si tota l’expressió simultània apareix explícitament dins d’una sola veu, l’expressió completa se situa sobre un sol pentagrama; en cas contrari els elements de l’expressió simultània se situen en pentagrames diferents.
Els exemples següents mostren expressions simultànies sobre un sol pentagrama:
\new Voice { % veu única explícita << \relative { a'4 b g2 } \relative { d'4 g c,2 } >> }
\relative { % single first note a' << \relative { a'4 b g } \relative { d'4 g c, } >> }
Això pot ser d’utilitat si les seccions simultànies tenen duracions idèntiques, però es produiran errors si s’intenten posar notes de diferent duració sobre la mateixa plica. Les notes, articulacions i canvis de propietats que esta dins de un sol context ‘Voice’ es recol·lecten i representen a l’ordre musical:
\relative { <a' c>4-. <>-. << c a >> << { c-. <c a> } { a s-. } >> }
Intentar posar més d’una pica o barra de corxera, o diferents duracions o propietats al mateix moment musical, requereix l’ús de més d’una veu.
L’exemple següent mostra com les expressions simultànies poden generar diversos pentagrames de forma implícita:
% no single first note << \relative { a'4 b g2 } \relative { d'4 g2 c,4 } >>
Aquí no hi ha problema en tenir tenir diferents duracions perquè s’interpreten en veus diferents.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Si hi ha notes que procedeixen de dues o més veus, sense especificar cap desplaçament horitzontal, i tenen les pliques en la mateixa direcció, apareix el missatge
Advertiment: aquesta veu requereix un ajust de \voiceXx o \shiftXx
durant la compilació. Aquest missatge es pot suprimir mitjançant
\override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t
Tanmateix, això no sols suprimeix l’advertiment sinó que pot evitar qualsevol resolució de col·lisions i pot tenir altres efectes no desitjats (consulteu també Problemes coneguts a Resolució de les col·lisions).
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Clústers
Un «clúster» indica que s’han de tocar simultàniament un conjunt
de notes consecutives. S’escriuen aplicant la funció
\makeClusters
a una seqüència d’acords, per exemple:
\relative \makeClusters { <g' b>2 <c g'> }
Es poden barrejar al mateix pentagrama notes normals i clústers, fins i tot al mateix temps. En aquest cas, no es fa cap intent d’evitar automàticament les col·lisions entre clústers i notes normals.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: cluster.
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
Referència de funcionament intern: ClusterSpanner, ClusterSpannerBeacon, Cluster_spanner_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Els clústers sols tenen un bon aspecte quan abasten un mínim de dos acords. En cas contrari apareixeran excessivament prims.
Els clústers no porten plica i per si mateixos no poden indicar les duracions, però la longitud del clúster que s’imprimeix ve determinada per la duració dels acords que el defineixen. Als clústers separats els calen silencis de separació entre ells.
Els clústers no produeixen cap sortida MIDI.
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1.5.2 Veus múltiples
Aquesta secció tracta de les notes simultànies en diverses veus o diversos pentagrames.
Polifonia en un sol pentagrama | ||
Estils de veu | ||
Resolució de les col·lisions | ||
Combinació automàtica de les parts | ||
Escriptura de música en paral·lel |
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Polifonia en un sol pentagrama
Instanciar les veus explícitament
L’estructura bàsica necessària per obtenir diverses veus independents a un mateix pentagrama s’il·lustra a l’exemple següent:
\new Staff << \new Voice = "primera" \relative { \voiceOne r8 r16 g'' e8. f16 g8[ c,] f e16 d } \new Voice= "segona" \relative { \voiceTwo d''16 c d8~ 16 b c8~ 16 b c8~ 16 b8. } >>
Aquí es creen explícitament instàncies de veus, cadascuna de les
quals rep un nom. Les instruccions \voiceOne
… \voiceFour
(veu una fins a veu quatre) preparen les
veus de manera que la primera i la segona veus porten les pliques
cap amunt, les veus segona i quarta porten les pliques cap avall,
els caps de les notes en les veus tercera i quarta es desplacen
horitzontalment, i els silencis de les veus respectives es
desplacen també automàticament per evitar les col·lisions.
L’ordre \oneVoice
(una veu) retorna tots els ajustaments de
les veus a l’estat neutre predeterminat.
Passatges polifònics temporals
Es pot crear un passatge polifònic temporal amb la construcció següent:
<< { \voiceOne … } \new Voice { \voiceTwo … } >> \oneVoice
Aquí, la primera expressió dins d’un passatge polifònic temporal
es col·loca al context Voice
que estava en ús immediatament
abans del passatge polifònic, i aquest mateix context
Voice
continua després de la secció temporal. Altres
expressions dins dels angles s’assignen a diferents veus
temporals. Això permet assignar la lletra de forma contínua a una
veu abans, durant i després de la secció polifònica:
\relative << \new Voice = "melodia" { a'4 << { \voiceOne g f } \new Voice { \voiceTwo d2 } >> \oneVoice e4 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melodia" { This is my song. } >>
Aquí, les instruccions \voiceOne
i \voiceTwo
calen
per definir els ajustaments de cada veu.
La construcció de la doble barra invertida
La construcció << {…} \\ {…} >>
, en la qual
dues expressions (o més) estan separades per doble barra
invertida, es comporta de manera diferent a la construcció
semblant sense les doble barres invertides: totes les
expressions dins d’aquesta construcció s’assignen a contextos
Voice
nous. Aquests contextos Voice
nous es creen
implícitament i reben els noms fixos "1"
, "2"
, etc.
El primer exemple podria haver-se escrit de la manera següent:
<< \relative { r8 r16 g'' e8. f16 g8[ c,] f e16 d } \\ \relative { d''16 c d8~ 16 b c8~ 16 b c8~ 16 b8. } >>
Aquesta sintaxi es pot usar sempre que no ens importi que es creïn
noves veus temporals que després seran descartades. Aquestes veus
creades implícitament reben ajustos equivalents a l’efecte de les
ordres \voiceOne
…\voiceFour
, a l’ordre que
apareixen al codi.
Al següent exemple, la veu intermèdia porta les pliques cap amunt, de manera que la introduïm en tercer lloc perquè passi a ser la veu tres, que té les pliques cap amunt tal i com volem. S’usen silencis de separació per evitar l’aparició de silencis duplicats.
<< \relative { r8 g'' g g g f16 ees f8 d } \\ \relative { ees'8 r ees r d r d r } \\ \relative { d''8 s c s bes s a s } >>
A totes les partitures excepte les més simples, es recomana crear
contextos Voice
explícits com apareix explicat a
Contextos i gravadors i a
Veus explícites.
Ordre de les veus
En escriure diverses veus al fitxer d’entrada, useu l’ordre següent:
Veu 1: la més aguda Veu 2: la més greu Veu 3: la segona més aguda Veu 4: la segona més greu Veu 5: la tercera més aguda Veu 6: la tercera més greu etc.
Malgrat que això pot semblar contrari a la intuïció, simplifica el procés de disposició automàtica de les figures. Observeu que les veus de numeració imparell reben pliques cap amunt, i les de numeració parell reben pliques cap avall:
\new Staff << \time 2/4 { f''2 } % 1: més alta \\ { c'2 } % 2: més baixa \\ { d''2 } % 3: segona més alta \\ { e'2 } % 4: segona més baixa \\ { b'2 } % 5: tercera més alta \\ { g'2 } % 6: tercera més baixa >>
Nota: No es poden crear lletres ni elements d’extensió (com lligadures, reguladors, etc.) que es creuen d’una veu a una altra.
Duracions idèntiques
Al cas especial en el qual volem gravar fragments de música que s’executa en paral·lel i amb les mateixes duracions, es poden combinar en un sol context de veu, formant d’aquesta manera acords. Per aconseguir-lo, les incorporem dins d’una construcció de música simultània, dins d’una veu creada explícitament.
\new Voice << \relative { e''4 f8 d e16 f g8 d4 } \relative { c''4 d8 b c16 d e8 b4 } >>
Aquest mètode condueix a barrats estranys i advertiments si els fragments de música no tenen les mateixes duracions exactes.
Instruccions predefinides
\voiceOne
,
\voiceTwo
,
\voiceThree
,
\voiceFour
,
\oneVoice
.
Vegeu també
Manual d’aprenentatge: Les veus contenen música, Veus explícites.
Referència de la notació: Pautes de percussió, Silencis invisibles, Pliques.
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
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[ < Polifonia en un sol pentagrama ] | [ Amunt : Veus múltiples ] | [ Resolució de les col·lisions > ] |
Estils de veu
Es poden aplicar colors i formes diferents a les veus per permetre identificar-les fàcilment:
<< \relative { \voiceOneStyle d''4 c2 b4 } \\ \relative { \voiceTwoStyle e'2 e } \\ \relative { \voiceThreeStyle b2. c4 } \\ \relative { \voiceFourStyle g'2 g } >>
Per recuperar la presentació normal s’utilitza l’ordre
\voiceNeutralStyle
.
Instruccions predefinides
\voiceOneStyle
,
\voiceTwoStyle
,
\voiceThreeStyle
,
\voiceFourStyle
,
\voiceNeutralStyle
.
Vegeu també
Manual d’aprenentatge Sento veus, Altres fonts d'informació
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
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Resolució de les col·lisions
Els caps de notes que estan a diferents veus i tenen la mateixa alçada, la mateixa forma de cap, i direcció oposada a la plica, es combinen automàticament, però els que tenen caps diferents o la mateixa direcció de plica no es combinen. Els silencis que es troben al costat oposat d’una plica a una altra veu es desplacen verticalment. L’exemple següent mostra tres circumstàncies diferents, sobre la pulsació 1 i 3 al primer compàs i sobre la pulsació 1 del segon compàs, on la combinació automàtica falla.
<< \relative { c''8 d e d c d c4 g'2 fis } \\ \relative { c''2 c8. b16 c4 e,2 r } \\ \relative { \oneVoice s1 e'8 a b c d2 } >>
Els caps de notes diferents es poden com binar com es mostra més a sota. A aquest exemple els caps de la pulsació 1 del primer compàs sí que es combinen:
<< \relative { \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn c''8 d e d c d c4 g'2 fis } \\ \relative { c''2 c8. b16 c4 e,2 r } \\ \relative { \oneVoice s1 e'8 a b c d2 } >>
Les figures negres i blanques no es combinen d’aquesta manera, atès que fora difícil distingir-les.
També es poden combinar caps amb puntets diferents, com es mostra a la tercera pulsació del primer compàs:
<< \relative { \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn c''8 d e d c d c4 g'2 fis } \\ \relative { c''2 c8. b16 c4 e,2 r } \\ \relative { \oneVoice s1 e'8 a b c d2 } >>
La blanca i la corxera al començament del segon compàs no estan
correctament combinades perquè la combinació automàtica no és
capaç de completar-se satisfactòriament quan es troben tres o més
notes alineades a la mateixa columna de notes, i en aquest cas el
cap combinat és incorrecte. Per aconseguir que la combinació
seleccioni el cap correcte, s’ha d’aplicar un \shift
o
desplaçament a la nota que no es pot combinar. Aquí s’aplica
\shiftOn
per moure el sol agut fora de la columna, i
aleshores \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
fa el seu treball
correctament.
<< \relative { \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn c''8 d e d c d c4 \shiftOn g'2 fis } \\ \relative { c''2 c8. b16 c4 e,2 r } \\ \relative { \oneVoice s1 e'8 a b c d2 } >>
L’ordre \shiftOn
permet (tot i que obliga a) que les notes
d’una veu es puguin desplaçar. Quan \shiftOn
s’aplica a
una veu, una nota o acord d’aquesta veu es desplaça solament si la
seva plica xoqués en cas contrari amb una plica d’una altra veu, i
sols si les pliques que xoquen apunten cap a la mateixa
direcció. L’ordre \shiftOff
evita la possibilitat d’aquest
tipus de desplaçament.
De forma predeterminada, les veus externes (normalment les veus u
i dos) tenen \shiftOff
especificat (desplaçament
desactivat), mentre que les veus interiors (tres i següents) tenen
especificat \shiftOn
(desplaçament activat). Quan s’aplica
un desplaçament, les veus amb pliques cap amunt (veus de numeració
imparell) es desplacen cap a la dreta, i les veus amb les pliques
cap avall (veus amb numeració parell) es desplacen cap a l’esquerra.
Aquí es pot veure un exemple que us ajudarà a visualitzar la forma en la qual s’expandirà internament una expressió polifònica.
Nota: Observeu que amb tres o més veus, l’ordre vertical de les veus dins del seu fitxer d’entrada no seria el mateix que l’ordre vertical de les veus al pentagrama.
\new Staff \relative { %% abbreviated entry << { f''2 } % 1: highest \\ { g,2 } % 2: lowest \\ { d'2 } % 3: upper middle \\ { b2 } % 4: lower middle >> %% internal expansion of the above << \new Voice = "1" { \voiceOne \shiftOff f'2 } \new Voice = "2" { \voiceTwo \shiftOff g,2 } \new Voice = "3" { \voiceThree \shiftOn d'2 } % shifts right \new Voice = "4" { \voiceFour \shiftOn b2 } % shifts left >> }
Dues ordres addicionals, \shiftOnn
i
\shiftOnnn
, ofereixen nivells de desplaçament majors que es
poden especificar temporalment per resoldre col·lisions en
situacions complexes; vegeu
Exemple real de música.
Sols es combinen les notes si tenen les pliques en direccions oposades (com la tenen, per exemple, a les veus u i dos de forma predeterminada o quan les pliques s’estableixen explícitament en direccions oposades).
Instruccions predefinides
\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
,
\mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
,
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
,
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
.
\shiftOn
,
\shiftOnn
,
\shiftOnnn
,
\shiftOff
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Additional voices to avoid collisions
In some instances of complex polyphonic music, additional voices are
necessary to prevent collisions between notes. If more than four
parallel voices are needed, additional voices can be added by defining
a variable using the Scheme function context-spec-music
.
voiceFive = #(context-spec-music (make-voice-props-set 4) 'Voice) \relative c'' { \time 3/4 \key d \minor \partial 2 << \new Voice { \voiceOne a4. a8 e'4 e4. e8 f4 d4. c8 } \new Voice { \voiceTwo d,2 d4 cis2 d4 bes2 } \new Voice { \voiceThree f'2 bes4 a2 a4 s2 } \new Voice { \voiceFive s2 g4 g2 f4 f2 } >> }
Forcing horizontal shift of notes
When the typesetting engine cannot cope, the following syntax can be used to override typesetting decisions. The units of measure used here are staff spaces.
\relative c' << { <d g>2 <d g> } \\ { <b f'>2 \once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = #1.7 <b f'>2 } >>
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: polyphony.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Diverses notes a l'hora, Les veus contenen música. Exemple real de música.
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
Referència de funcionament intern: NoteColumn, NoteCollision, RestCollision.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
L’ús de \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t
fa
que les notes de cap diferent a veus diferents es barregin incorrectament.
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn << \relative { c'16 a' b a } \\ \relative { c'2 } >> \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t << \relative { c'16 a' b a } \\ \relative { c'2 } >>
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Combinació automàtica de les parts
La combinació automàtica de particel·les s’usa per barrejar dues parts musicals diferents sobre un pentagrama. Això pot ser de gran ajuda especialment en gravar partitures orquestrals. S’imprimeix una sola veu quan la música de les dues veus és la mateixa, però en aquells llocs on difereixen, s’imprimeix una segona veu. Les direccions de les pliques s’estableixen cap amunt o cap avall segons procedeixi, a l’hora que s’identifiquen i queden marcades les parts de solista i de duo.
La sintaxi per a la combinació automàtica de les parts és:
\partcombine expressió_musical_1 expressió_musical_2
L’exemple següent exemplifica la funcionalitat bàsica, posant les parts en un sol pentagrama en forma polifònica, i establint les direccions de les pliques de forma adequada. S’utilitzen les mateixes variables per a les parts independents i el pentagrama combinat.
instrumentOne = \relative { c'4 d e f | R1 | d'4 c b a | b4 g2 f4 | e1 | } instrumentTwo = \relative { R1 | g'4 a b c | d4 c b a | g4 f( e) d | e1 | } << \new Staff \instrumentOne \new Staff \instrumentTwo \new Staff \partcombine \instrumentOne \instrumentTwo >>
Les dues parts tenen notes idèntiques al tercer compàs, per la
qual cosa apareixen sols un cop. Les direccions de les pliques i
lligadures s’estableixen de forma automàtica, segons es tracti
d’un sol o d’un uníson. Quan cal en situacions de polifonia, la
primera part (que rep el nom de context one
) rep les
pliques cap amunt, mentre que la segona part (anomenada
two
) sempre rep les pliques cap avall. Als fragments de
solo, les parts es marquen amb “Solo” i “Solo II”,
respectivament. Les parts en uníson (a due) es marquen
amb el text “a2”.
De forma predeterminada, el combinador de parts barreja dues notes
de la mateixa alçada com una nota a due, combina les
notes que tinguin la mateixa duració i estiguin a menys d’una
novena distància com acords, i disposa en veus separades les notes
que estiguin a més d’una novena de distància (o quan hi ha
creuament de veus). Aquest comportament es pot sobreescriure amb
un argument opcional que consisteix en una parella de números
després de l’ordre \partcombine
: el primer especifica
l’interval on les notes comencen a estar combinades (el valor
predeterminat és zero) i el segon on les notes es divideixen en
veus distintes. L’ajust del segon argument al valor zero
significa que el combinador de parts separa les notes que estiguin
dins d’un interval de segona o més, establir-lo al valor u separa
les notes d’una tercera o més, i així successivament.
instrumentOne = \relative { a4 b c d | e f g a | b c d e | } instrumentTwo = \relative { c'4 c c c | c c c c | c c c c | } << \new Staff \partcombine \instrumentOne \instrumentTwo \new Staff \partcombine #'(2 . 3) \instrumentOne \instrumentTwo >>
Els dos arguments de \partcombine
s’interpreten com
contextos de
Voice separats, per la qual cosa si la
música està escrita en mode relatiu, aleshores las dues
parts han d’incloure la funció \relative
, és a dir:
\partcombine \relative … expresión_musical_1 \relative … expresión_musical_2
Una secció \relative
que es troba fora de
\partcombine
no té cap efecte sobre les notes de
expresión_musical_1
i
expresión_musical_2
.
A les partitures professionals, sovint les veus es mantenen
separades entre sí durant passatges llargs fins i tot si algunes
notes coincideixen entre ambdues, i podrien escriure’s fàcilment
com un uníson. Per això, la combinació de les notes en un acord,
o la visualització d’una veu com un solo, no són solucions ideals
perquè la funció \partcombine
considera cada nota de forma
individual. En aquest cas, el resultat de la funció
\partcombine
es pot alterar o corregir amb una de les
ordres següents. Totes les ordres es poden antecedir per
\once
perquè s’apliquin sols a la nota següent dins de
l’expressió musical.
-
\partcombineApart
manté les notes com dues veus separades fins i tot si es poden combinar en un acord o uníson. -
\partcombineChords
combina les notes d’un acord. -
\partcombineUnisono
combina les dues veus com uníson i marca el resultat com “unison”. -
\partcombineSoloI
mostra sols la veu u i la marca com “Solo”. -
\partcombineSoloII
imprimeix sols la veu dos i la marca com “Solo”. -
\partcombineAutomatic
finalitza l’efecte de les ordres anteriors i retorna a la funcionalitat estàndard de\partcombine
.
instrumentOne = \relative c' { \partcombineApart c2^"apart" e | \partcombineAutomatic e2^"auto" e | \partcombineChords e'2^"chord" e | \partcombineAutomatic c2^"auto" c | \partcombineApart c2^"apart" \once \partcombineChords e^"chord once" | c2 c | } instrumentTwo = \relative { c'2 c | e2 e | a,2 c | c2 c' | c2 c | c2 c | } << \new Staff { \instrumentOne } \new Staff { \instrumentTwo } \new Staff { \partcombine \instrumentOne \instrumentTwo } >>
Ús de \partcombine amb lletra
L’ordre \partcombine
no està dissenyada per funcionar amb
la lletra de les cançons; si una de les veus rep un nom explícit
per poder adjuntar una lletra, el combinador de parts no
funciona. Tanmateix, es pot aconseguir aquest efecte usant un
context NullVoice
. Vegeu
Polifonia amb lletres compartides.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Combining two parts on the same staff
The part combiner tool ( \partcombine
command ) allows the
combination of several different parts on the same staff. Text
directions such as “solo” or “a2” are added by default; to remove
them, simply set the property printPartCombineTexts
to f
.
For vocal scores (hymns), there is no need to add “solo/a2” texts,
so they should be switched off. However, it might be better not to use
it if there are any solos, as they won’t be indicated. In such cases,
standard polyphonic notation may be preferable.
This snippet presents the three ways two parts can be printed on a same
staff: standard polyphony, \partcombine
without texts, and
\partcombine
with texts.
musicDown = \relative c'' { g4 e4.( d8) c4 | r2 g'4( f8 e) | d2 \stemDown a } \score { << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Standard polyphony" } << \musicUp \\ \musicDown >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"PartCombine without text" printPartCombineTexts = ##f } \partcombine \musicUp \musicDown \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"PartCombine with text" } \partcombine \musicUp \musicDown >> \layout { indent = 6.0\cm \context { \Score \override SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #30 } } }
Changing partcombine texts
When using the automatic part combining feature, the printed text for the solo and unison sections may be changed:
\new Staff << \set Staff.soloText = #"girl" \set Staff.soloIIText = #"boy" \set Staff.aDueText = #"together" \partcombine \relative c'' { g4 g r r a2 g } \relative c'' { r4 r a( b) a2 g } >>
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: a due, part.
Referència de la notació: Escriptura de les particel·les.
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
Referència de funcionament intern: PartCombineMusic, Voice.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Totes les funcions \partcombine…
admeten
exclusivament dues veus.
Les funcions \partcombine…
no es poden escriure dins
dels blocs \tuplet
ni \relative
.
Si printPartCombineTexts
està establert i les dues veus
executen i acaben les mateixes notes al mateix compàs, el
combinador de parts pot gravar a2
més d’un cop en aquest
compàs.
\partcombine
sols té en compte el moment d’inici de les
notes dins d’una veu Voice
; per exemple, no pot recordar si
una nota dins d’una veu ja ha començat quan les notes que es
combinen s’han iniciat just ara a l’altra veu. Això pot conduir a
cert nombre de problemes inesperats entre els que s’inclou la
impressió incorrecta de marques de “Solo” o de “Unison”.
\partcombine
conserva tots els elements extensos
(lligadures, reguladors, etc.) dins del mateix context
Voice
de forma que si qualsevol d’aquests elements extensos
inicia o acaba a un context Voice
diferent, pot no
imprimir-se o fer-lo incorrectament.
Si la funció \partcombine
no pot combinar les dues
expressions musicals (és a dir, quan les dues veus tenen duracions
diferents), atorgarà internament els seus propis noms a les veus:
one
i two
respectivament. Això significa que si es
produeix un canvi a un context Voice
que tingui un nom
diferent, s’ignoraran els esdeveniments dins del context
Voice
que té el nom diferent.
Consulteu també l’apartat
Advertiments i problemes coneguts a la sessió
Tabulatures predeterminades
en utilitzar\partcombine
amb tabulatures, i la Nota
de Barres automàtiques en utilitzar el barrat automàtic.
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Escriptura de música en paral·lel
La música per diverses parts es pot intercalar dins del codi
d’entrada. La funció \parallelMusic
admet una llista que
conté els noms de les variables que es crearan, i una expressió
musical. El contingut dels compassos alternatius estrets de
l’expressió es converteixen en el valor de les variables
respectives, de manera que podem utilitzar-les més tard per
imprimir la música.
Nota: És obligatori utilitzar comprovacions de compàs
|
, y els compassos han de tenir la mateixa longitud.
\parallelMusic #'(voiceA voiceB voiceC) { % Bar 1 r8 g'16 c'' e'' g' c'' e'' r8 g'16 c'' e'' g' c'' e'' | r16 e'8.~ 4 r16 e'8.~ 4 | c'2 c'2 | % Bar 2 r8 a'16 d'' f'' a' d'' f'' r8 a'16 d'' f'' a' d'' f'' | r16 d'8.~ 4 r16 d'8.~ 4 | c'2 c'2 | } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \voiceA \\ \voiceB >> \new Staff { \clef bass \voiceC } >>
Es pot fer servir el mode relatiu. Observeu que l’ordre
\relative
no s’utilitza dins del propi bloc
\parallelMusic
. Les notes mantenen la relació amb la nota
anterior de la mateixa veu, no amb la nota anterior dins del codi
d’entrada (dit d’una altra manera, les notes relatives de
voiceA
ignoren les notes que hi ha a voiceB
.
\parallelMusic #'(voiceA voiceB voiceC) { % Bar 1 r8 g16 c e g, c e r8 g,16 c e g, c e | r16 e8.~ 4 r16 e8.~ 4 | c2 c | % Bar 2 r8 a,16 d f a, d f r8 a,16 d f a, d f | r16 d8.~ 4 r16 d8.~ 4 | c2 c | } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \relative c'' \voiceA \\ \relative c' \voiceB >> \new Staff \relative c' { \clef bass \voiceC } >>
Això funciona acceptablement bé per a música de piano. L’exemple següent assigna cada quatre compassos consecutius a quatre variables:
global = { \key g \major \time 2/4 } \parallelMusic #'(voiceA voiceB voiceC voiceD) { % Compàs 1 a8 b c d | d4 e | c16 d e fis d e fis g | a4 a | % Compàs 2 e8 fis g a | fis4 g | e16 fis g a fis g a b | a4 a | % Compàs 3 ... } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \global << \relative c'' \voiceA \\ \relative c' \voiceB >> } \new Staff { \global \clef bass << \relative c \voiceC \\ \relative c \voiceD >> } >> }
Vegeu també
Manual d’aprenentatge: Organitzar les peces mitjançant variables
Fragments de codi: Simultaneous notes.
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1.6 Notació dels pentagrames
Aquesta secció explica com infliur sobre l’aparença dels pentagrames, com imprimir partitures amb més d’un pentagrama i com afegir indicacions de temps i notes guia als pentagrames.
1.6.1 Visualització dels pentagrames | ||
1.6.2 Modificació de pentagrames separats | ||
1.6.3 Escriptura de les particel·les |
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1.6.1 Visualització dels pentagrames
Aquesta secció descriu els diferents mètodes de creació de pentagrames i grups de pentagrames.
Creació d’instàncies de pentagrames nous | ||
Agrupament de pentagrames | ||
Grups de pentagrames niuats | ||
Separació de sistemes |
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Creació d’instàncies de pentagrames nous
Les pautes i els pentagrames o pautes de
cinc línies es creen amb les ordres \new
o
\context
. Per veure més detalls, consulteu
Creació i referència de contextos.
El context bàsic de pentagrama és Staff
:
\new Staff \relative { c''4 d e f }
El context DrumStaff
crea una pauta de cinc línies
preparada per a un conjunt de bateria típic. Cada instrument es
presenta amb un símbol diferent. Els instruments s’escriuen en el
mode de percussió que segueix a una ordre \drummode
, amb
cada instrument identificat per un nom. Per veure més detalls,
consulteu
Pautes de percussió.
\new DrumStaff { \drummode { cymc hh ss tomh } }
RhythmicStaff
crea una pauta d’una sola línia que sols
mostra les duracions de l’entrada. Es preserven les duracions
reals. Per veure més detalls, consulteu
Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia.
\new RhythmicStaff { c4 d e f }
TabStaff
crea una tabulatura amb sis cordes en l’afinació
estàndard de la guitarra. Per veure més detalls, consulteu
Tabulatures predeterminades.
\new TabStaff \relative { c''4 d e f }
Hi ha dos contextos de pauta específics per a la notació de música
antiga: MensuralStaff
i VaticanaStaff
. es descriuen
a
Contextos predefinits.
GregorianTranscriptionStaff
crea una pauta per a la notació
moderna de cant gregorià. No mostra línies divisòries.
\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff \relative { c''4 d e f e d }
Es poden definir contextos nous de pentagrama únic. Per veure més detalls, consulteu Definició de nous contextos.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: staff, staves.
Referència de la notació: Creació i referència de contextos, Pautes de percussió, Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia, Tabulatures predeterminades, Contextos predefinits, El símbol del pentagrama, Contextos del cant gregorià, Contextos de la música mensural, Definició de nous contextos.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: Staff, DrumStaff, GregorianTranscriptionStaff, RhythmicStaff, TabStaff, MensuralStaff, VaticanaStaff, StaffSymbol.
Agrupament de pentagrames
Hi ha diversos contextos per agrupar pentagrames individuals formant sistemes. Cada context d’agrupament estableix l’estil del delimitador de començament del sistema i el comportament de les barres de compàs.
Si no s’especifica cap context, s’usen les propietats predeterminades: el grup comença amb una línia vertical i les barres de compàs no estan connectades.
<< \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } >>
Al context StaffGroup
, el grup s’inicia amb una clau i les
barres de compàs es dibuixen travessant tots els pentagrames.
\new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } >>
A un ChoirStaff
(sistema de cor), el grup s’inicia amb una
clau, però les barres de compàs no estan connectades.
\new ChoirStaff << \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } >>
A un GrandStaff
(sistema de piano), el grup s’inicia amb
una clau i les barres de compàs es connecten entre els pentagrames.
\new GrandStaff << \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } >>
El PianoStaff
(sistema de piano) es idèntic a
GrandStaff
, excepte que contempla directament la impressió
del nom de l’instrument. Per veure més detalls, consulteu
Noms d’instruments.
\new PianoStaff << \set PianoStaff.instrumentName = #"Piano" \new Staff \relative { c''1 c } \new Staff \relative { \clef bass c1 c } >>
Cada context de grup de pentagrames fixa la propietat del
delimitador d’inici systemStartDelimiter
a un dels valors
següents: SystemStartBar
(línia),
SystemStartBrace
(clau) o SystemStartBracket
(claudàtor). També està disponible un quart delimitador,
SystemStartSquare
(clau amb angles rectes), però s’ha
d’especificar explícitament.
Es poden definir contextos nous de grup de pentagrames. Per veure més detalls, consulteu Definició de nous contextos.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Use square bracket at the start of a staff group
The system start delimiter SystemStartSquare
can be used by
setting it explicitly in a StaffGroup
or ChoirStaff
context.
\score { \new StaffGroup { << \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiter = #'SystemStartSquare \new Staff { c'4 d' e' f' } \new Staff { c'4 d' e' f' } >> } }
Display bracket with only one staff in a system
If there is only one staff in one of the staff types ChoirStaff
or StaffGroup
, by default the bracket and the starting bar line
will not be displayed. This can be changed by overriding
collapse-height
to set its value to be less than the number of
staff lines in the staff.
Note that in contexts such as PianoStaff
and GrandStaff
where the systems begin with a brace instead of a bracket, another
property has to be set, as shown on the second system in the example.
\score { \new StaffGroup << % Must be lower than the actual number of staff lines \override StaffGroup.SystemStartBracket.collapse-height = #4 \override Score.SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #4 \new Staff { c'1 } >> } \score { \new PianoStaff << \override PianoStaff.SystemStartBrace.collapse-height = #4 \override Score.SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #4 \new Staff { c'1 } >> }
Mensurstriche layout (bar lines between the staves)
The mensurstriche-layout where the bar lines do not show on the staves
but between staves can be achieved with a StaffGroup
instead of
a ChoirStaff
. The bar line on staves is blanked out using
\hide
.
global = { \hide Staff.BarLine s1 s % the final bar line is not interrupted \undo \hide Staff.BarLine \bar "|." } \new StaffGroup \relative c'' { << \new Staff { << \global { c1 c } >> } \new Staff { << \global { c c } >> } >> }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: brace, bracket, grand staff.
Referència de la notació: Noms d’instruments, Definició de nous contextos.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: Staff, StaffGroup, ChoirStaff, GrandStaff, PianoStaff, SystemStartBar, SystemStartBrace, SystemStartBracket, SystemStartSquare.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Agrupament de pentagrames ] | [ Amunt : Visualització dels pentagrames ] | [ Separació de sistemes > ] |
Grups de pentagrames niuats
Els contextos de grups de pentagrames es poden niuar fins a una profunditat arbitrària. En aquest cas, cada contest descendent crea una clau nova adjacent a la clau del seu grup pare.
\new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative { c''2 c | c2 c } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative { g'2 g | g2 g } \new StaffGroup \with { systemStartDelimiter = #'SystemStartSquare } << \new Staff \relative { e'2 e | e2 e } \new Staff \relative { c'2 c | c2 c } >> >> >>
Es poden definir nous contextos de grups de pentagrames niuats. Per veure més detalls, consulteu Definició de nous contextos.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Nesting staves
The property systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
can be used to make
more complex nested staff groups. The command \set
StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
takes an alphabetical list of
the number of staves produced. Before each staff a system start
delimiter can be given. It has to be enclosed in brackets and takes as
much staves as the brackets enclose. Elements in the list can be
omitted, but the first bracket takes always the complete number of
staves. The possibilities are SystemStartBar
,
SystemStartBracket
, SystemStartBrace
, and
SystemStartSquare
.
\new StaffGroup \relative c'' << \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy = #'(SystemStartSquare (SystemStartBrace (SystemStartBracket a (SystemStartSquare b) ) c ) d) \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } >>
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Agrupament de pentagrames, Noms d’instruments, Definició de nous contextos.
Fragmentos de código: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: StaffGroup, ChoirStaff, SystemStartBar, SystemStartBrace, SystemStartBracket, SystemStartSquare.
Separació de sistemes
Si el nombre de sistemes per pàgina varia d’una pàgina a una
altra, s’acostuma a separar els sistemes col·locant una marca
separadora entre ells. De forma predeterminada, el separador de
sistemes està inhabilitat, però es pot activar amb una opció de
\paper
.
\book { \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \relative { c''4 c c c \break c4 c c c } } \new Staff { \relative { c''4 c c c \break c4 c c c } } >> } \paper { system-separator-markup = \slashSeparator % les ordres següents sols calen per al format d'aquesta documentació paper-width = 100\mm paper-height = 100\mm tagline = ##f } }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Disposició de la pàgina.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Separació de sistemes ] | [ Amunt : Notació dels pentagrames ] | [ El símbol del pentagrama > ] |
1.6.2 Modificació de pentagrames separats
Aquesta secció explica com canviar els atributs específics d’un pentagrama: per exemple, canviar el nombre de línies o la mida de la pauta. També es descriuen els mètodes per començar i acabar els pentagrames, i establir seccions d’ossia.
El símbol del pentagrama | ||
Pentagrames d’Ossia | ||
Ocultament de pentagrames |
El símbol del pentagrama
Es poden usar les ordres \stopStaff
i
\startStaff
per aturar i (re)iniciar, respectivament, la
impressió de les línies de la pauta a qualsevol punt de la partitura.
\relative { \stopStaff f''4 d \startStaff g, e f'4 d \stopStaff g, e f'4 d \startStaff g, e }
Instruccions predefinides
\startStaff
,
\stopStaff
.
Les línies de la pauta pertanyen al grob StaffSymbol
(incloses les línies addicionals) i es poden modificar usant es
propietats de StaffSymbol
, però aquestes modificacions
s’han de fer abans que el pentagrama es (re)iniciï.
Es pot canviar el nombre línies de la pauta:
\relative { f''4 d \stopStaff \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-count = #2 \startStaff g, e | f'4 d \stopStaff \revert Staff.StaffSymbol.line-count \startStaff g, e | }
La posició de cada una de les línies de la pauta també poden
canviar-se. Una llista de números fixa la posició de cada línia.
0
correspon a la línia central normal, i les posicions
normals de les línies són
(-4 -2 0 2 4)
. S’imprimeix una sola
línia de pauta per cada valor que s’introdueix, de manera que el
nombre de línies així com la seva posició a la pauta poden
canviar-se amb una sola operació de sobreescriptura.
\relative { f''4 d \stopStaff \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(1 3 5 -1 -3) \startStaff g, e | f'4 d \stopStaff \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(8 6.5 -6 -8 -0.5) \startStaff g, e | }
Per preservar les direccions típiques de les pliques (cap amunt per a la meitat inferior del pentagrama i cap avall per a la meitat superior), ham d’alinear la línia (o espai) central de la pauta personalitzada amb la posició de la línia central normal (0). Pot caldre un ajust de la posició de la clau i del Do central perquè es corresponguin a les línies noves. Vegeu Clau.
Pot canviar-se el gruix de les línies de la pauta. També resulten afectades, de forma predeterminada, les línies addicionals i no la plica de les figures.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.thickness = #3 } \relative { f''4 d g, e }
També és possible fixar el gruix de les línies addicionals de forma independent del de les línies de la pauta.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.thickness = #2 \override StaffSymbol.ledger-line-thickness = #'(0.5 . 0.4) } \relative { f'''4 a, a,, f }
El primer valor es multiplica pel gruix de les línies del pentagrama, el segon per l’amplada d’un espai del pentagrama, i després els dos valors se sumen per obtenir el gruix de les línies addicionals.
Es poden alterar les posicions de les línies addicionals:
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.ledger-positions = #'(-3 -2 -1 2 5 6) } \relative { f'''4 a, a,, f }
Pot aconseguir-se que les línies addicionals afegides apareguin per sobre o per sota del cap de les figures, depenent de la posició actual relativa a d’altres caps de figura que tenen també les seves pròpies línies addicionals.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.ledger-extra = #4 } \relative { f'''4 a, d, f, }
També es pot fer que les línies addicionals apareguin dins del
pentagrama al lloc on es requereixin línies de pauta
personalitzades. L’exemple mostra la posició predeterminada de
les línies addicionals quan el valor de posició explícit
ledger-position
se ha fixat o no. L’ordre
\stopStaff
cal a l’exemple per revertir l’ordre de
sobreescriptura \override
per a tot el
StaffSymbol
(el símbol de pauta).
\relative d' { \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-8 0 2 4) d4 e f g \stopStaff \startStaff \override Staff.StaffSymbol.ledger-positions = #'(-8 -6 (-4 -2) 0) d4 e f g }
Pot alterar-se la distància entre línies de pauta. Això afecta també l’espaiat de les línies addicionals.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #1.5 } \relative { f'''4 d, g, e, }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Making some staff lines thicker than the others
For educational purposes, a staff line can be thickened (e.g., the
middle line, or to emphasize the line of the G clef). This can be
achieved by adding extra lines very close to the line that should be
emphasized, using the line-positions
property of the
StaffSymbol
object.
{ \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-4 -2 -0.2 0 0.2 2 4) d'4 e' f' g' }
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: line, ledger line, staff.
Referència de la notació: Clau.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: StaffSymbol, staff-symbol-interface.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < El símbol del pentagrama ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de pentagrames separats ] | [ Ocultament de pentagrames > ] |
Pentagrames d’Ossia
Els pentagrames Ossia es poden preparar mitjançant la creació d’un pentagrama simultani nou a la posició adequada:
\new Staff \relative { c''4 b d c << { c4 b d c } \new Staff { e4 d f e } >> c4 b c2 }
Tanmateix, l’exemple anterior no es el que normalment es desitja. Per crear pentagrames d’ossia que estiguin per sobre el pentagrama original, que no tinguin ni compàs ni clau, i que tinguin una mida menor de tipus de lletra, es poden fer servir diversos ajustaments. El Manual d’Aprenentatge descriu una tècnica específica per assolir aquest objectiu, començant per Niuat d'expressions musicals.
L’exemple següent fa servir la propietat alignAboveContext
per alinear el pentagrama d’ossia. Aquest mètode és molt
convenient quan calen sols alguns pentagrames d’ossia.
\new Staff = "main" \relative { c''4 b d c << { c4 b d c } \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" alignAboveContext = #"main" \magnifyStaff #2/3 firstClef = ##f } { e4 d f e } >> c4 b c2 }
Si es requereixen molts pentagrames d’ossia aïllats, pot ser més
convenient la creació d’un context Staff
buit amb
un identificador de context específic; després es poden
crear els pentagrames d’ossia cridant a aquest context i
usant \startStaff
i \stopStaff
als punts desitjats.
Els avantatges d’aquest mètode són més patents si la peça és més
llarga com a l’exemple següent.
<< \new Staff = "ossia" \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \hide Clef \magnifyStaff #2/3 } { \stopStaff s1*6 } \new Staff \relative { c'4 b c2 << { e4 f e2 } \context Staff = "ossia" { \startStaff e4 g8 f e2 \stopStaff } >> g4 a g2 \break c4 b c2 << { g4 a g2 } \context Staff = "ossia" { \startStaff g4 e8 f g2 \stopStaff } >> e4 d c2 } >>
Com a alternativa, es pot usar l’ordre
\RemoveAllEmptyStaves
per crear pentagrames d’ossia. Aquest
mètode és molt convenient quan els pentagrames d’ossia apareixen
immediatament després d’un salt de línia. Per veure més
informació sobre \RemoveAllEmptyStaves
, consulteu
Ocultament de pentagrames.
<< \new Staff = "ossia" \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \hide Clef \magnifyStaff #2/3 \RemoveAllEmptyStaves } \relative { R1*3 c''4 e8 d c2 } \new Staff \relative { c'4 b c2 e4 f e2 g4 a g2 \break c4 b c2 g4 a g2 e4 d c2 } >>
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Vertically aligning ossias and lyrics
This snippet demonstrates the use of the context properties
alignBelowContext
and alignAboveContext
to control the
positioning of lyrics and ossias.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c' << \new Staff = "1" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "2" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "3" { c4 c s2 } { \skip 2 << \lyrics { \set alignBelowContext = #"1" lyrics4 below } \new Staff \with { alignAboveContext = #"3" fontSize = #-2 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -2) \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \tuplet 6/4 { \override TextScript.padding = #3 c8[^"ossia above" d e d e f] } } >> } >>
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: ossia, staff, Frenched staff.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Niuat d'expressions musicals, Mida dels objectes, Longitud i gruix dels objectes.
Referència de la notació: Ocultament de pentagrames.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: StaffSymbol.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Pentagrames d'Ossia ] | [ Amunt : Modificació de pentagrames separats ] | [ Escriptura de les particel·les > ] |
Ocultament de pentagrames
Es poden ocultar les línies del pentagrama traient el gravador
Staff_symbol_engraver
del context de Staff
. Com a
alternativa es pot utilitzar l’ordre \stopStaff
.
\new Staff \with { \remove "Staff_symbol_engraver" } \relative { a''8 f e16 d c b a2 }
Es poden ocultar els pentagrames buits (per fer el que es coneix
com a ‘partitura a la francesa’) aplicant l’ordre
\RemoveEmptyStaves
sobre un context, cosa que es pot fer
globalment (dins del bloc \layout
) així com per a pautes
específiques sols (dins d’un bloc \with
). Aquest ordre
elimina totes les pautes buides de la partitura excepte les del
primer sistema. Si volem ocultar també les del primer sistema,
usem \RemoveAllEmptyStaves
. Els contextos que estan
contemplats són Staff
,
RhythmicStaff
i VaticanaStaff
.
Nota: Un pentagrama es considera buit quan conté sols silencis, silencis multicompàs, desplaçaments, silencis de separació o una combinació d’aquests elements.
\layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } } \relative << \new Staff { e'4 f g a \break b1 \break a4 b c2 } \new Staff { c,4 d e f \break R1 \break f4 g c,2 } >>
També es pot fer ser servir \RemoveAllEmptyStaves
per crear
seccions d’ossia per a un pentagrama. Per veure més detalls, consulteu
Pentagrames d’Ossia.
Instruccions predefinides
\RemoveEmptyStaves
,
\RemoveAllEmptyStaves
.
Vegeu també
Glossari musical: Frenched staff.
Manual d’aprenentatge: Visibilitat i color dels objectes.
Referència de la notació: Canvi dels valores per defecte dels contextos, El símbol del pentagrama, Pentagrames d’Ossia, Notes ocultes, Silencis invisibles, Visibilitat dels objectes.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: ChordNames, FiguredBass, Lyrics, Staff, VerticalAxisGroup, Staff_symbol_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
L’eliminació del gravador Staff_symbol_engraver
també
oculta les barres de compàs. Si es força la visibilitat de la
barra de compàs, poden ocórrer errors de format visual. En aquest
cas, utilitzeu les següents sobreescriptures de valors en comptes
de treure el gravador:
\omit StaffSymbol \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t
Per veure els errors i problemes coneguts, així com els
advertiments associats amb \RemoveEmptyStaves
, consulteu
Canvi dels valores per defecte dels contextos.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Ocultament de pentagrames ] | [ Amunt : Notació dels pentagrames ] | [ Noms d'instruments > ] |
1.6.3 Escriptura de les particel·les
Aquesta secció explica com inserir indicacions de temps i noms d’instruments a una partitura. També es descriuen mètodes per citar altres veus i donar format a les notes guia.
Noms d’instruments | ||
Cites a altres veus | ||
Format de les notes guia |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Escriptura de les particel·les ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de les particel·les ] | [ Cites a altres veus > ] |
Noms d’instruments
Es poden imprimir els noms dels instruments al costat esquerre
dels pentagrames dins dels contextos Staff
,
PianoStaff
, StaffGroup
, GrandStaff
i
ChoirStaff
. El valor de instrumentName
s’usa per al
primer pentagrama, i el valor de shortInstrumentName
s’usa per a tots los pentagrames següents..
\new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Violin " shortInstrumentName = #"Vln. " } \relative { c'4.. g'16 c4.. g'16 \break | c1 | }
També podem fer servir \markup
per construir noms
d’instrument més complicats:
\new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \column { "Clarinetti" \line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } } } \relative { c''4 c,16 d e f g2 }
Quan s’agrupen dos o més contextos de pentagrama, els noms
d’instrument i els noms curts apareixen centrats de forma
predeterminada. Per centrar noms d’instrument de diverses línies,
s’ha d’utilitzar \center-column
:
<< \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Flute" } \relative { f''2 g4 f } \new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \center-column { "Clarinet" \line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } } } \relative { c''4 b c2 } >>
Malgrat això, si els noms d’instrument són més llargs, no se
centren per a un grup de pentagrames a no ser que s’augmentin els
valors del sagnat, indent
, i del sagnat curt,
short-indent
. Per veure més detalls sobre aquests
ajustaments, consulteu
Variables de paper per a desplaçaments i sagnats.
<< \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Alto Flute in G" shortInstrumentName = #"Flt." } \relative { f''2 g4 f \break g4 f g2 } \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Clarinet" shortInstrumentName = #"Clar." } \relative { c''4 b c2 \break c2 b4 c } >> \layout { indent = 3.0\cm short-indent = 1.5\cm }
Per afegir noms d’instrument a d’altres contextos (com ara
ChordNames
o FiguredBass
), hem d’afegir el gravador
Instrument_name_engraver
a aquest context. Per veure més
detalls, consulteu
Modificació dels connectors de context.
El nom d’instrument curt shortInstrumentName
es pot canviar
a la meitat d’una peça, igual que d’altres ajustaments que poden
caldre per al nou instrument; tanmateix, sols el primer
instrumentName
s’imprimeix i la resta d’ells s’ignoren:
prepPiccolo = <>^\markup \italic { muta in Piccolo } setPiccolo = { \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Piccolo" \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Picc." \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piccolo" <>^\markup \bold { Piccolo } \transposition c'' } prepFlute = <>^\markup \italic { muta in Flauto } setFlute = { \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Flute" \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Flt." \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" <>^\markup \bold { Flute } \transposition c' } \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Flute" shortInstrumentName = #"Flt." midiInstrument = #"flute" } \relative { g'1 g g g \break g1 g \prepPiccolo R R \break \setPiccolo g1 g g g \break g1 g \prepFlute R R \break \setFlute g1 g g g }
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Variables de paper per a desplaçaments i sagnats, Modificació dels connectors de context.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: InstrumentName, PianoStaff, Staff.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Noms d'instruments ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de les particel·les ] | [ Format de les notes guia > ] |
Cites a altres veus
És molt freqüent que una veu usi les mateixes notes que una altra veu. Per exemple, els violins primer i segon tocant la mateixa frase durant un determinat passatge musical. Això es fa deixant que una veuciti a l’altra, sense que s’hagi de tornar a introduir la música per segon cop.
L’ordre \addQuote
, utilitzada a l’àmbit del nivell
sintàctic superior, defineix un flux de música des del qual és
possible citar fragments.
L’ordre \quoteDuring
s’usa per indicar el punt en el qual
comença la cita. Va seguida per dos arguments: el nom de la veu
citada, tal i com es va definir amb \addQuote
, i una
expressió musical que indica la duració de la cita.
fluteNotes = \relative { a'4 gis g gis | b4^"quoted" r8 ais\p a4( f) } oboeNotes = \relative { c''4 cis c b \quoteDuring #"flute" { s1 } } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \score { << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteNotes \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Oboe" } \oboeNotes >> }
Si l’expressió musical que s’usa per \quoteDuring
conté
qualsevol cosa que no sigui un silenci de separació o un silenci
multicompàs, es produeix una situació de polifonia, cosa que no és
habitualment desitjable:
fluteNotes = \relative { a'4 gis g gis | b4^"quoted" r8 ais\p a4( f) } oboeNotes = \relative { c''4 cis c b \quoteDuring #"flute" { e4 r8 ais b4 a } } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \score { << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteNotes \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Oboe" } \oboeNotes >> }
Si cal imprimir una ordre \unfoldRepeat
dins d’una
expressió musical en usar \quoteDuring
, aleshores ha de
contenir també la seva pròpia ordre \unfoldRepeat
:
fluteNotes = \relative { \repeat volta 2 { a'4 gis g gis } } oboeNotesDW = \relative { \repeat volta 2 \quoteDuring #"incorrecte" { s1 } } oboeNotesW = \relative { \repeat volta 2 \quoteDuring #"correcte" { s1 } } \addQuote "incorrecte" { \fluteNotes } \addQuote "correcte" { \unfoldRepeats \fluteNotes } \score { \unfoldRepeats << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteNotes \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Oboe (incorrecte)" } \oboeNotesDW \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Oboe (correcte)" } \oboeNotesW >> }
L’ordre \quoteDuring
usa els ajustament de
\transposition
tant de la part citada com de la que cita,
per produir notes que tenen la mateixa alçada de so a la part que
cita i en les de la part citada.
clarinetNotes = \relative c'' { \transposition bes \key d \major b4 ais a ais | cis4^"citat" r8 bis\p b4( f) } oboeNotes = \relative { c''4 cis c b \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s1 } } \addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinetNotes } \score { << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Clarinet" } \clarinetNotes \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Oboe" } \oboeNotes >> }
De forma predeterminada, la música citada inclou totes les
articulacions, matisos dinàmics, elements de marcatge, etc., de
l’expressió citada. És possible escollir quins d’aquests
objectes de la música que se cita s’imprimeixen, mitjançant la
propietat de context quotedEventTypes
.
fluteNotes = \relative { a'2 g2 | b4\<^"quoted" r8 ais a4\f( c->) } oboeNotes = \relative { c''2. b4 | \quoteDuring #"flute" { s1 } } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \score { << \set Score.quotedEventTypes = #'(note-event articulation-event crescendo-event rest-event slur-event dynamic-event) \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteNotes \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Oboe" } \oboeNotes >> }
Las cites també es poden etiquetar, vegeu Us de etiquetes.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Transposició dels instruments, Ús de etiquetes.
Fitxers d’inici: ‘scm/define-event-classes.scm’.
Fragments de codio: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: Music classes, QuoteMusic, Voice.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Sols el contingut de la primera veu d’una ordre
\addQuote
s’ha de tenir en compte per a la cita, de manera
que si l’expressió musical conté enunciats \new
o
\context Voice
, els seus continguts no seran citats. La
cita de notes d’adorn no està contemplada i pot fer que el
LilyPond acabi de forma abrupta; la cita d’uns tresets dins d’uns
altres pot donar com a resultat una notació de qualitat pobre.
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[ < Cites a altres veus ] | [ Amunt : Escriptura de les particel·les ] | [ Editorial annotations > ] |
Format de les notes guia
La manera més senzilla de donar format a les notes guia és crear
explícitament un context CueVoice
dins de la part.
\relative { R1 << { e'2\rest r4. e8 } \new CueVoice { \stemUp d'8^"flute" c d e fis2 } >> d,4 r a r }
L’ordre \cueClef
pot usar-se també amb un context
CueVoice
explícit si es requereix un canvi de clau, i
imprimeix una clau de la mida adequada per a les notes guia.
Després pot utilitzar-se l’ordre \cueClefUnset
per tornar a
la clau original, de nou amb un signe de clau de la mida adequada.
\relative { \clef "bass" R1 << { e'2\rest r4. \cueClefUnset e,8 } \new CueVoice { \cueClef "treble" \stemUp d''8^"flute" c d e fis2 } >> d,,4 r a r }
Les instruccions \cueClef
i \cueClefUnset
es poden
usar també sense un CueVoice
si cal.
\relative { \clef "bass" R1 \cueClef "treble" d''8^"flute" c d e fis2 \cueClefUnset d,,4 r a r }
En casos de col·locació més complexa de notes guia, per exemple
amb transposició o inserint notes guia, per més d’una font, poden
usar-se les ordres \cueDuring
o \cueDuringWithClef
.
Són una forma més especialitzada de \quoteDuring
,
vegeu Cites a altres veus a la secció anterior.
La sintaxi és:
\cueDuring #nom_de_la_cita #direcció #música
i
\cueDuringWithClef #nom_de_la_cita #direcció #clau #música
La música procedent dels compassos corresponents de l’element
nom_de_la_cita
s’ afegeix com un context
CueVoice
y apareix simultàniament amb la
música
, cosa que produeix una situació polifònica. La
direcció
agafa un argument UP
(amunt) o
DOWN
(avall), i correspon amb les veus primera i segona,
respectivament, determinant com s’imprimeixen les notes guia en
relació a l’altra veu.
fluteNotes = \relative { r2. c''4 | d8 c d e fis2 | g2 d | } oboeNotes = \relative c'' { R1 <>^\markup \tiny { flute } \cueDuring #"flute" #UP { R1 } g2 c, } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \new Staff { \oboeNotes }
És possible ajustar quins aspectes de la música se citen amb
\cueDuring
establint el valor de la propietat
quotedCueEventTypes
. El seu valor per defecte és
'(note-event rest-event tie-event beam-event
tuplet-span-event)
, cosa que significa que sols les notes,
silencis, lligadures d’unió, barres i grups especials se citen,
però no les articulacions, maques dinàmiques, elements de
marcatge, etc.
Nota: Quan un context Voice
comença amb
cueDuring
, com a l’exemple següent, el context
Voice
s’ha de declarar explícitament, ja que en cas
contrari tota l’expressió musical pertanyeria al context
CueVoice
.
oboeNotes = \relative { r2 r8 d''16(\f f e g f a) g8 g16 g g2. } \addQuote "oboe" { \oboeNotes } \new Voice \relative c'' { \set Score.quotedCueEventTypes = #'(note-event rest-event tie-event beam-event tuplet-span-event dynamic-event slur-event) \cueDuring #"oboe" #UP { R1 } g2 c, }
Es poden usar elements de marcatge per mostrar el nom de l’instrument citat. Si les notes guia requereixen un canvi de clau, pot fer-se manualment però la clau original s’ha de restaurar al final de les notes guia.
fluteNotes = \relative { r2. c''4 d8 c d e fis2 g2 d2 } bassoonNotes = \relative c { \clef bass R1 \clef treble <>^\markup \tiny { flute } \cueDuring #"flute" #UP { R1 } \clef bass g4. b8 d2 } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \new Staff { \bassoonNotes }
De forma alternativa, pot usar-se la funció
\cueDuringWithClef
en el seu lloc. Aquesta ordre admet un
argument addicional per especificar el canvi de clau que cal
imprimir per a les notes guia, però després imprimeix
automàticament la clau original un cop que ha finalitzat la sèrie
de notes guia.
fluteNotes = \relative { r2. c''4 d8 c d e fis2 g2 d2 } bassoonNotes = \relative c { \clef bass R1 <>^\markup { \tiny "flute" } \cueDuringWithClef #"flute" #UP #"treble" { R1 } g4. b8 d2 } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \new Staff { \bassoonNotes }
Com \quoteDuring
, \cueDuring
té en compte les
transposicions instrumentals. Les notes guia es produeixen en les
alçades en les quals s’escriurien per a l’instrument que rep la
cita, per produir així les alçades de so de l’instrument original.
Per transportar les notes guia de forma diferent, useu
\transposedCueDuring
. Aquesta ordre accepta un argument
addicional per especificar el so d’un Do central de concert. Això
és útil per agafar cites d’un instrument que està a un registre
completament diferent.
piccoloNotes = \relative { \clef "treble^8" R1 c'''8 c c e g2 c4 g g2 } bassClarinetNotes = \relative c' { \key d \major \transposition bes, d4 r a r \transposedCueDuring #"piccolo" #UP d { R1 } d4 r a r } \addQuote "piccolo" { \piccoloNotes } << \new Staff \piccoloNotes \new Staff \bassClarinetNotes >>
L’ordre \killCues
elimina les notes guia d’una expressió
musical, de forma que la mateixa expressió musical pugui
utilitzar-se per produir la particel·la instrumental (amb notes
guia) i la partitura de conjunt. L’ordre \killCues
elimina
solament les notes i esdeveniments que s’han citat mitjançant
\cueDuring
. Altres elements de marcatge associats amb les
guies, com els canvis de clau o una etiqueta identificativa de
l’instrument font, poden marcar-se per a la seva inclusió
selectiva dins de la partitura, vegeu
Ús de etiquetes.
fluteNotes = \relative { r2. c''4 d8 c d e fis2 g2 d2 } bassoonNotes = \relative c { \clef bass R1 \tag #'part { \clef treble <>^\markup \tiny { flute } } \cueDuring #"flute" #UP { R1 } \tag #'part \clef bass g4. b8 d2 } \addQuote "flute" { \fluteNotes } \new Staff { \bassoonNotes } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \fluteNotes } \new Staff { \removeWithTag #'part { \killCues { \bassoonNotes } } } >>
Com a alternativa, els canvis de clau i les etiquetes d’instrument
es poden recol·lectar dins d’una definició d’instrument per al seu
ús repetit, utilitzant
\addInstrumentDefinition
que es descriu a
Noms d’instruments.
Vegeu també
Referència de la notació: Cites a altres veus, Transposició dels instruments, Noms d’instruments, Clau, Pistes musicals, Ús de etiquetes.
Fragments de codi: Staff notation.
Referència de funcionament intern: CueVoice, Voice.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Poden ocórrer col·lisions amb els silencis si s’usa
\cueDuring
, entre els contextos de Voice
i de
CueVoice
. En usar \cueDuringWithClef
o
\transposedCueDuring
l’argument addicional requerit per a
cada cas ha d’anar després de la cita i de la direcció.
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[ < Format de les notes guia ] | [ Amunt : Notació musical ] | [ Inside the staff > ] |
1.7 Editorial annotations
This section discusses the various ways to change the appearance of notes and add analysis or educational emphasis.
1.7.1 Inside the staff | ||
1.7.2 Outside the staff |
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[ < Editorial annotations ] | [ Amunt : Editorial annotations ] | [ Selecting notation font size > ] |
1.7.1 Inside the staff
This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements that are inside the staff.
Selecting notation font size | ||
Fingering instructions | ||
Hidden notes | ||
Coloring objects | ||
Parentheses | ||
Stems |
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[ < Inside the staff ] | [ Amunt : Inside the staff ] | [ Fingering instructions > ] |
Selecting notation font size
Nota:
For font sizes of text, see Selecting font and font size.
For staff size, see Setting the staff size.
For cue notes, see Format de les notes guia.
For ossia staves, see Pentagrames d’Ossia.
To change the size of the notation without changing the staff
size, specify a magnification factor with the \magnifyMusic
command:
\new Staff << \new Voice \relative { \voiceOne <e' e'>4 <f f'>8. <g g'>16 <f f'>8 <e e'>4 r8 } \new Voice \relative { \voiceTwo \magnifyMusic 0.63 { \override Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #(* 1.2 0.63) r32 c'' a c a c a c r c a c a c a c r c a c a c a c a c a c a c a c } } >>
The \override
in the example above is a bug workaround.
See the “Known issues and warnings” at the end of this section.
If a normal sized note head is merged with a smaller one, the size of the smaller note may need to be reset (with ‘\once \normalsize’) so that the stems and accidentals align properly:
\new Staff << \key fis \minor \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn \new Voice \relative { \voiceOne \magnifyMusic 0.63 { \override Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #(* 1.2 0.63) \once \normalsize cis'32( cis' gis b a fis \once \normalsize d d' \once \normalsize cis, cis' gis b a gis \once \normalsize fis fis' \once \normalsize fis, fis' ais, cis b gis \once \normalsize eis eis' \once \normalsize a, a' bis, d cis b \once \normalsize gis gis') } } \new Voice \relative { \voiceTwo cis'8. d16 cis8. fis16 fis8. eis16 a8. gis16 } >>
The \magnifyMusic
command is not intended for cue notes,
grace notes, or ossia staves—there are more appropriate methods
of entering each of those constructs. Instead, it is useful when
the notation size changes in a single instrumental part on one
staff, and where grace notes are not appropriate, such as in
cadenza-like passages or in cases such as the above examples.
Setting the \magnifyMusic
value to 0.63 duplicates the
dimensions of the CueVoice
context.
Nota: The \magnifyMusic
command should not be
used when also resizing the staff. See Setting the staff size.
Resizing individual layout objects
An individual layout object can be resized by using the
\tweak
or \override
commands to adjust its
font-size
property:
\relative { % resize a note head <f' \tweak font-size -4 b e>-5 % resize a fingering bes-\tweak font-size 0 -3 % resize an accidental \once \override Accidental.font-size = -4 bes!-^ % resize an articulation \once \override Script.font-size = 4 bes!-^ }
The default font-size
value for each layout object is
listed in the Internals Reference. The font-size
property
can only be set for layout objects that support the
font-interface
layout interface. If font-size
is
not specified in the object’s ‘Standard settings’ list, its
value is 0. See
All layout objects.
Understanding the fontSize
property
The fontSize
context property adjusts the relative size of
all glyph-based notational elements in a context:
\relative { \time 3/4 d''4---5 c8( b a g) | \set fontSize = -6 e'4-- c!8-4( b a g) | \set fontSize = 0 fis4---3 e8( d) fis4 | g2. }
The fontSize
value is a number indicating the size relative
to the standard size for the current staff height. The default
fontSize
is 0; adding 6 to any fontSize
value
doubles the printed size of the glyphs, and subtracting 6 halves
the size. Each step increases the size by approximately 12%.
The scheme function magnification->font-size
is provided
for convenience since the logarithmic units of the
font-size
property are not entirely intuitive. For
example, to adjust the musical notation to 75% of the default
size, use:
\set fontSize = #(magnification->font-size 0.75)
The scheme function magstep
does the opposite: it converts
a font-size
value into a magnification factor.
The fontSize
property will only affect notational elements
that are drawn with glyphs, such as noteheads, accidentals,
scripts, etc. It will not affect the size of the staff itself,
nor will it scale stems, beams, or horizontal spacing. To scale
stems, beams, and horizontal spacing along with the notation size
(without changing the staff size), use the \magnifyMusic
command discussed above. To scale everything, including the staff
size, see Setting the staff size.
Whenever the fontSize
context property is set, its
value is added to the value of the font-size
grob
property for individual layout objects, before any glyphs are
printed. This can cause confusion when setting individual
font-size
properties while fontSize
is already set:
% the default font-size for NoteHead is 0 % the default font-size for Fingering is -5 c''4-3 \set fontSize = -3 % the effective font size for NoteHead is now -3 % the effective font size for Fingering is now -8 c''4-3 \override Fingering.font-size = 0 % the effective font size for Fingering is now -3 c''4-3
The following shorthand commands are also available:
Command | Equivalent to | Relative size |
\teeny | \set fontSize = -3 | 71% |
\tiny | \set fontSize = -2 | 79% |
\small | \set fontSize = -1 | 89% |
\normalsize | \set fontSize = 0 | 100% |
\large | \set fontSize = 1 | 112% |
\huge | \set fontSize = 2 | 126% |
\relative c'' { \teeny c4.-> d8---3 \tiny c4.-> d8---3 \small c4.-> d8---3 \normalsize c4.-> d8---3 \large c4.-> d8---3 \huge c4.-> d8---3 }
Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
font-size = 0
) depends on the standard staff height.
For a 20pt staff, an 11pt font is selected.
Instruccions predefinides
\magnifyMusic
,
\teeny
,
\tiny
,
\small
,
\normalsize
,
\large
,
\huge
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Selecting font and font size, Setting the staff size, Format de les notes guia, Pentagrames d’Ossia.
Installed Files: ‘ly/music-functions-init.ly’, ‘ly/property-init.ly’.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: font-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
There are currently two bugs that are preventing proper horizontal
spacing when using \magnifyMusic
. There is only one
available workaround, and it is not guaranteed to work in every
case. In the example below, replace the mag variable with
your own value. You may also try removing one or both of the
\newSpacingSection
commands, and/or the \override
and \revert
commands:
\magnifyMusic mag { \newSpacingSection \override Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #(* 1.2 mag) [music] \newSpacingSection \revert Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment }
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[ < Selecting notation font size ] | [ Amunt : Inside the staff ] | [ Hidden notes > ] |
Fingering instructions
Fingering instructions can be entered using ‘note-digit’:
\relative { c''4-1 d-2 f-4 e-3 }
Markup texts or strings may be used for finger changes.
\relative { c''4-1 d-2 f\finger \markup \tied-lyric #"4~3" c\finger "2 - 3" }
A thumb-script can be added (e.g., cello music) to indicate that a note should be played with the thumb.
\relative { <a'_\thumb a'-3>2 <b_\thumb b'-3> }
Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes by adding them after the pitches.
\relative { <c''-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 <d-1 f-2 a-3 c-5> }
Fingering instructions may be manually placed above or below the staff, see Direction and placement.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Controlling the placement of chord fingerings
The placement of fingering numbers can be controlled precisely. For fingering orientation to apply, you must use a chord construct <> even if it is a single note.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 }
Allowing fingerings to be printed inside the staff
By default, vertically oriented fingerings are positioned outside the staff. However, this behavior can be canceled. Note: you must use a chord construct <>, even if it is only a single note.
\relative c' { <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 \override Fingering.staff-padding = #'() <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 <g'-0> }
Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings
Fingerings and string numbers applied to individual notes will automatically avoid beams and stems, but this is not true by default for fingerings and string numbers applied to the individual notes of chords. The following example shows how this default behavior can be overridden.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up) \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up) % Default behavior r8 <f c'-5>8 <f c'\5>8 <f c'-\rightHandFinger #2 >8 % No tweak needed r8 <f c'-5>8 <f c'\5>8 % Corrected to avoid collisions \override StrokeFinger.add-stem-support = ##t <f c'-\rightHandFinger #2 >8 }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Direction and placement.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: FingeringEvent, fingering-event, Fingering_engraver, New_fingering_engraver, Fingering.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Fingering instructions ] | [ Amunt : Inside the staff ] | [ Coloring objects > ] |
Hidden notes
Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in preparing theory or composition exercises.
\relative { c''4 d \hideNotes e4 f \unHideNotes g a \hideNotes b \unHideNotes c }
Note heads, stems, and flags, and rests are invisible. Beams are invisible if they start on a hidden note. Objects that are attached to invisible notes are still visible.
\relative c'' { e8(\p f g a)-- \hideNotes e8(\p f g a)-- }
Instruccions predefinides
\hideNotes
,
\unHideNotes
.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Visibility and color of objects.
Notation Reference: Silencis invisibles, Visibility of objects, Ocultament de pentagrames.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Note_spacing_engraver, NoteSpacing.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Hidden notes ] | [ Amunt : Inside the staff ] | [ Parentheses > ] |
Coloring objects
Individual objects may be assigned colors. Valid color names are listed in the List of colors.
\override NoteHead.color = #red c''4 c'' \override NoteHead.color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen) d'' \override Stem.color = #blue e''
The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using
the Scheme function x11-color
. The function takes one
argument; this can be a symbol in the form 'FooBar
or
a string in the form "FooBar"
. The first form is
quicker to write and is more efficient. However, using the second
form it is possible to access X11 colors by the multi-word form of
its name.
If x11-color
cannot make sense of the parameter then the
color returned defaults to black.
\new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \with-color #(x11-color 'red) "Clarinet" } } \relative c'' { \override Staff.StaffSymbol.color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2) gis8 a \override Beam.color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise") gis a \override Accidental.color = #(x11-color 'DarkRed) gis a \override NoteHead.color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen") gis a % this is deliberate nonsense; note that the stems remain black \override Stem.color = #(x11-color 'Boggle) b2 cis }
Exact RGB colors can be specified using the Scheme function
rgb-color
.
\new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \with-color #(x11-color 'red) "Clarinet" } } \relative c'' { \override Staff.StaffSymbol.color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2) \override Stem.color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0) gis8 a \override Stem.color = #(rgb-color 1 1 1) gis8 a \override Stem.color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0.5) gis4 a }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
List of colors, The \tweak
command.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
An X11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a similarly named normal color.
Not all X11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser, i.e.,
a web browser might not display a difference between LimeGreen
and ForestGreen
. For web use normal colors are recommended
(i.e., blue
, green
, red
).
Notes in a chord cannot be separately colored with
\override
; use \tweak
or the equivalent
\single\override
before the respective note instead, see
The \tweak
command.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Coloring objects ] | [ Amunt : Inside the staff ] | [ Stems > ] |
Parentheses
Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing \parenthesize
to
the music event. When prefixed to a chord, it parenthesizes every
note. Individual notes inside a chord may also be parenthesized.
\relative { c''2 \parenthesize d c2 \parenthesize <c e g> c2 <c \parenthesize e g> }
Non-note objects may be parenthesized as well. For articulations,
a hyphen is needed before the \parenthesize
command.
\relative { c''2-\parenthesize -. d c2 \parenthesize r }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Parenthesis_engraver, ParenthesesItem, parentheses-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Parenthesizing a chord prints parentheses around each individual note, instead of a single large parenthesis around the entire chord.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Parentheses ] | [ Amunt : Inside the staff ] | [ Outside the staff > ] |
Stems
Whenever a note is found, a Stem
object is created
automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created but
made invisible.
Stems may be manually placed to point up or down; see Direction and placement.
Instruccions predefinides
\stemUp
,
\stemDown
,
\stemNeutral
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Default direction of stems on the center line of the staff
The default direction of stems on the center line of the staff is set
by the Stem
property neutral-direction
.
\relative c'' { a4 b c b \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up a4 b c b \override Stem.neutral-direction = #down a4 b c b }
Automatically changing the stem direction of the middle note based on the melody
LilyPond can alter the stem direction of the middle note on a staff so
that it follows the melody, by adding the Melody_engraver
to the
Voice context and overriding the neutral-direction
of Stem.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 a8 b g f b g | c b d c b c | } \layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Melody_engraver" \autoBeamOff \override Stem.neutral-direction = #'() } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Direction and placement.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Stem_engraver, Stem, stem-interface.
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[ < Stems ] | [ Amunt : Editorial annotations ] | [ Balloon help > ] |
1.7.2 Outside the staff
This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements in the staff from outside of the staff.
Balloon help | ||
Grid lines | ||
Analysis brackets |
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[ < Outside the staff ] | [ Amunt : Outside the staff ] | [ Grid lines > ] |
Balloon help
Elements of notation can be marked and named with the help of a square balloon. The primary purpose of this feature is to explain notation.
\new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" } \relative c'' { \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" } a8 \balloonGrobText #'Rest #'(-4 . -4) \markup { "I'm a rest" } r <c, g'-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { "I'm a note head" } c>2. }
There are two music functions, balloonGrobText
and
balloonText
; the former is used like
\once \override
to attach text to any grob, and the
latter is used like \tweak
, typically within chords, to
attach text to an individual note.
Balloon text does not influence note spacing, but this can be altered:
\new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" } \relative c'' { \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" } a8 \balloonGrobText #'Rest #'(-4 . -4) \markup { "I'm a rest" } r \balloonLengthOn <c, g'-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { "I'm a note head" } c>2. }
Instruccions predefinides
\balloonLengthOn
,
\balloonLengthOff
.
Vegeu també
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Balloon_engraver, BalloonTextItem, balloon-interface.
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[ < Balloon help ] | [ Amunt : Outside the staff ] | [ Analysis brackets > ] |
Grid lines
Vertical lines can be drawn between staves synchronized with the notes.
The Grid_point_engraver
must be used to create the end
points of the lines, while the Grid_line_span_engraver
must
be used to actually draw the lines. By default this centers grid
lines horizontally below and to the left side of each note head.
Grid lines extend from the middle lines of each staff. The
gridInterval
must specify the duration between the grid
lines.
\layout { \context { \Staff \consists "Grid_point_engraver" gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1/4) } \context { \Score \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver" } } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff \relative { \stemUp c''4. d8 e8 f g4 } \new Staff \relative { \clef bass \stemDown c4 g' f e } >> }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Grid lines: changing their appearance
The appearance of grid lines can be changed by overriding some of their properties.
\score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \relative c'' { \stemUp c'4. d8 e8 f g4 } } \new Staff { \relative c { % this moves them up one staff space from the default position \override Score.GridLine.extra-offset = #'(0.0 . 1.0) \stemDown \clef bass \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #5.0 c4 \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #1.0 g'4 \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #3.0 f4 \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #5.0 e4 } } >> \layout { \context { \Staff % set up grids \consists "Grid_point_engraver" % set the grid interval to one quarter note gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1/4) } \context { \Score \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver" % this moves them to the right half a staff space \override NoteColumn.X-offset = #-0.5 } } }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Grid_line_span_engraver, Grid_point_engraver, GridLine, GridPoint, grid-line-interface, grid-point-interface.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Grid lines ] | [ Amunt : Outside the staff ] | [ Text > ] |
Analysis brackets
Brackets are used in musical analysis to indicate structure in musical pieces. Simple horizontal brackets are supported.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } } \relative { c''2\startGroup d\stopGroup }
Analysis brackets may be nested.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } } \relative { c''4\startGroup\startGroup d4\stopGroup e4\startGroup d4\stopGroup\stopGroup }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Analysis brackets above the staff
Simple horizontal analysis brackets are added below the staff by default. The following example shows a way to place them above the staff instead.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } } \relative c'' { \once \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP c2\startGroup d2\stopGroup }
Analysis brackets with labels
Text may be added to analysis brackets through the text
property
of the HorizontalBracketText
grob. Adding different texts to
brackets beginning at the same time requires the \tweak
command.
Bracket text will be parenthesized after a line break.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP } } { \once\override HorizontalBracketText.text = "a" c''\startGroup d''\stopGroup \once\override HorizontalBracketText.text = "a'" e''\startGroup d''\stopGroup c'' -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text \markup \bold \huge "b" \startGroup -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "a" \startGroup d''\stopGroup e''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "a'" \startGroup d''\stopGroup\stopGroup c''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text foo \startGroup d'' e'' f'' \break g'' a'' b'' c'''\stopGroup }
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: Horizontal_bracket_engraver, HorizontalBracket, horizontal-bracket-interface, HorizontalBracketText, horizontal-bracket-text-interface, Staff.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Analysis brackets ] | [ Amunt : Notació musical ] | [ Writing text > ] |
1.8 Text
This section explains how to include text (with various formatting) in music scores.
Some text elements that are not dealt with here are discussed in other specific sections: Vocal music, Titles and headers.
1.8.1 Writing text | ||
1.8.2 Formatting text | ||
1.8.3 Fonts |
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[ < Text ] | [ Amunt : Text ] | [ Text scripts > ] |
1.8.1 Writing text
This section introduces different ways of adding text to a score.
Nota: To write accented and special text (such as characters from other languages), simply insert the characters directly into the LilyPond file. The file must be saved as UTF-8. For more information, see Text encoding.
Text scripts | ||
Text spanners | ||
Text marks | ||
Separate text |
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[ < Writing text ] | [ Amunt : Writing text ] | [ Text spanners > ] |
Text scripts
Simple “quoted text” indications may be added to a score, as demonstrated in the following example. Such indications may be manually placed above or below the staff, using the syntax described in Direction and placement.
\relative { a'8^"pizz." g f e a4-"scherz." f }
This syntax is actually a shorthand; more complex text formatting may be
added to a note by explicitly using a \markup
block, as described
in Formatting text.
\relative { a'8^\markup { \italic pizz. } g f e a4_\markup { \tiny scherz. \bold molto } f }
By default, text indications do not influence the note spacing. However, their widths can be taken into account: in the following example, the first text string does not affect spacing, whereas the second one does.
\relative { a'8^"pizz." g f e \textLengthOn a4_"scherzando" f }
In addition to text scripts, articulations can be attached to notes. For more information, see Articulacions i ornaments.
For more information about the relative ordering of text scripts and articulations, see Placement of objects.
Instruccions predefinides
\textLengthOn
,
\textLengthOff
.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Placement of objects.
Notation Reference: Formatting text, Direction and placement, Articulacions i ornaments.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins requires additional calculations. In cases where slightly faster performance is desired, use
\override Score.PaperColumn.keep-inside-line = ##f
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Text scripts ] | [ Amunt : Writing text ] | [ Text marks > ] |
Text spanners
Some performance indications, e.g., rallentando or accelerando, are written as text and are extended over multiple notes with dotted lines. Such objects, called “spanners”, may be created from one note to another using the following syntax:
\relative { \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = "rit." b'1\startTextSpan e,\stopTextSpan }
The string to be printed is set through object properties. By default
it is printed in italic characters, but different formatting can be
obtained using \markup
blocks, as described in
Formatting text.
\relative { \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \upright "rit." } b'1\startTextSpan c e,\stopTextSpan }
The line style, as well as the text string, can be defined as an object property. This syntax is described in Line styles.
Instruccions predefinides
\textSpannerUp
,
\textSpannerDown
,
\textSpannerNeutral
.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
LilyPond is only able to handle one text spanner per voice.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Dynamics text spanner postfix
Custom text spanners can be defined and used with hairpin and text
crescendos. \<
and \>
produce hairpins by default,
\cresc
etc. produce text spanners by default.
% Some sample text dynamic spanners, to be used as postfix operators crpoco = #(make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text "cresc. poco a poco") \relative c' { c4\cresc d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\crpoco c4 | c4 d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\< c4 | g4\dim a4 b4\decresc c4\! }
Dynamics custom text spanner postfix
Postfix functions for custom crescendo text spanners. The spanners should start on the first note of the measure. One has to use -\mycresc, otherwise the spanner start will rather be assigned to the next note.
% Two functions for (de)crescendo spanners where you can explicitly give the % spanner text. mycresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) mydecresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'DecrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) \relative c' { c4-\mycresc "custom cresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4 c4 c4 | c4-\mydecresc "custom decresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4\! c4 c4 }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Line styles, Matisos dinàmics, Formatting text.
Snippets: Text, Expressive marks.
Internals Reference: TextSpanner.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Text spanners ] | [ Amunt : Writing text ] | [ Separate text > ] |
Text marks
Various text elements may be added to a score using the syntax described in Marques d’assaig:
\relative { \mark "Verse" c'2 g' \bar "||" \mark "Chorus" g2 c, \bar "|." }
This syntax makes it possible to put any text on a bar line;
more complex text formatting may be added using a \markup
block, as described in Formatting text:
\relative { <c' e>1 \mark \markup { \italic { colla parte } } <d f>2 <e g> <c f aes>1 }
This syntax also allows to print special signs, like coda, segno or fermata, by specifying the appropriate symbol name as explained in Music notation inside markup:
\relative { <bes' f>2 <aes d> \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.ufermata" } <e g>1 }
Such objects are only typeset above the top staff of the score; depending on whether they are specified at the end or the middle of a bar, they can be placed above the bar line or between notes. When specified at a line break, the mark will be printed at the beginning of the next line.
\relative c'' { \mark "Allegro" c1 c \mark "assai" \break c c }
Instruccions predefinides
\markLengthOn
,
\markLengthOff
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Printing marks at the end of a line
Marks can be printed at the end of the current line, instead of the beginning of the following line. In such cases, it might be preferable to align the right end of the mark with the bar line.
\relative c'' { g2 c d,2 a' \once \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-visibility = #end-of-line-visible \once \override Score.RehearsalMark.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \mark "D.C. al Fine" \break g2 b, c1 \bar "||" }
Printing marks on every staff
Although text marks are normally only printed above the topmost staff, they may also be printed on every staff.
\score { << \new Staff { c''1 \mark "molto" c'' } \new Staff { c'1 \mark "molto" c' } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Mark_engraver" \remove "Staff_collecting_engraver" } \context { \Staff \consists "Mark_engraver" \consists "Staff_collecting_engraver" } } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Marques d’assaig, Formatting text, Music notation inside markup, The Emmentaler font.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: MarkEvent, Mark_engraver, RehearsalMark.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Text marks ] | [ Amunt : Writing text ] | [ Formatting text > ] |
Separate text
A \markup
block can exist by itself, outside of any
\score
block, as a “top-level expression”. This syntax
is described in File structure.
\markup { Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow... }
This allows printing text separately from the music, which is particularly useful when the input file contains several music pieces, as described in Multiple scores in a book.
\score { c'1 } \markup { Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow... } \score { c'1 }
Separate text blocks can be spread over multiple pages, making it possible to print text documents or books entirely within LilyPond. This feature, and the specific syntax it requires, are described in Multi-page markup.
Instruccions predefinides
\markup
,
\markuplist
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Stand-alone two-column markup
Stand-alone text may be arranged in several columns using
\markup
commands:
\markup { \fill-line { \hspace #1 \column { \line { O sacrum convivium } \line { in quo Christus sumitur, } \line { recolitur memoria passionis ejus, } \line { mens impletur gratia, } \line { futurae gloriae nobis pignus datur. } \line { Amen. } } \hspace #2 \column \italic { \line { O sacred feast } \line { in which Christ is received, } \line { the memory of His Passion is renewed, } \line { the mind is filled with grace, } \line { and a pledge of future glory is given to us. } \line { Amen. } } \hspace #1 } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Formatting text, File structure, Multiple scores in a book, Multi-page markup.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
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[ < Separate text ] | [ Amunt : Text ] | [ Text markup introduction > ] |
1.8.2 Formatting text
This section presents basic and advanced text formatting,
using the \markup
mode specific syntax.
Text markup introduction | ||
Selecting font and font size | ||
Text alignment | ||
Graphic notation inside markup | ||
Music notation inside markup | ||
Multi-page markup |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Formatting text ] | [ Amunt : Formatting text ] | [ Selecting font and font size > ] |
Text markup introduction
A \markup
block is used to typeset text with an extensible
syntax called “markup mode”.
The markup syntax is similar to LilyPond’s usual syntax: a
\markup
expression is enclosed in curly braces
{… }
. A single word is regarded as a minimal expression,
and therefore does not need to be enclosed with braces.
Unlike simple “quoted text” indications, \markup
blocks may
contain nested expressions or markup commands, entered using the
backslash \
character. Such commands only affect the first
following expression.
\relative { a'1-\markup intenso a2^\markup { poco \italic più forte } c e1 d2_\markup { \italic "string. assai" } e b1^\markup { \bold { molto \italic agitato } } c }
A \markup
block may also contain quoted text strings. Such
strings are treated as minimal text expressions, and therefore any
markup command or special character (such as \
and #
)
will be printed verbatim without affecting the formatting of the text.
Double quotation marks themselves may be printed by preceding them
with backslashes.
\relative { a'1^"\italic markup..." a_\markup { \italic "... prints \"italic\" letters!" } a a }
To be treated as a distinct expression, a list of words needs to be
enclosed with double quotes or preceded by a command. The way markup
expressions are defined affects how these expressions will be stacked,
centered and aligned; in the following example, the second
\markup
expression is treated the same as the first one:
\relative c'' { c1^\markup { \center-column { a bbb c } } c1^\markup { \center-column { a { bbb c } } } c1^\markup { \center-column { a \line { bbb c } } } c1^\markup { \center-column { a "bbb c" } } }
Markups can be stored in variables. Such variables may be directly attached to notes:
allegro = \markup { \bold \large Allegro } { d''8.^\allegro d'16 d'4 r2 }
An exhaustive list of \markup
-specific commands can be found in
Text markup commands.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Text markup commands.
Snippets: Text.
Installed Files: ‘scm/markup.scm’.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Syntax error messages for markup mode can be confusing.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Text markup introduction ] | [ Amunt : Formatting text ] | [ Text alignment > ] |
Selecting font and font size
Basic font switching is supported in markup mode:
\relative { d''1^\markup { \bold { Più mosso } \italic { non troppo \underline Vivo } } r2 r4 r8 d,_\markup { \italic quasi \smallCaps Tromba } f1 d2 r }
The font size can be altered, relative to the global staff size, in a number of different ways.
It can be set to predefined size.
\relative b' { b1_\markup { \huge Sinfonia } b1^\markup { \teeny da } b1-\markup { \normalsize camera } }
It can be set relative to its previous value.
\relative b' { b1_\markup { \larger Sinfonia } b1^\markup { \smaller da } b1-\markup { \magnify #0.6 camera } }
It can be increased or decreased relative to the value set by the global staff size.
\relative b' { b1_\markup { \fontsize #-2 Sinfonia } b1^\markup { \fontsize #1 da } b1-\markup { \fontsize #3 camera } }
It can also be set to a fixed point-size, regardless of the global staff size.
\relative b' { b1_\markup { \abs-fontsize #20 Sinfonia } b1^\markup { \abs-fontsize #8 da } b1-\markup { \abs-fontsize #14 camera } }
If the text includes spaces, then it is best to put it all inside quote marks, so that the size of each space is appropriate for the size of the other characters.
\markup \fontsize #6 \bold { Sinfonia da camera } \markup \fontsize #6 \bold { "Sinfonia da camera" }
Text may be printed as subscript or superscript. By default these are printed in a smaller size, but a normal size can be used as well:
\markup { \column { \line { 1 \super st movement } \line { 1 \normal-size-super st movement \sub { (part two) } } } }
The markup mode provides an easy way to select alternate font families. The default serif font, of roman type, is automatically selected unless specified otherwise; on the last line of the following example, there is no difference between the first and the second word.
\markup { \column { \line { Act \number 1 } \line { \sans { Scene I. } } \line { \typewriter { Verona. An open place. } } \line { Enter \roman Valentine and Proteus. } } }
Some of these font families, used for specific items such as numbers or dynamics, do not provide all characters, as mentioned in Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies and Marques de repetició manual.
When used inside a word, some font-switching or formatting commands may produce an unwanted blank space. This can easily be solved by concatenating the text elements together:
\markup { \column { \line { \concat { 1 \super st } movement } \line { \concat { \dynamic p , } \italic { con dolce espressione } } } }
An exhaustive list of font switching commands and custom font usage commands can be found in Font.
Defining custom font sets is also possible, as explained in Fonts.
Instruccions predefinides
\teeny
,
\tiny
,
\small
,
\normalsize
,
\large
,
\huge
,
\smaller
,
\larger
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Font, Indicacions dinàmiques contemporànies, Marques de repetició manual, Fonts.
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-markup-commands.scm’.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Using the font sizing commands \teeny
, \tiny
,
\small
, \normalsize
, \large
, and
\huge
will lead to inconsistent line spacing compared to
using \fontsize
.
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[ < Selecting font and font size ] | [ Amunt : Formatting text ] | [ Graphic notation inside markup > ] |
Text alignment
This subsection discusses how to place text in markup mode. Markup objects can also be moved as a whole, using the syntax described in Moving objects.
Markup objects may be aligned in different ways. By default, a text indication is aligned on its left edge: in the following example, there is no difference between the first and the second markup.
\relative { d''1-\markup { poco } f d-\markup { \left-align poco } f d-\markup { \center-align { poco } } f d-\markup { \right-align poco } }
Horizontal alignment may be fine-tuned using a numeric value:
\relative { a'1-\markup { \halign #-1 poco } e' a,-\markup { \halign #0 poco } e' a,-\markup { \halign #0.5 poco } e' a,-\markup { \halign #2 poco } }
Some objects may have alignment procedures of their own, and therefore are not affected by these commands. It is possible to move such markup objects as a whole, as shown for instance in Text marks.
Vertical alignment is a bit more complex. As stated above, markup objects can be moved as a whole; however, it is also possible to move specific elements inside a markup block. In this case, the element to be moved needs to be preceded with an anchor point, that can be another markup element or an invisible object. The following example demonstrates these two possibilities; the last markup in this example has no anchor point, and therefore is not moved.
\relative { d'2^\markup { Acte I \raise #2 { Scène 1 } } a' g_\markup { \null \lower #4 \bold { Très modéré } } a d,^\markup { \raise #4 \italic { Une forêt. } } a'4 a g2 a }
Some commands can affect both the horizontal and vertical alignment of text objects in markup mode. Any object affected by these commands must be preceded with an anchor point:
\relative { d'2^\markup { Acte I \translate #'(-1 . 2) "Scène 1" } a' g_\markup { \null \general-align #Y #3.2 \bold "Très modéré" } a d,^\markup { \null \translate-scaled #'(-1 . 2) \teeny "Une forêt." } a'4 a g2 a }
A markup object may include several lines of text. In the following example, each element or expression is placed on its own line, either left-aligned or centered:
\markup { \column { a "b c" \line { d e f } } \hspace #10 \center-column { a "b c" \line { d e f } } }
Similarly, a list of elements or expressions may be spread to fill the entire horizontal line width (if there is only one element, it will be centered on the page). These expressions can, in turn, include multi-line text or any other markup expression:
\markup { \fill-line { \line { William S. Gilbert } \center-column { \huge \smallCaps "The Mikado" or \smallCaps "The Town of Titipu" } \line { Sir Arthur Sullivan } } } \markup { \fill-line { 1885 } }
Long text indications can also be automatically wrapped accordingly to the given line width. These will be either left-aligned or justified, as shown in the following example.
\markup { \column { \line \smallCaps { La vida breve } \line \bold { Acto I } \wordwrap \italic { (La escena representa el corral de una casa de gitanos en el Albaicín de Granada. Al fondo una puerta por la que se ve el negro interior de una Fragua, iluminado por los rojos resplandores del fuego.) } \hspace #0 \line \bold { Acto II } \override #'(line-width . 50) \justify \italic { (Calle de Granada. Fachada de la casa de Carmela y su hermano Manuel con grandes ventanas abiertas a través de las que se ve el patio donde se celebra una alegre fiesta) } } }
An exhaustive list of text alignment commands can be found in Align.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Moving objects.
Notation Reference: Align, Text marks.
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-markup-commands.scm’.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Text alignment ] | [ Amunt : Formatting text ] | [ Music notation inside markup > ] |
Graphic notation inside markup
Various graphic objects may be added to a score, using markup commands.
Some markup commands allow decoration of text elements with graphics, as demonstrated in the following example.
\markup \fill-line { \center-column { \circle Jack \box "in the box" \null \line { Erik Satie \hspace #3 \bracket "1866 - 1925" } \null \rounded-box \bold Prelude } }
Some commands may require an increase in the padding around the text; this is achieved with some markup commands exhaustively described in Align.
\markup \fill-line { \center-column { \box "Charles Ives (1874 - 1954)" \null \box \pad-markup #2 "THE UNANSWERED QUESTION" \box \pad-x #8 "A Cosmic Landscape" \null } } \markup \column { \line { \hspace #10 \box \pad-to-box #'(-5 . 20) #'(0 . 5) \bold "Largo to Presto" } \pad-around #3 "String quartet keeps very even time, Flute quartet keeps very uneven time." }
Other graphic elements or symbols may be printed without requiring any text. As with any markup expression, such objects can be combined.
\markup { \combine \draw-circle #4 #0.4 ##f \filled-box #'(-4 . 4) #'(-0.5 . 0.5) #1 \hspace #5 \center-column { \triangle ##t \combine \draw-line #'(0 . 4) \arrow-head #Y #DOWN ##f } }
Advanced graphic features include the ability to include external image files converted to the Encapsulated PostScript format (eps), or to directly embed graphics into the input file, using native PostScript code. In such a case, it may be useful to explicitly specify the size of the drawing, as demonstrated below:
c'1^\markup { \combine \epsfile #X #10 #"./context-example.eps" \with-dimensions #'(0 . 6) #'(0 . 10) \postscript #" -2 3 translate 2.7 2 scale newpath 2 -1 moveto 4 -2 4 1 1 arct 4 2 3 3 1 arct 0 4 0 3 1 arct 0 0 1 -1 1 arct closepath stroke" } c'
An exhaustive list of graphics-specific commands can be found in Graphic.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Align, Dimensions, Editorial annotations, Graphic.
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-markup-commands.scm’, ‘scm/stencil.scm’.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Graphic notation inside markup ] | [ Amunt : Formatting text ] | [ Multi-page markup > ] |
Music notation inside markup
Various musical notation elements may be added to a score, inside a markup object.
Notes and accidentals can be entered using markup commands:
a'2 a'^\markup { \note {4} #1 = \note-by-number #1 #1 #1.5 } b'1_\markup { \natural \semiflat \flat \sesquiflat \doubleflat } \glissando a'1_\markup { \natural \semisharp \sharp \sesquisharp \doublesharp } \glissando b'
Other notation objects may also be printed in markup mode:
\relative { g1 bes ees\finger \markup \tied-lyric #"4~1" fis_\markup { \dynamic rf } bes^\markup { \beam #8 #0.1 #0.5 } cis d-\markup { \markalphabet #8 \markletter #8 } }
More generally, any available musical symbol may be included separately in a markup object, as demonstrated below; an exhaustive list of these symbols and their names can be found in The Emmentaler font.
\relative { c''2 c'^\markup { \musicglyph #"eight" } c,4 c,8._\markup { \musicglyph #"clefs.G_change" } c16 c2^\markup { \musicglyph #"timesig.neomensural94" } }
Another way of printing non-text glyphs is described in Fonts explained. This is useful for printing braces of various sizes.
The markup mode also supports diagrams for specific instruments:
\relative { c''1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2;3;2;" } c^\markup { \harp-pedal #"^-v|--ov^" } c c^\markup { \combine \musicglyph #"accordion.discant" \combine \raise #0.5 \musicglyph #"accordion.dot" \raise #1.5 \musicglyph #"accordion.dot" } }
Such diagrams are documented in Instrument Specific Markup.
A whole score can even be nested inside a markup object. In such a
case, the nested \score
block must contain a \layout
block, as demonstrated here:
\relative { c'4 d^\markup { \score { \relative { c'4 d e f } \layout { } } } e f | c d e f }
An exhaustive list of music notation related commands can be found in Music.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Music, The Emmentaler font, Fonts explained.
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-markup-commands.scm’, ‘scm/fret-diagrams.scm’, ‘scm/harp-pedals.scm’.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Music notation inside markup ] | [ Amunt : Formatting text ] | [ Fonts > ] |
Multi-page markup
Although standard markup objects are not breakable, a specific syntax makes it possible to enter lines of text that can spread over multiple pages:
\markuplist { \justified-lines { A very long text of justified lines. ... } \wordwrap-lines { Another very long paragraph. ... } ... }
This syntax accepts a list of markups, that can be
- the result of a markup list command,
- a list of markups,
- a list of markup lists.
An exhaustive list of markup list commands can be found in Text markup list commands.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Text markup list commands.
Extending LilyPond: New markup list command definition.
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-markup-commands.scm’.
Snippets: Text.
Internals Reference: TextScript.
Instruccions predefinides
\markuplist
.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Multi-page markup ] | [ Amunt : Text ] | [ Fonts explained > ] |
1.8.3 Fonts
This section presents the way fonts are handled, and how they may be changed in scores.
Fonts explained | ||
Single entry fonts | ||
Entire document fonts |
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Fonts ] | [ Amunt : Fonts ] | [ Single entry fonts > ] |
Fonts explained
Fonts are handled through several libraries. FontConfig is used to detect available fonts on the system; the selected fonts are rendered using Pango.
Music notation fonts can be described as a set of specific glyphs, ordered in several families. The following syntax allows LilyPond’s various Feta glyphs to be used directly in markup mode:
a'1^\markup { \vcenter { \override #'(font-encoding . fetaBraces) \lookup #"brace120" \override #'(font-encoding . fetaText) \column { 1 3 sf } \override #'(font-encoding . fetaMusic) \lookup #"noteheads.s0petrucci" } }
However, all these glyphs except the braces of various sizes contained
in fetaBraces
are available using the simpler syntax described
in Music notation inside markup.
When using the glyphs contained in fetaBraces
, the size of the
brace is specified by the numerical part of the glyph name, in
arbitrary units. Any integer from 0
to 575
inclusive
may be specified, 0
giving the smallest brace. The optimum
value must be determined by trial and error. These glyphs are all
left braces; right braces may be obtained by rotation, see
Rotating objects.
Three families of text fonts are made available: the roman (serif) font, the sans font, and the typewriter font.
For svg
backend:
Family | Default font |
---|---|
roman | serif |
sans | sans-serif |
typewriter | monospace |
serif
, sans-serif
, and monospace
are
generic-family
in SVG and CSS specifications.
For other backends:
Family | Default font (alias) | Alias definition lists |
---|---|---|
roman | LilyPond Serif | TeX Gyre Schola, C059, Century SchoolBook URW, Century Schoolbook L, DejaVu Serif, ..., serif |
sans | LilyPond Sans Serif | TeX Gyre Heros, Nimbus Sans, Nimbus Sans L, DejaVu Sans, ..., sans-serif |
typewriter | LilyPond Monospace | TeX Gyre Cursor, Nimbus Mono PS, Nimbus Mono, Nimbus Mono L, DejaVu Sans Mono, ..., monospace |
LilyPond Serif
, LilyPond Sans Serif
,
and LilyPond Monospace
are font aliases defined
in the LilyPond dedicated FontConfig configuration file
00-lilypond-fonts.conf
.
Where a character dosen’t exist in the first font listed,
the next font listed will be used instead for that character.
For details of alias definitions, please see
to 00-lilypond-fonts.conf
under the installed directory.
Each family may include different shapes and series. The following
example demonstrates the ability to select alternate families, shapes,
series and sizes. The value supplied to font-size
is the
required change from the default size.
\override Score.RehearsalMark.font-family = #'typewriter \mark \markup "Ouverture" \override Voice.TextScript.font-shape = #'italic \override Voice.TextScript.font-series = #'bold d''2.^\markup "Allegro" \override Voice.TextScript.font-size = #-3 c''4^smaller
A similar syntax may be used in markup mode; however in this case it is preferable to use the simpler syntax explained in Selecting font and font size:
\markup { \column { \line { \override #'(font-shape . italic) \override #'(font-size . 4) Idomeneo, } \line { \override #'(font-family . typewriter) { \override #'(font-series . bold) re di } \override #'(font-family . sans) Creta } } }
When using OpenType fonts, font features can be used. OpenType font scripts and languages can not be specified. Note: Not all OpenType fonts have all functions. If you request a feature that doesn’t exist in the chosen font, then the feature is simply ignored.
% True small caps \markup { Normal Style: Hello HELLO } \markup { \caps { Small Caps: Hello } } \markup { \override #'(font-features . ("smcp")) { True Small Caps: Hello } } % Number styles \markup { Normal Number Style: 0123456789 } \markup { \override #'(font-features . ("onum")) { Old Number Style: 0123456789 } } % Stylistic Alternates \markup { \override #'(font-features . ("salt 0")) { Stylistic Alternates 0: εφπρθ } } \markup { \override #'(font-features . ("salt 1")) { Stylistic Alternates 1: εφπρθ } } % Multiple features \markup { \override #'(font-features . ("onum" "smcp" "salt 1")) { Multiple features: Hello 0123456789 εφπρθ } }
For the full OpenType font feature list please see: https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/featurelist.htm
For identifying features of OpenType fonts please see: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-devel/2017-08/msg00004.html
Although it is easy to switch between preconfigured fonts, it is also possible to use other fonts, as explained in the following sections: Single entry fonts and Entire document fonts.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: The Emmentaler font, Music notation inside markup, Rotating objects, Selecting font and font size, Font.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Fonts explained ] | [ Amunt : Fonts ] | [ Entire document fonts > ] |
Single entry fonts
Any font that is installed on the operating system and recognized by FontConfig may be used in a score, using the following syntax:
\override Staff.TimeSignature.font-name = #"Bitstream Charter" \override Staff.TimeSignature.font-size = #2 \time 3/4 a'1_\markup { \override #'(font-name . "Bitstream Vera Sans,sans-serif, Oblique Bold") { Vera Oblique Bold } }
font-name can be described using a comma-separated list of ‘fonts’ and a white-space separated list of ‘styles’. As long as the ‘font’ in the list is installed and contains requested glyph, it will be used, otherwise the next font in the list will be used instead.
Running lilypond with the following option displays a list of all available fonts on the operating system:
lilypond -dshow-available-fonts x
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Fonts explained, Entire document fonts.
Snippets: Text.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Specialist notation >> ] | ||
[ < Single entry fonts ] | [ Amunt : Fonts ] | [ Specialist notation > ] |
Entire document fonts
It is possible to change the fonts to be used as the default fonts in the roman, sans and typewriter font families by specifying them, in that order, as shown in the example below, which automatically scales the fonts with the value set for the global staff size. Similar to Single entry fonts, it can be described using a comma-separated list of ‘fonts’. However, font ‘styles’ can not be described. For an explanation of fonts, see Fonts explained.
\paper { #(define fonts (make-pango-font-tree "Times New Roman" "Nimbus Sans,Nimbus Sans L" "Luxi Mono" (/ staff-height pt 20))) } \relative c'{ c1-\markup { roman, \sans sans, \typewriter typewriter. } }
Note: make-pango-font-tree
resets the notation fonts to default of
Emmentaler.
The following syntax allows you to change the specific fonts,
leaving others to the default values.
The following example has the same effect
as the above make-pango-font-tree
example.
The same as make-pango-font-tree
,
you can specify a comma-separated list of ‘fonts’ for roman
,
sans
, and typewriter
categories.
If you don’t change the staff size from the default of 20 pt,
#:factor (/ staff-height pt 20)
is unnecessary.
\paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:roman "Times New Roman" #:sans "Nimbus Sans,Nimbus Sans L" #:typewriter "Luxi Mono" #:factor (/ staff-height pt 20) ; unnecessary if the staff size is default )) }
It also can specify the notation fonts. The following example also has the same effect as the above examples, because it sets the notation fonts as the default. For more information, see Replacing the notation font.
\paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:music "emmentaler" ; default #:brace "emmentaler" ; default #:roman "Times New Roman" #:sans "Nimbus Sans,Nimbus Sans L" #:typewriter "Luxi Mono" #:factor (/ staff-height pt 20) ; unnecessary if the staff size is default )) }
Note: Each call to set-global-fonts
completely resets both the main
notation and text fonts. If any category is left unspecified, then the default
font will be used for that category.
Each call of set-global-fonts
affects each \book
blocks that
follow it.
If there are multiple \book
blocks and you want to use different fonts
for each, simply call set-global-fonts
again, like this:
\paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts … )) } \book { … } \paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts … )) } \book { … }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Fonts explained, Single entry fonts, Selecting font and font size, Font, Replacing the notation font.
[ << Notació musical ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Entire document fonts ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Vocal music > ] |
2. Specialist notation
This chapter explains how to create musical notation for specific types of instrument or in specific styles.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Specialist notation ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for vocal music > ] |
2.1 Vocal music
This section explains how to typeset vocal music, and make sure that the lyrics will be aligned with the notes of their melody.
2.1.1 Common notation for vocal music | ||
2.1.2 Techniques specific to lyrics | ||
2.1.3 Stanzas | ||
2.1.4 Songs | ||
2.1.5 Choral | ||
2.1.6 Opera and stage musicals | ||
2.1.7 Chants psalms and hymns | ||
2.1.8 Ancient vocal music | ||
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Vocal music ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ References for vocal music > ] |
2.1.1 Common notation for vocal music
This section discusses issues common to most types of vocal music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Entering lyrics > ] |
References for vocal music
This section indicates where to find details of notation issues that may arise in any type of vocal music.
- Most styles of vocal music use written text as lyrics. An introduction to this notation is to be found in Setting simple songs.
-
Vocal music is likely to require the use of
markup
mode, either for lyrics or for other text elements (characters’ names, etc.). This syntax is described in Text markup introduction. - Ambitus may be added at the beginning of vocal staves, as explained in Tessitura.
- Dynamic markings by default are placed below the staff, but in choral music they are usually placed above the staff in order to avoid the lyrics, as explained in Score layouts for choral.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: ambitus.
Learning Manual: Setting simple songs.
Notation Reference: Text markup introduction, Tessitura, Score layouts for choral.
Snippets: Vocal music.
Entering lyrics
Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
by the keyword \lyricmode
, or by using \addlyrics
or
\lyricsto
. In this special input mode, the input d
is not parsed as the pitch D, but rather as a one-letter
syllable of text. In other words, syllables are entered like notes
but with pitches replaced by text.
For example:
\lyricmode { Three4 blind mice,2 three4 blind mice2 }
There are two main methods for specifying the horizontal placement
of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
explicitly, as in the example above, or by leaving the lyrics to be
aligned automatically to a melody or other voice of music, using
\addlyrics
or \lyricsto
. The former method is
described below in Manual syllable durations. The latter
method is described in Automatic syllable durations.
A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character (plus some other characters, see below) and is terminated by any white space or a digit. Later characters in the syllable can be any character that is not a digit or white space.
Because any character that is not a digit or white space is regarded
as part of the syllable, a word is valid even if it ends with
}
, which often leads to the following mistake:
\lyricmode { lah lah lah}
In this example, the }
is included in the final syllable, so the
opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
compile. Instead, braces should always be surrounded with white space:
\lyricmode { lah lah lah }
Punctuation, lyrics with accented characters, characters from non-English languages, or special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes), may simply be inserted directly into the input file, providing it is saved with UTF-8 encoding. For more information, see Special characters.
\relative { d''8 c16 a bes8 f ees' d c4 } \addlyrics { „Schad’ um das schö -- ne grü -- ne Band, }
Normal quotes may be used in lyrics, but they have to be preceded with a backslash character and the whole syllable has to be enclosed between additional quotes. For example,
\relative { \time 3/4 e'4 e4. e8 d4 e d c2. } \addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone -- "ly,\"" said she }
The full definition of a word start in lyrics mode is somewhat more
complex. A word in lyrics mode is one that begins with an
alphabetic character, _
, ?
, !
, :
,
'
, the control characters ^A
through ^F
,
^Q
through ^W
, ^Y
, ^^
, any 8-bit
character with an ASCII code over 127, or a two-character
combination of a backslash followed by one of `
, '
,
"
, or ^
.
Great control over the appearance of lyrics comes from using
\markup
inside the lyrics themselves. For explanation of many
options, see Formatting text.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Formatting lyrics syllables
Markup mode may be used to format individual syllables in lyrics.
mel = \relative c'' { c4 c c c } lyr = \lyricmode { Lyrics \markup { \italic can } \markup { \with-color #red contain } \markup { \fontsize #8 \bold Markup! } } << \new Voice = melody \mel \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody \lyr >>
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Songs.
Notation Reference: Automatic syllable durations, Fonts, Formatting text, Input modes, Manual syllable durations, Special characters.
Internals Reference: LyricText.
Snippets: Text.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Entering lyrics ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Automatic syllable durations > ] |
Aligning lyrics to a melody
Lyrics are interpreted in \lyricmode
and printed in a
Lyrics
context, see Contexts explained.
\new Lyrics \lyricmode { … }
Two variants of \lyricmode
additionally set an associated
context used to synchronise the lyric syllables to music. The more
convenient \addlyrics
immediately follows the musical content
of the Voice context with which it should be synchronised, implicitly
creating a Lyrics context of its own. The more versatile
\lyricsto
requires both specifying the associated Voice context
by name and explicitly creating a containing Lyrics context. For
details see Automatic syllable durations.
Lyrics can be aligned with melodies in two main ways:
-
Lyrics can be aligned automatically, with the durations of the
syllables being taken from another voice of music or (in special
circumstances) an associated melody, using
\addlyrics
,\lyricsto
, or by setting theassociatedVoice
property. For more details, see Automatic syllable durations.<< \new Staff << \time 2/4 \new Voice = "one" \relative { \voiceOne c''4 b8. a16 g4. r8 a4 ( b ) c2 } \new Voice = "two" \relative { \voiceTwo s2 s4. f'8 e4 d c2 } >> % takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { Life is __ _ love, live __ life. } % takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" initially % then switches to "two" \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let \set associatedVoice = "two" % must be set one syllable early sins and sor -- rows grow. } >>
The first stanza shows the normal way of entering lyrics.
The second stanza shows how the voice from which the lyric durations are taken can be changed. This is useful if the words to different stanzas fit the notes in different ways and all the durations are available in Voice contexts. For more details, see Stanzas.
-
Lyrics can be aligned independently of the duration of any notes
if the durations of the syllables are specified explicitly,
and entered with
\lyricmode
.<< \new Voice = "one" \relative { \time 2/4 c''4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 } % uses previous explicit duration of 2; \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! } % explicit durations, set to a different rhythm \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Life4 is love,2. live4 life.2 } >>
The first stanza is not aligned with the notes because the durations were not specified, and the previous value of 2 is used for each word.
The second stanza shows how the words can be aligned quite independently from the notes. This is useful if the words to different stanzas fit the notes in different ways and the required durations are not available in a music context. For more details see Manual syllable durations. This technique is also useful when setting dialogue over music; for examples showing this, see Dialogue over music.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Aligning lyrics to a melody.
Notation Reference: Contexts explained, Automatic syllable durations, Stanzas, Manual syllable durations, Dialogue over music, Manual syllable durations.
Internals Reference: Lyrics.
Automatic syllable durations
Lyrics can be automatically aligned to the notes of a melody in three ways:
-
by specifying the named Voice context containing the melody with
\lyricsto
, -
by introducing the lyrics with
\addlyrics
and placing them immediately after the Voice context containing the melody, -
by setting the
associatedVoice
property, the alignment of the lyrics may be switched to a different named Voice context at any musical moment.
In all three methods hyphens can be drawn between the syllables of a word and extender lines can be drawn beyond the end of a word. For details, see Extenders and hyphens.
The Voice
context containing the melody to which the lyrics
are being aligned must not have “died”, or the lyrics after that
point will be lost. This can happen if there are periods when that
voice has nothing to do. For methods of keeping contexts alive, see
Keeping contexts alive.
Using \lyricsto
Lyrics can be aligned under a melody automatically by specifying
the named Voice context containing the melody with
\lyricsto
:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { a'1 a4. a8 a2 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { These are the words } >>
This aligns the lyrics to the notes of the named Voice
context, which must already exist. Therefore normally the
Voice
context is specified first, followed by the
Lyrics
context. The lyrics themselves follow the
\lyricsto
command. The \lyricsto
command
invokes lyric mode automatically. By default, the lyrics are placed
underneath the notes. For other placements, see
Placing lyrics vertically.
Using \addlyrics
The \addlyrics
command is just a convenient shortcut that
can sometimes be used instead of having to set up the lyrics
through a more complicated LilyPond structure.
{ MUSIC } \addlyrics { LYRICS }
is the same as
\new Voice = "blah" { MUSIC } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" { LYRICS }
Here is an example,
{ \time 3/4 \relative { c'2 e4 g2. } \addlyrics { play the game } }
More stanzas can be added by adding more
\addlyrics
sections:
{ \time 3/4 \relative { c'2 e4 g2. } \addlyrics { play the game } \addlyrics { speel het spel } \addlyrics { joue le jeu } }
The command \addlyrics
cannot handle polyphonic settings.
Also, it cannot be used to associate lyrics to a TabVoice
.
For these cases one should use \lyricsto
.
Using associatedVoice
The melody to which the lyrics are being aligned can be changed by
setting the associatedVoice
property,
\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
The value of the property (here: "lala"
) should be the name
of a Voice
context. For technical reasons, the \set
command must be placed one syllable before the one to which the
change in voice is to apply.
Here is an example demonstrating its use:
<< \new Staff << \time 2/4 \new Voice = "one" \relative { \voiceOne c''4 b8. a16 g4. r8 a4 ( b ) c2 } \new Voice = "two" \relative { \voiceTwo s2 s4. f'8 e8 d4. c2 } >> % takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" initially % then switches to "two" \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let \set associatedVoice = "two" % must be set one syllable early sins and sor -- rows grow. } >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Extenders and hyphens, Keeping contexts alive, Placing lyrics vertically.
Manual syllable durations
In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place lyrics
completely independently of notes. In this case do not use
\lyricsto
or \addlyrics
and do not set
associatedVoice
. Syllables are entered like notes –
but with pitches replaced by text – and the duration of each
syllable is entered explicitly after the syllable.
Hyphenated lines may be drawn between syllables as usual, but extender lines cannot be drawn when there is no associated voice.
Here are two examples:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { c''2 a f f e e } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { c4. -- a -- f -- f -- e2. -- e } >>
<< \new Staff { \relative { c''2 c2 d1 } } \new Lyrics { \lyricmode { I2 like4. my8 cat!1 } } \new Staff { \relative { c'8 c c c c c c c c8 c c c c c c c } } >>
This technique is useful when writing dialogue over music, see Dialogue over music.
To change syllable alignment, simply override the self-alignment-X
property:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 c'2 e4 g2 f } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #LEFT play1 a4 game4 } >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Dialogue over music.
Internals Reference: Lyrics, Voice.
Multiple syllables to one note
In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note with
spaces between the syllables, you can surround the phrase with
quotes or use a _
character. Alternatively, you can use
the tilde symbol (~
) to get a lyric tie.
{ \relative { \autoBeamOff r8 b' c fis, fis c' b e, } \addlyrics { \override LyricHyphen.minimum-distance = #1.0 % Ensure hyphens are visible Che_in ques -- ta_e_in quel -- l'al -- tr'on -- da } \addlyrics { "Che in" ques -- "ta e in" quel -- l'al -- tr'on -- da } \addlyrics { Che~in ques -- ta~e~in quel -- l'al -- tr'on -- da } }
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: LyricCombineMusic.
Multiple notes to one syllable
Sometimes, particularly in Medieval and baroque music, several notes are sung on one syllable; this is called melisma, see melisma. The syllable to a melisma is usually left-aligned with the first note of the melisma.
When a melisma occurs on a syllable other than the last one in a
word, that syllable is usually joined to the following one with a
hyphenated line. This is indicated by placing a double hyphen,
--
, immediately after the syllable.
Alternatively, when a melisma occurs on the last or only syllable in
a word an extender line is usually drawn from the end of the syllable
to the last note of the melisma. This is indicated by placing a
double underscore, __
, immediately after the word.
There are five ways in which melismata can be indicated:
-
Melismata are created automatically over notes which are tied
together:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 f''4 g2 ~ | 4 e2 ~ | 8 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e __ } >>
-
Melismata can be created automatically from the music by placing
slurs over the notes of each melisma. This is the usual way of
entering lyrics:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 f''4 g8 ( f e f ) e8 ( d e2 ) } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e __ } >>
Note that phrasing slurs do not affect the creation of melismata.
-
Notes are considered a melisma if they are manually beamed,
providing automatic beaming is switched off. See
Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques.
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff f''4 g8[ f e f] e2. } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e } >>
Clearly this is not suited to melismata over notes which are longer than eighth notes.
-
An unslurred group of notes will be treated as a melisma if they
are bracketed between
\melisma
and\melismaEnd
.<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 f''4 g8 \melisma f e f \melismaEnd e2. } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e } >>
-
A melisma can be defined entirely in the lyrics by entering a
single underscore character,
_
, for every extra note that has to be added to the melisma.<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 f''4 g8 f e f e8 d e2 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- _ _ _ e __ _ _ } >>
It is possible to have ties, slurs and manual beams in the melody
without their indicating melismata. To do this, set
melismaBusyProperties
:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() c'4 d ( e ) g8 [ f ] f4 ~ 4 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e e -- le -- i -- son } >>
Other settings for melismaBusyProperties
can be used to
selectively include or exclude ties, slurs, and beams from the
automatic detection of melismata; see melismaBusyProperties
in
Tunable context properties.
Alternatively, if all melismata indications are to be ignored,
ignoreMelismata
may be set true;
see Stanzas with different rhythms.
If a melisma is required during a passage in which
melismaBusyProperties
is active, it may be indicated by
placing a single underscore in the lyrics for each note which
should be included in the melisma:
<< \new Voice = "melody" \relative { \time 3/4 \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() c'4 d ( e ) g8 [ f ] ~ 4 ~ f } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- _ e __ _ _ _ } >>
Instruccions predefinides
\autoBeamOff
,
\autoBeamOn
,
\melisma
,
\melismaEnd
.
Vegeu també
Musical Glossary: melisma.
Learning Manual: Aligning lyrics to a melody.
Notation Reference: Aligning lyrics to a melody, Automatic syllable durations, Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques, Stanzas with different rhythms.
Internals Reference: Tunable context properties.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Extender lines under melismata are not created automatically; they must be inserted manually with a double underscore.
Extenders and hyphens
In the last syllable of a word, melismata are sometimes indicated with a long horizontal line starting in the melisma syllable, and ending in the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered as ‘ __ ’ (note the spaces before and after the two underscore characters).
Nota: Melismata are indicated in the score with extender lines, which are entered as one double underscore; but short melismata can also be entered by skipping individual notes, which are entered as single underscore characters; these do not make an extender line to be typeset by default.
Centered hyphens are entered as ‘ -- ’ between syllables of a same word (note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted depending on the space between the syllables.
In tightly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
happens can be controlled with the minimum-distance
(minimum
distance between two syllables) and the minimum-length
(threshold below which hyphens are removed) properties of
LyricHyphen
.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: LyricExtender, LyricHyphen.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Extenders and hyphens ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ Working with lyrics and variables > ] |
2.1.2 Techniques specific to lyrics
Working with lyrics and variables | ||
Placing lyrics vertically | ||
Placing syllables horizontally | ||
Lyrics and repeats | ||
Divisi lyrics | ||
Polyphony with shared lyrics |
Working with lyrics and variables
Variables containing lyrics can be created, but the lyrics must be entered in lyric mode:
musicOne = \relative { c''4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 } verseOne = \lyricmode { Joy to the world, the Lord is come. } \score { << \new Voice = "one" { \time 2/4 \musicOne } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { \verseOne } >> }
Durations do not need to be added if the variable is to be invoked
with \addlyrics
or \lyricsto
.
For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to define
the music and lyric variables first, then set up the hierarchy of
staves and lyrics, omitting the lyrics themselves, and then add the
lyrics using \context
underneath. This ensures that the
voices referenced by \lyricsto
have always been defined
earlier. For example:
sopranoMusic = \relative { c''4 c c c } contraltoMusic = \relative { a'4 a a a } sopranoWords = \lyricmode { Sop -- ra -- no words } contraltoWords = \lyricmode { Con -- tral -- to words } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice = "sopranos" { \sopranoMusic } } \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \new Lyrics = "contraltos" \new Staff { \new Voice = "contraltos" { \contraltoMusic } } \context Lyrics = "sopranos" { \lyricsto "sopranos" { \sopranoWords } } \context Lyrics = "contraltos" { \lyricsto "contraltos" { \contraltoWords } } >> }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Placing lyrics vertically.
Internals Reference: LyricCombineMusic, Lyrics.
Placing lyrics vertically
Depending on the type of music, lyrics may be positioned above the staff, below the staff, or between staves. Placing lyrics below the associated staff is the easiest, and can be achieved by simply defining the Lyrics context below the Staff context:
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { c''4 c c c } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Here are the words } } >> }
Lyrics may be positioned above the staff using one of two methods. The simplest (and preferred) method is to use the same syntax as above and explicitly specify the position of the lyrics:
\score { << \new Staff = "staff" { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { c''4 c c c } } } \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = "staff" } { \lyricsto "melody" { Here are the words } } >> }
Alternatively, a two-step process may be used. First the Lyrics
context is declared (without any content) before the Staff and
Voice contexts, then the \lyricsto
command is placed after
the Voice declaration it references by using \context
, as
follows:
\score { << \new Lyrics = "lyrics" \with { % lyrics above a staff should have this override \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { c''4 c c c } } } \context Lyrics = "lyrics" { \lyricsto "melody" { Here are the words } } >> }
When there are two voices on separate staves the lyrics may be placed between the staves using either of these methods. Here is an example of the second method:
\score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice = "sopranos" { \relative { c''4 c c c } } } \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \new Lyrics = "contraltos" \with { % lyrics above a staff should have this override \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff { \new Voice = "contraltos" { \relative { a'4 a a a } } } \context Lyrics = "sopranos" { \lyricsto "sopranos" { Sop -- ra -- no words } } \context Lyrics = "contraltos" { \lyricsto "contraltos" { Con -- tral -- to words } } >> }
Other combinations of lyrics and staves may be generated by elaborating these examples, or by examining the templates in the Learning Manual, see Vocal ensembles templates.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Obtaining 2.12 lyrics spacing in newer versions
The vertical spacing engine changed since version 2.14. This can cause lyrics to be spaced differently.
It is possible to set properties for Lyric
and Staff
contexts to get the spacing engine to behave as it did in version 2.12.
global = { \key d \major \time 3/4 } sopMusic = \relative c' { % VERSE ONE fis4 fis fis | \break fis4. e8 e4 } altoMusic = \relative c' { % VERSE ONE d4 d d | d4. b8 b4 | } tenorMusic = \relative c' { a4 a a | b4. g8 g4 | } bassMusic = \relative c { d4 d d | g,4. g8 g4 | } words = \lyricmode { Great is Thy faith -- ful -- ness, } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = sopranos \new Staff = women << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne \global \sopMusic } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo \global \altoMusic } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \new Staff = men << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne \global \tenorMusic } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo \global \bassMusic } >> \new Lyrics = basses \context Lyrics = sopranos \lyricsto sopranos \words \context Lyrics = altos \lyricsto altos \words \context Lyrics = tenors \lyricsto tenors \words \context Lyrics = basses \lyricsto basses \words >> \layout { \context { \Lyrics \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = ##f \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 0) (minimum-distance . 2) (padding . 2)) } \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 0) (minimum-distance . 2) (padding . 2)) } } }
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Vocal ensembles templates.
Notation Reference: Context layout order, Creating and referencing contexts.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Placing lyrics vertically ] | [ Amunt : Techniques specific to lyrics ] | [ Lyrics and repeats > ] |
Placing syllables horizontally
To increase the spacing between lyrics, set the
minimum-distance
property of LyricSpace
.
\relative c' { c c c c \override Lyrics.LyricSpace.minimum-distance = #1.0 c c c c } \addlyrics { longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext }
To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the
\layout
block.
\score { \relative { c' c c c c c c c } \addlyrics { longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext longtext } \layout { \context { \Lyrics \override LyricSpace.minimum-distance = #1.0 } } }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Lyrics alignment
Horizontal alignment for lyrics can be set by overriding the
self-alignment-X
property of the LyricText
object.
#-1
is left, #0
is center and #1
is right;
however, you can use #LEFT
, #CENTER
and #RIGHT
as
well.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c1 c1 c1 } \addlyrics { \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #LEFT "This is left-aligned" \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #CENTER "This is centered" \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #1 "This is right-aligned" }
Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins requires additional calculations. To speed up processing slightly, this feature can be disabled:
\override Score.PaperColumn.keep-inside-line = ##f
To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use
\layout { \context { \Lyrics \consists "Bar_engraver" \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" \hide BarLine } }
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Placing syllables horizontally ] | [ Amunt : Techniques specific to lyrics ] | [ Divisi lyrics > ] |
Lyrics and repeats
Simple repeats
Repeats in music are fully described elsewhere; see Repeticions. This section explains how to add lyrics to repeated sections of music.
Lyrics to a section of music that is repeated should be surrounded by exactly the same repeat construct as the music, if the words are unchanged.
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat volta 2 { b4 b b b } } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. \repeat volta 2 { Re -- peat -- ed twice. } } } >> }
The words will then be correctly expanded if the repeats are unfolded.
\score { \unfoldRepeats { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat volta 2 { b4 b b b } } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. \repeat volta 2 { Re -- peat -- ed twice. } } } >> } }
If the repeated section is to be unfolded and has different words, simply enter all the words:
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat unfold 2 { b4 b b b } } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. The first time words. Sec -- ond time words. } } >> }
When the words to a repeated volta section are different, the words
to each repeat must be entered in separate Lyrics
contexts,
correctly nested in parallel sections:
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat volta 2 { b4 b b b } } } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. << { The first time words. } \new Lyrics { \set associatedVoice = "melody" Sec -- ond time words. } >> } >> }
More verses may be added in a similar way:
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "singleVoice" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat volta 3 { b4 b b b } c4 c c c } } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "singleVoice" { Not re -- peat -- ed. << { The first time words. } \new Lyrics { \set associatedVoice = "singleVoice" Sec -- ond time words. } \new Lyrics { \set associatedVoice = "singleVoice" The third time words. } >> The end sec -- tion. } >> }
However, if this construct is embedded within a multi-staved
context such as a ChoirStaff
the lyrics of the second and
third verses will appear beneath the bottom staff.
To position them correctly use alignBelowContext
:
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat volta 3 { b4 b b b } c4 c c c } } } \new Lyrics = "firstVerse" \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. << { The first time words. } \new Lyrics = "secondVerse" \with { alignBelowContext = #"firstVerse" } { \set associatedVoice = "melody" Sec -- ond time words. } \new Lyrics = "thirdVerse" \with { alignBelowContext = #"secondVerse" } { \set associatedVoice = "melody" The third time words. } >> The end sec -- tion. } \new Voice = "harmony" { \relative { f'4 f f f \repeat volta 2 { g8 g g4 g2 } a4 a8. a16 a2 } } >> }
Repeats with alternative endings
If the words of the repeated section are the same, and none of the
\alternative
blocks start with a rest, exactly the same
structure can be used for both the lyrics and music. This has the
advantage that \unfoldRepeats
will expand both music and
lyrics correctly.
\score { << \new Staff { \time 2/4 \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { a'4 a a a \repeat volta 2 { b4 b } \alternative { { b b } { b c } } } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. \repeat volta 2 { Re -- peat -- } \alternative { { ed twice. } { ed twice. } } } } >> }
But when the repeated section has different words, or when one
of the \alternative
blocks starts with a rest, a repeat
construct cannot be used around the words and \skip
commands
have to be inserted manually to skip over the notes in the
alternative sections which do not apply.
Note: do not use an underscore, _
, to skip notes – an
underscore indicates a melisma, causing the preceding syllable
to be left-aligned.
Nota: The \skip
command must be followed by a number,
but this number is ignored in lyrics which derive their durations
from the notes in an associated melody through addlyrics
or
lyricsto
. Each \skip
skips a single note of any
value, irrespective of the value of the following number.
\score { << \new Staff { \time 2/4 \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { \repeat volta 2 { b'4 b } \alternative { { b b } { b c } } c4 c } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { The first time words. \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } End here. } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Sec -- ond \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } time words. } } >> }
When a note is tied over into two or more alternative endings a
tie is used to carry the note into the first alternative ending and
a \repeatTie
is used in the second and subsequent endings.
This structure causes difficult alignment problems when lyrics are
involved and increasing the length of the alternative sections so
the tied notes are contained wholly within them may give a more
acceptable result.
The tie creates a melisma into the first alternative, but not into the second and subsequent alternatives, so to align the lyrics correctly it is necessary to disable the automatic creation of melismata over the volta section and insert manual skips.
\score { << \new Staff { \time 2/4 \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() \repeat volta 2 { b'4 b ~} \alternative { { b b } { b \repeatTie c } } \unset melismaBusyProperties c4 c } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { \repeat volta 2 { Here's a __ } \alternative { { \skip 1 verse } { \skip 1 sec } } ond one. } } >> }
Note that if \unfoldRepeats
is used around a section
containing \repeatTie
, the \repeatTie
should be
removed to avoid both types of tie being printed.
When the repeated section has different words a \repeat
cannot be used around the lyrics and \skip
commands need to
be inserted manually, as before.
\score { << \new Staff { \time 2/4 \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { \repeat volta 2 { b'4 b ~} \alternative { { b b } { b \repeatTie c } } c4 c } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Here's a __ verse. \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Here's one \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } more to sing. } } >> }
If you wish to show extenders and hyphens into and out of alternative sections these must be inserted manually.
\score { << \new Staff { \time 2/4 \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { \repeat volta 2 { b'4 b ~} \alternative { { b b } { b \repeatTie c } } c4 c } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Here's a __ verse. \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Here's "a_" \skip 1 "_" sec -- ond one. } } >> }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Keeping contexts alive, Repeticions.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Lyrics and repeats ] | [ Amunt : Techniques specific to lyrics ] | [ Polyphony with shared lyrics > ] |
Divisi lyrics
When just the words and rhythms of the two parts differ with the pitches remaining the same, temporarily turning off the automatic detection of melismata and indicating the melisma in the lyrics may be the appropriate method to use:
\score { << \new Voice = "melody" { \relative c' { \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() \slurDown \slurDashed e4 e8 ( e ) c4 c | \unset melismaBusyProperties c } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { They shall not o -- ver -- come } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { We will _ } >> }
When both music and words differ it may be better to display the differing music and lyrics by naming voice contexts and attaching lyrics to those specific contexts:
\score { << \new Voice = "melody" { \relative { << { \voiceOne e'4 e8 e } \new Voice = "splitpart" { \voiceTwo c4 c } >> \oneVoice c4 c | c } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { They shall not o -- ver -- come } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "splitpart" { We will } >> }
It is common in choral music to have a voice part split for
several measures. The << {…} \\ {…} >>
construct, where the two (or more) musical expressions are
separated by double backslashes, might seem the proper way to
set the split voices. This construct, however, will assign
all the expressions within it to NEW Voice
contexts which will result in no lyrics being set for
them since the lyrics will be set to the original voice context
– not, typically, what one wants. The temporary polyphonic
passage is the proper construct to use, see section
Temporary polyphonic passages in Polifonia en un sol pentagrama.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Divisi lyrics ] | [ Amunt : Techniques specific to lyrics ] | [ Stanzas > ] |
Polyphony with shared lyrics
When two voices with different rhythms share the same lyrics, aligning the lyrics to one of the voices may lead to problems in the other voice. For example, the second lyric extender below is too short, since the lyrics are aligned only to the top voice:
soprano = \relative { b'8( c d c) d2 } alto = \relative { g'2 b8( a g a) } words = \lyricmode { la __ la __ } \new Staff << \new Voice = "sopranoVoice" { \voiceOne \soprano } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \alto } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "sopranoVoice" \words >>
To get the desired result, align the lyrics to a new
NullVoice
context containing a suitable combination of the
two voices. The notes of the NullVoice
context do not
appear on the printed page, but can be used to align the lyrics
appropriately:
soprano = \relative { b'8( c d c) d2 } alto = \relative { g'2 b8( a g a) } aligner = \relative { b'8( c d c) b( a g a) } words = \lyricmode { la __ la __ } \new Staff << \new Voice { \voiceOne \soprano } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \alto } \new NullVoice = "aligner" \aligner \new Lyrics \lyricsto "aligner" \words >>
This method also can be used with the \partcombine
function, which does not allow lyrics on its own:
soprano = \relative { b'8( c d c) d2 } alto = \relative { g'2 b8( a g a) } aligner = \relative { b'8( c d c) b( a g a) } words = \lyricmode { la __ la __ } \new Staff << \new Voice \partcombine \soprano \alto \new NullVoice = "aligner" \aligner \new Lyrics \lyricsto "aligner" \words >>
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The \addLyrics
function only works with Voice
lyrics
and so cannot be used with NullVoice
.
The \partcombine
function is described in
Combinació automàtica de les parts.
Lastly, this method can be used even when the voices are in different staves, and is not limited to only two voices:
soprano = \relative { b'8( c d c) d2 } altoOne = \relative { g'2 b8( a b4) } altoTwo = \relative { d'2 g4( fis8 g) } aligner = \relative { b'8( c d c) d( d d d) } words = \lyricmode { la __ la __ } \new ChoirStaff \with {\accepts NullVoice } << \new Staff \soprano \new NullVoice = "aligner" \aligner \new Lyrics \lyricsto "aligner" \words \new Staff \partcombine \altoOne \altoTwo >>
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Polyphony with shared lyrics ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ Adding stanza numbers > ] |
2.1.3 Stanzas
Adding stanza numbers | ||
Adding dynamics marks to stanzas | ||
Adding singers’ names to stanzas | ||
Stanzas with different rhythms | ||
Printing stanzas at the end | ||
Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Stanzas ] | [ Amunt : Stanzas ] | [ Adding dynamics marks to stanzas > ] |
Adding stanza numbers
Stanza numbers can be added by setting stanza
, e.g.,
\new Voice \relative { \time 3/4 g'2 e4 a2 f4 g2. } \addlyrics { \set stanza = #"1. " Hi, my name is Bert. } \addlyrics { \set stanza = #"2. " Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime }
These numbers are put just before the start of the first syllable.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Adding stanza numbers ] | [ Amunt : Stanzas ] | [ Adding singers' names to stanzas > ] |
Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
Stanzas differing in loudness may be indicated by putting a
dynamics mark before each stanza. In LilyPond, everything coming in
front of a stanza goes into the StanzaNumber
object; dynamics
marks are no different. For technical reasons, you have to set the
stanza outside \lyricmode
:
text = { \set stanza = \markup { \dynamic "ff" "1. " } \lyricmode { Big bang } } << \new Voice = "tune" { \time 3/4 g'4 c'2 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tune" \text >>
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Adding dynamics marks to stanzas ] | [ Amunt : Stanzas ] | [ Stanzas with different rhythms > ] |
Adding singers’ names to stanzas
Names of singers can also be added. They are printed at the start of
the line, just like instrument names. They are created by setting
vocalName
. A short version may be entered as
shortVocalName
.
\new Voice \relative { \time 3/4 g'2 e4 a2 f4 g2. } \addlyrics { \set vocalName = #"Bert " Hi, my name is Bert. } \addlyrics { \set vocalName = #"Ernie " Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime }
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Adding singers' names to stanzas ] | [ Amunt : Stanzas ] | [ Printing stanzas at the end > ] |
Stanzas with different rhythms
Often, different stanzas of one song are put to one melody in slightly
differing ways. Such variations can still be captured with
\lyricsto
.
Ignoring melismata
One possibility is that the text has a melisma in one stanza, but
multiple syllables in another. One solution is to make the faster
voice ignore the melisma. This is done by setting
ignoreMelismata
in the Lyrics context.
<< \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" { \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f c'4 \slurDotted f8.[( g16]) a4 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" { more slow -- ly } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" { go \set ignoreMelismata = ##t fas -- ter \unset ignoreMelismata still } >>
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Unlike most \set
commands, \set ignoreMelismata
does
not work if prefixed with \once
. It is necessary to use
\set
and \unset
to bracket the lyrics where melismata
are to be ignored.
Adding syllables to grace notes
By default, grace notes (e.g., via \grace
) do not get assigned
syllables when using \lyricsto
, but this behavior can be
changed:
<< \new Voice = melody \relative { f'4 \appoggiatura a32 b4 \grace { f16 a16 } b2 \afterGrace b2 { f16[ a16] } \appoggiatura a32 b4 \acciaccatura a8 b4 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody { normal \set includeGraceNotes = ##t case, gra -- ce case, after -- grace case, \set ignoreMelismata = ##t app. case, acc. case. } >>
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Like associatedVoice
, includeGraceNotes
needs to be
set at latest one syllable before the one which is to be put under a
grace note. For the case of a grace note at the very beginning of a
piece of music, consider using a \with
or \context
block:
<< \new Voice = melody \relative c' { \grace { c16( d e f } g1) f } \new Lyrics \with { includeGraceNotes = ##t } \lyricsto melody { Ah __ fa } >>
Switching to an alternative melody
More complex variations in setting lyrics to music are possible.
The melody to which the lyrics are being set can be changed from
within the lyrics by setting the associatedVoice
property:
<< \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" { \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f c'4 << \new Voice = "alternative" { \voiceOne \tuplet 3/2 { % show associations clearly. \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = #-3 f8 f g } } { \voiceTwo f8.[ g16] \oneVoice } >> a8( b) c } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" { Ju -- ras -- sic Park } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" { % Tricky: need to set associatedVoice % one syllable too soon! \set associatedVoice = "alternative" % applies to "ran" Ty -- ran -- no -- \set associatedVoice = "lahlah" % applies to "rus" sau -- rus Rex } >>
The text for the first stanza is set to the melody called
‘lahlah’ in the usual way, but the second stanza is set initally
to the lahlah
context and is then switched to the
alternative
melody for the syllables ‘ran’ to ‘sau’ by
the lines:
\set associatedVoice = "alternative" % applies to "ran" Ty -- ran -- no -- \set associatedVoice = "lahlah" % applies to "rus" sau -- rus Rex
Here, alternative
is the name of the Voice
context
containing the triplet.
Note the placement of the \set associatedVoice
command –
it appears to be one syllable too early, but this is correct.
Nota: The set associatedVoice
command must be placed
one syllable before the one at which the switch to the new
voice is to occur. In other words, changing the associated Voice
happens one syllable later than expected. This is for technical
reasons, and it is not a bug.
Printing stanzas at the end
Sometimes it is appropriate to have one stanza set
to the music, and the rest added in verse form at
the end of the piece. This can be accomplished by adding
the extra verses into a \markup
section outside
of the main score block. Notice that there are two
different ways to force linebreaks when using
\markup
.
melody = \relative { e' d c d | e e e e | d d e d | c1 | } text = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"1." Ma- ry had a lit- tle lamb, its fleece was white as snow. } \score{ << \new Voice = "one" { \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } } \markup { \column{ \line{ Verse 2. } \line{ All the children laughed and played } \line{ To see a lamb at school. } } } \markup{ \wordwrap-string #" Verse 3. Mary took it home again, It was against the rule." }
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Printing stanzas at the end ] | [ Amunt : Stanzas ] | [ Songs > ] |
Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
When a piece of music has many verses, they are often printed in multiple columns across the page. An outdented verse number often introduces each verse. The following example shows how to produce such output in LilyPond.
melody = \relative { c'4 c c c | d d d d } text = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"1." This is verse one. It has two lines. } \score { << \new Voice = "one" { \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } } \markup { \fill-line { \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin; % can be removed if space on the page is tight \column { \line { \bold "2." \column { "This is verse two." "It has two lines." } } \combine \null \vspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses \line { \bold "3." \column { "This is verse three." "It has two lines." } } } \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns; \column { \line { \bold "4." \column { "This is verse four." "It has two lines." } } \combine \null \vspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses \line { \bold "5." \column { "This is verse five." "It has two lines." } } } \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin; % can be removed if page space is tight } }
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: LyricText, StanzaNumber.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ References for songs > ] |
2.1.4 Songs
References for songs | ||
Lead sheets |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Songs ] | [ Amunt : Songs ] | [ Lead sheets > ] |
References for songs
Songs are usually written on three staves with the melody for the singer on the top staff and two staves of piano accompaniment at the bottom. The lyrics of the first stanza are printed immediately underneath the top staff. If there are just a small number of further stanzas these can be printed immediately under the first one, but if there are more stanzas than can be easily accommodated there the second and subsequent stanzas are printed after the music as stand-alone text.
All the notational elements needed to write songs are fully described elsewhere:
- For constructing the staff layout, see Visualització dels pentagrames.
- For writing piano music, see Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments.
- For writing the lyrics to a melody line, see Common notation for vocal music.
- For placing the lyrics, see Placing lyrics vertically.
- For entering stanzas, see Stanzas.
- Songs are frequently printed with the chording indicated by chord names above the staves. This is described in Displaying chords.
- To print fret diagrams of the chords for guitar accompaniment or accompaniment by other fretted instruments, see “Fret diagram markups” in Common notation for fretted strings.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Songs.
Notation Reference: Common notation for vocal music, Displaying chords, Visualització dels pentagrames, Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments, Placing lyrics vertically, Stanzas.
Snippets: Vocal music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for songs ] | [ Amunt : Songs ] | [ Choral > ] |
Lead sheets
Lead sheets may be printed by combining vocal parts and ‘chord mode’; this syntax is explained in Chord notation.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Simple lead sheet
When put together, chord names, a melody, and lyrics form a lead sheet:
<< \chords { c2 g:sus4 f e } \relative c'' { a4 e c8 e r4 b2 c4( d) } \addlyrics { One day this shall be free __ } >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Chord notation.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Lead sheets ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ References for choral > ] |
2.1.5 Choral
This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to choral music. This includes anthems, part songs, oratorio, etc.
References for choral | ||
Score layouts for choral | ||
Divided voices |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Choral ] | [ Amunt : Choral ] | [ Score layouts for choral > ] |
References for choral
Choral music is usually notated on two, three or four staves within
a ChoirStaff
group. Accompaniment, if required, is placed
beneath in a PianoStaff
group, which is usually reduced in
size for rehearsal of a cappella choral works. The notes for
each vocal part are placed in a Voice
context, with each staff
being given either a single vocal part (i.e., one Voice
) or
a pair of vocal parts (i.e., two Voice
s).
Words are placed in Lyrics
contexts, either underneath each
corresponding music staff, or one above and one below the music
staff if this contains the music for two parts.
Several common topics in choral music are described fully elsewhere:
- An introduction to creating an SATB vocal score can be found in the Learning Manual, see Four-part SATB vocal score. There is also a built-in template which simplifies the entry of SATB vocal music, see Built-in templates.
- Several templates suitable for various styles of choral music can also be found in the Learning Manual, see Vocal ensembles templates.
-
For information about
ChoirStaff
andPianoStaff
see Agrupament de pentagrames. - Shape note heads, as used in Sacred Harp and similar notation, are described in Caps de notes amb formes diverses.
-
When two vocal parts share a staff the stems, ties, slurs, etc., of
the higher part will be directed up and those of the lower part
down. To do this, use
\voiceOne
and\voiceTwo
. See Polifonia en un sol pentagrama. - When a vocal part temporarily splits, you should use Temporary polyphonic passages (see Polifonia en un sol pentagrama).
Instruccions predefinides
\oneVoice
,
\voiceOne
,
\voiceTwo
.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Four-part SATB vocal score, Vocal ensembles templates.
Notation Reference: Context layout order, Agrupament de pentagrames, Caps de notes amb formes diverses, Polifonia en un sol pentagrama.
Snippets: Vocal music.
Internals Reference: ChoirStaff, Lyrics, PianoStaff.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for choral ] | [ Amunt : Choral ] | [ Divided voices > ] |
Score layouts for choral
Choral music containing four staves, with or without piano accompaniment, is usually laid out with two systems per page. Depending on the page size, achieving this may require changes to several default settings. The following settings should be considered:
- The global staff size can be modified to change the overall size of the elements of the score. See Setting the staff size.
- The distances between the systems, the staves and the lyrics can all be adjusted independently. See Vertical spacing.
- The dimensions of the vertical layout variables can be displayed as an aid to adjusting the vertical spacing. This and other possibilities for fitting the music onto fewer pages are described in Fitting music onto fewer pages.
- If the number of systems per page changes from one to two it is customary to indicate this with a system separator mark between the two systems. See Separació de sistemes.
- For details of other page formatting properties, see Page layout.
Dynamic markings by default are placed below the staff, but in
choral music they are usually placed above the staff in order to
avoid the lyrics. The predefined command \dynamicUp
does
this for the dynamic markings in a single Voice
context.
If there are many Voice
contexts this predefined command
would have to be placed in every one. Alternatively its expanded
form can be used to place all dynamic markings in the entire score
above their respective staves, as shown here:
\score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice { \relative { g'4\f g g g } } } \new Staff { \new Voice { \relative { d'4 d d\p d } } } >> \layout { \context { \Score \override DynamicText.direction = #UP \override DynamicLineSpanner.direction = #UP } } }
Instruccions predefinides
\dynamicUp
,
\dynamicDown
,
\dynamicNeutral
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Changing spacing, Displaying spacing, Fitting music onto fewer pages, Page layout, Score layout, Separació de sistemes, Setting the staff size, Breaks, Vertical spacing.
Internals Reference: VerticalAxisGroup, StaffGrouper.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Score layouts for choral ] | [ Amunt : Choral ] | [ Opera and stage musicals > ] |
Divided voices
Using arpeggioBracket to make divisi more visible
The arpeggioBracket
can be used to indicate the division of
voices where there are no stems to provide the information. This is
often seen in choral music.
\include "english.ly" \score { \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 2/2 << \new Voice = "upper" << { \voiceOne \arpeggioBracket a2( b2 <b d>1\arpeggio) <cs e>\arpeggio ~ <cs e>4 } \addlyrics { \lyricmode { A -- men. } } >> \new Voice = "lower" { \voiceTwo a1 ~ a a ~ a4 \bar "|." } >> } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Marques expressives en forma de línies.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Divided voices ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ References for opera and stage musicals > ] |
2.1.6 Opera and stage musicals
The music, lyrics and dialogue to opera and stage musicals are usually set out in one or more of the following forms:
- A Conductors’ Score containing the full orchestral and vocal parts, together with libretto cues if there are spoken passages.
- Orchestral Parts containing the music for the individual instruments of the orchestra or band.
- A Vocal Score containing all vocal parts with piano accompaniment. The accompaniment is usually an orchestral reduction, and if so the name of the original orchestral instrument is often indicated. Vocal scores sometimes includes stage directions and libretto cues.
- A Vocal Book containing just the vocal parts (no accompaniment), sometimes combined with the libretto.
- A Libretto containing the extended passages of spoken dialogue usually found in musicals, together with the words to the sung parts. Stage directions are usually included. LilyPond can be used to typeset libretti but as they contain no music alternative methods may be preferable.
The sections in the LilyPond documentation which cover the topics needed to create scores in the styles commonly found in opera and musicals are indicated in the References below. This is followed by sections covering those techniques which are peculiar to typesetting opera and musical scores.
References for opera and stage musicals | ||
Character names | ||
Musical cues | ||
Spoken music | ||
Dialogue over music |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Opera and stage musicals ] | [ Amunt : Opera and stage musicals ] | [ Character names > ] |
References for opera and stage musicals
- A conductors’ score contains many grouped staves and lyrics. Ways of grouping staves is shown in Agrupament de pentagrames. To nest groups of staves see Grups de pentagrames niuats.
- The printing of empty staves in conductors’ scores and vocal scores is often suppressed. To create such a “Frenched score” see Ocultament de pentagrames.
- Writing orchestral parts is covered in Escriptura de les particel·les. Other sections in the Specialist notation chapter may be relevant, depending on the orchestration used. Many instruments are transposing instruments, see Transposició dels instruments.
- If the number of systems per page changes from page to page it is customary to separate the systems with a system separator mark. See Separació de sistemes.
- For details of other page formatting properties, see Page layout.
-
Dialogue cues, stage directions and footnotes can be inserted, see
Creating footnotes and Text. Extensive stage directions
can also be added with a section of stand-alone markups between two
\score
blocks, see Separate text.
Vegeu també
Musical Glossary: Frenched score, Frenched staves, transposing instrument.
Notation Reference: Creating footnotes, Agrupament de pentagrames, Ocultament de pentagrames, Transposició dels instruments, Grups de pentagrames niuats, Page layout, Separació de sistemes, Transposició, Escriptura de les particel·les, Writing text.
Snippets: Vocal music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for opera and stage musicals ] | [ Amunt : Opera and stage musicals ] | [ Musical cues > ] |
Character names
Character names are usually shown to the left of the staff when the staff is dedicated to that character alone:
\score { << \new Staff { \set Staff.vocalName = \markup \smallCaps Kaspar \set Staff.shortVocalName = \markup \smallCaps Kas. \relative { \clef "G_8" c'4 c c c \break c4 c c c } } \new Staff { \set Staff.vocalName = \markup \smallCaps Melchior \set Staff.shortVocalName = \markup \smallCaps Mel \clef "bass" \relative { a4 a a a a4 a a a } } >> }
When two or more characters share a staff the character’s name is usually printed above the staff at the start of every section applying to that character. This can be done with markup. Often a specific font is used for this purpose.
\relative c' { \clef "G_8" c4^\markup \fontsize #1 \smallCaps Kaspar c c c \clef "bass" a4^\markup \fontsize #1 \smallCaps Melchior a a a \clef "G_8" c4^\markup \fontsize #1 \smallCaps Kaspar c c c }
Alternatively, if there are many character changes, it may be easier to set up variables to hold the definitions for each character so that the switch of characters can be indicated easily and concisely.
kaspar = { \clef "G_8" \set Staff.shortVocalName = "Kas." \set Staff.midiInstrument = "voice oohs" <>^\markup \smallCaps "Kaspar" } melchior = { \clef "bass" \set Staff.shortVocalName = "Mel." \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs" <>^\markup \smallCaps "Melchior" } \relative c' { \kaspar c4 c c c \melchior a4 a a a \kaspar c4 c c c }
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Organizing pieces with variables.
Notation Reference: Text, Text markup commands.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Character names ] | [ Amunt : Opera and stage musicals ] | [ Spoken music > ] |
Musical cues
Musical cues can be inserted in Vocal Scores, Vocal Books and Orchestral Parts to indicate what music in another part immediately precedes an entry. Also, cues are often inserted in the piano reduction in Vocal Scores to indicate what each orchestral instrument is playing. This aids the conductor when a full Conductors’ Score is not available.
The basic mechanism for inserting cues is fully explained in the main text, see Cites a altres veus and Format de les notes guia. But when many cues have to be inserted, for example, as an aid to a conductor in a vocal score, the instrument name must be positioned carefully just before and close to the start of the cue notes. The following example shows how this is done.
flute = \relative { s4 s4 e'' g } \addQuote "flute" { \flute } pianoRH = \relative { c''4. g8 % position name of cue-ing instrument just before the cue notes, % and above the staff <>^\markup { \right-align { \tiny "Flute" } } \cueDuring "flute" #UP { g4 bes4 } } pianoLH = \relative { c4 <c' e> e, <g c> } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \pianoRH } \new Staff { \clef "bass" \pianoLH } >> }
If a transposing instrument is being quoted the instrument part should
specify its key so the conversion of its cue notes will be done
automatically. The example below shows this transposition for a
B-flat clarinet. The notes in this example are low on the staff so
DOWN
is specified in \cueDuring
(so the stems are
down) and the instrument name is positioned below the staff.
clarinet = \relative c' { \transposition bes fis4 d d c } \addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet } pianoRH = \relative c'' { \transposition c' % position name of cue-ing instrument below the staff <>_\markup { \right-align { \tiny "Clar." } } \cueDuring "clarinet" #DOWN { c4. g8 } g4 bes4 } pianoLH = \relative { c4 <c' e> e, <g c> } \score { << \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice { \pianoRH } } \new Staff { \clef "bass" \pianoLH } >> >> }
From these two examples it is clear that inserting many cues in a Vocal Score would be tedious, and the notes of the piano part would become obscured. However, as the following snippet shows, it is possible to define a music function to reduce the amount of typing and to make the piano notes clearer.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Adding orchestral cues to a vocal score
This shows one approach to simplify adding many orchestral cues to the
piano reduction in a vocal score. The music function \cueWhile
takes four arguments: the music from which the cue is to be taken, as
defined by \addQuote
, the name to be inserted before the cue
notes, then either #UP
or #DOWN
to specify either
\voiceOne
with the name above the staff or \voiceTwo
with the name below the staff, and finally the piano music in parallel
with which the cue notes are to appear. The name of the cued
instrument is positioned to the left of the cued notes. Many passages
can be cued, but they cannot overlap each other in time.
cueWhile = #(define-music-function (instrument name dir music) (string? string? ly:dir? ly:music?) #{ \cueDuring $instrument #dir { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \once \override TextScript.direction = $dir <>-\markup { \tiny #name } $music } #}) flute = \relative c'' { \transposition c' s4 s4 e g } \addQuote "flute" { \flute } clarinet = \relative c' { \transposition bes fis4 d d c } \addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet } singer = \relative c'' { c4. g8 g4 bes4 } words = \lyricmode { here's the lyr -- ics } pianoRH = \relative c'' { \transposition c' \cueWhile "clarinet" "Clar." #DOWN { c4. g8 } \cueWhile "flute" "Flute" #UP { g4 bes4 } } pianoLH = \relative c { c4 <c' e> e, <g c> } \score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "singer" { \singer } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "singer" \words } \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice { \pianoRH } } \new Staff { \clef "bass" \pianoLH } >> >> }
Vegeu també
Musical Glossary: cue-notes.
Notation Reference: Aligning objects, Direction and placement, Format de les notes guia, Cites a altres veus, Using music functions.
Snippets: Vocal music.
Internals Reference: CueVoice.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
\cueDuring
automatically inserts a CueVoice
context
and all cue notes are placed in that context. This means it is not
possible to have two overlapping sequences of cue notes by this
technique. Overlapping sequences could be entered by explicitly
declaring separate CueVoice
contexts and using
\quoteDuring
to extract and insert the cue notes.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Musical cues ] | [ Amunt : Opera and stage musicals ] | [ Dialogue over music > ] |
Spoken music
Such effects as ‘parlato’ or ‘Sprechgesang’ require performers to speak without pitch but still with rhythm; these are notated by cross note heads, as demonstrated in Caps de nota especials.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Spoken music ] | [ Amunt : Opera and stage musicals ] | [ Chants psalms and hymns > ] |
Dialogue over music
Dialogue over music is usually printed over the staves in an italic font, with the start of each phrase keyed in to a particular music moment.
For short interjections a simple markup suffices.
\relative { a'4^\markup { \smallCaps { Alex - } \italic { He's gone } } a a a a4 a a^\markup { \smallCaps { Bethan - } \italic Where? } a a4 a a a }
For longer phrases it may be necessary to expand the music to make the words fit neatly. There is no provision in LilyPond to do this fully automatically, and some manual intervention to layout the page will be necessary.
For long phrases or for passages with a lot of closely packed dialogue, using a Lyrics context will give better results. The Lyrics context should not be associated with a music Voice; instead each section of dialogue should be given an explicit duration. If there is a gap in the dialogue, the final word should be separated from the rest and the duration split between them so that the underlying music spaces out smoothly.
If the dialogue extends for more than one line it will be necessary
to manually insert \break
s and adjust the placing of the
dialogue to avoid running into the right margin. The final word of
the last measure on a line should also be separated out, as above.
Here is an example illustrating how this might be done.
music = \relative { \repeat unfold 3 { a'4 a a a } } dialogue = \lyricmode { \markup { \fontsize #1 \upright \smallCaps Abe: "Say this over measures one and" }4*7 "two"4 | \break "and this over measure"4*3 "three"4 | } \score { << \new Lyrics \with { \override LyricText.font-shape = #'italic \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #LEFT } { \dialogue } \new Staff { \new Voice { \music } } >> }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Manual syllable durations, Text.
Internal Reference: LyricText.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Dialogue over music ] | [ Amunt : Vocal music ] | [ References for chants and psalms > ] |
2.1.7 Chants psalms and hymns
The music and words for chants, psalms and hymns usually follow a well-established format in any particular church. Although the formats may differ from church to church the type-setting problems which arise are broadly similar, and are covered in this section.
References for chants and psalms | ||
Setting a chant | ||
Pointing a psalm | ||
Partial measures in hymn tunes |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Chants psalms and hymns ] | [ Amunt : Chants psalms and hymns ] | [ Setting a chant > ] |
References for chants and psalms
Typesetting Gregorian chant in various styles of ancient notation is described in Ancient notation.
Vegeu també
Notation reference: Ancient notation.
Snippets: Vocal music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for chants and psalms ] | [ Amunt : Chants psalms and hymns ] | [ Pointing a psalm > ] |
Setting a chant
Modern chant settings use modern notation with varying numbers of elements taken from ancient notation. Some of the elements and methods to consider are shown here.
Chants often use quarter notes without stems to indicate the pitch, with the rhythm being taken from the spoken rhythm of the words.
stemOff = { \hide Staff.Stem } \relative c' { \stemOff a'4 b c2 | }
Chants often omit the bar lines or use shortened or dotted bar lines to indicate pauses in the music. To omit all bar lines from all staves remove the bar line engraver completely:
\score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \relative { a'4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | } } \new Staff { \relative { a'4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | } } >> \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Bar_engraver" } } }
Bar lines can also be removed on a staff-by-staff basis:
\score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff \with { \remove "Bar_engraver" } { \relative { a'4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | } } \new Staff { \relative { a'4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | } } >> }
To remove bar lines from just a section of music treat it as a
cadenza. If the section is long you may need to insert dummy
bar lines with \bar ""
to show where the line should break.
\relative a' { a4 b c2 | \cadenzaOn a4 b c2 a4 b c2 \bar "" a4 b c2 a4 b c2 \cadenzaOff a4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | }
Rests or pauses in chants can be indicated by modified bar lines.
\relative a' { a4 \cadenzaOn b c2 a4 b c2 \bar "'" a4 b c2 a4 b c2 \bar ";" a4 b c2 \bar "!" a4 b c2 \bar "||" }
Alternatively, the notation used in Gregorian chant for pauses or
rests is sometimes used even though the rest of the notation is
modern. This uses a modified \breathe
mark:
divisioMinima = { \once \override BreathingSign.stencil = #ly:breathing-sign::divisio-minima \once \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #0 \breathe } divisioMaior = { \once \override BreathingSign.stencil = #ly:breathing-sign::divisio-maior \once \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #0 \breathe } divisioMaxima = { \once \override BreathingSign.stencil = #ly:breathing-sign::divisio-maxima \once \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #0 \breathe } finalis = { \once \override BreathingSign.stencil = #ly:breathing-sign::finalis \once \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #0 \breathe } \score { \relative { g'2 a4 g \divisioMinima g2 a4 g \divisioMaior g2 a4 g \divisioMaxima g2 a4 g \finalis } \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Bar_engraver" } } }
Chants usually omit the time signature and often omit the clef too.
\score { \new Staff { \relative { a'4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | a4 b c2 | } } \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Bar_engraver" \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" } } }
Chants for psalms in the Anglican tradition are usually either single, with 7 bars of music, or double, with two lots of 7 bars. Each group of 7 bars is divided into two halves, corresponding to the two halves of each verse, usually separated by a double bar line. Only whole and half notes are used. The 1st bar in each half always contains a single chord of whole notes. This is the “reciting note”. Chants are usually centered on the page.
SopranoMusic = \relative { g'1 | c2 b | a1 | \bar "||" a1 | d2 c | c b | c1 | \bar "||" } AltoMusic = \relative { e'1 | g2 g | f1 | f1 | f2 e | d d | e1 | } TenorMusic = \relative { c'1 | c2 c | c1 | d1 | g,2 g | g g | g1 | } BassMusic = \relative { c1 | e2 e | f1 | d1 | b2 c | g' g | c,1 | } global = { \time 2/2 } % Use markup to center the chant on the page \markup { \fill-line { \score { % centered << \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff << \global \clef "treble" \new Voice = "Soprano" << \voiceOne \SopranoMusic >> \new Voice = "Alto" << \voiceTwo \AltoMusic >> >> \new Staff << \clef "bass" \global \new Voice = "Tenor" << \voiceOne \TenorMusic >> \new Voice = "Bass" << \voiceTwo \BassMusic >> >> >> >> \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1/2) } \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } } } % End score } } % End markup
Some other approaches to setting such a chant are shown in the first of the following snippets.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Chant or psalms notation
This form of notation is used for Psalm chant, where verses aren’t always the same length.
stemOff = \hide Staff.Stem stemOn = \undo \stemOff \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \key g \minor \cadenzaOn \stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4 \stemOn a'2 \bar "||" \stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4 \stemOn f'2 \bar "||" \stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe } \stemOn g'2 \bar "||" } }
Canticles and other liturgical texts may be set more freely, and may use notational elements from ancient music. Often the words are shown underneath and aligned with the notes. If so, the notes are spaced in accordance with the syllables rather than the notes’ durations.
Ancient notation template – modern transcription of gregorian music
This example demonstrates how to do modern transcription of Gregorian music. Gregorian music has no measure, no stems; it uses only half and quarter note heads, and special marks, indicating rests of different length.
\include "gregorian.ly" chant = \relative c' { \set Score.timing = ##f f4 a2 \divisioMinima g4 b a2 f2 \divisioMaior g4( f) f( g) a2 \finalis } verba = \lyricmode { Lo -- rem ip -- sum do -- lor sit a -- met } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice = "melody" \chant \new Lyrics = "one" \lyricsto melody \verba >> \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" \hide Stem } \context { \Voice \override Stem.length = #0 } \context { \Score barAlways = ##t } } }
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Visibility and color of objects, Vocal ensembles templates.
Notation Reference: Ancient notation, Barres de compàs, Modifying context plug-ins, Typesetting Gregorian chant, Música sense compassos, Visibility of objects.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Setting a chant ] | [ Amunt : Chants psalms and hymns ] | [ Partial measures in hymn tunes > ] |
Pointing a psalm
The words to an Anglican psalm are usually printed in separate verses centered underneath the chant.
Single chants (with 7 bars) are repeated for every verse. Double chants (with 14 bars) are repeated for every pair of verses. Marks are inserted in the words to show how they should be fitted to the chant. Each verse is divided into two halves. A colon is usually used to indicate this division. This corresponds to the double bar line in the music. The words before the colon are sung to the first three bars of music; the words after the colon are sung to the last four bars.
Single bar lines (or in some psalters an inverted comma or similar
symbol) are inserted between words to indicate where the bar lines
in the music fall. In markup mode a single bar line can be entered
with the bar check symbol, |
.
\markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \line { O come let us sing | unto the | Lord : let } \line { us heartily rejoice in the | strength of | our } \line { sal- | -vation. } } } } }
Other symbols may require glyphs from the fetaMusic
fonts.
For details, see Fonts.
tick = \markup { \raise #1 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph #"scripts.rvarcomma" } \markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \line { O come let us sing \tick unto the \tick Lord : let } \line { us heartily rejoice in the \tick strength of \tick our } \line { sal \tick vation. } } } } }
Where there is one whole note in a bar all the words corresponding to that bar are recited on that one note in speech rhythm. Where there are two notes in a bar there will usually be only one or two corresponding syllables. If there are more that two syllables a dot is usually inserted to indicate where the change in note occurs.
dot = \markup { \raise #0.7 \musicglyph #"dots.dot" } tick = \markup { \raise #1 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph #"scripts.rvarcomma" } \markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \line { O come let us sing \tick unto \dot the \tick Lord : let } \line { us heartily rejoice in the \tick strength of \tick our } \line { sal \tick vation. } } } } }
In some psalters an asterisk is used to indicate a break in a recited section instead of a comma, and stressed or slightly lengthened syllables are indicated in bold text.
dot = \markup { \raise #0.7 \musicglyph #"dots.dot" } tick = \markup { \raise #1 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph #"scripts.rvarcomma" } \markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \line { Today if ye will hear his voice * } \line { \concat { \bold hard en } | not your | hearts : as in the pro- } \line { vocation * and as in the \bold day of tempt- | } \line { -ation | in the | wilderness. } } } } }
In other psalters an accent is placed over the syllable to indicate stress.
tick = \markup { \raise #2 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph #"scripts.rvarcomma" } \markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \line { O come let us \concat { si \combine \tick ng } | unto the | Lord : let } \line { us heartily \concat { rejo \combine \tick ice } in the | strength of | our } \line { sal- | -vation. } } } } }
The use of markup to center text, and arrange lines in columns is described in Formatting text.
Most of these elements are shown in one or other of the two verses in the template, see Psalms.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Psalms, Vocal ensembles templates.
Notation Reference: Fonts, Formatting text.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Pointing a psalm ] | [ Amunt : Chants psalms and hymns ] | [ Ancient vocal music > ] |
Partial measures in hymn tunes
Hymn tunes frequently start and end every line of music with
partial measures so that each line of music corresponds exactly
with a line of text. This requires a \partial
command at
the start of the music and \bar "|"
or \bar "||"
commands at the end of each line.
Hymn template
This code shows one way of setting out a hymn tune when each line starts and ends with a partial measure. It also shows how to add the verses as stand-alone text under the music.
Timeline = { \time 4/4 \tempo 4=96 \partial 2 s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \bar "||" \break s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \bar "||" } SopranoMusic = \relative g' { g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 } AltoMusic = \relative c' { d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2 d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2 } TenorMusic = \relative a { b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2 b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2 } BassMusic = \relative g { g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 } global = { \key g \major } \score { % Start score << \new PianoStaff << % Start pianostaff \new Staff << % Start Staff = RH \global \clef "treble" \new Voice = "Soprano" << % Start Voice = "Soprano" \Timeline \voiceOne \SopranoMusic >> % End Voice = "Soprano" \new Voice = "Alto" << % Start Voice = "Alto" \Timeline \voiceTwo \AltoMusic >> % End Voice = "Alto" >> % End Staff = RH \new Staff << % Start Staff = LH \global \clef "bass" \new Voice = "Tenor" << % Start Voice = "Tenor" \Timeline \voiceOne \TenorMusic >> % End Voice = "Tenor" \new Voice = "Bass" << % Start Voice = "Bass" \Timeline \voiceTwo \BassMusic >> % End Voice = "Bass" >> % End Staff = LH >> % End pianostaff >> } % End score \markup { \fill-line { "" { \column { \left-align { "This is line one of the first verse" "This is line two of the same" "And here's line three of the first verse" "And the last line of the same" } } } "" } } \paper { % Start paper block indent = 0 % don't indent first system line-width = 130 % shorten line length to suit music } % End paper block
2.1.8 Ancient vocal music
Ancient vocal music is supported, as explained in Ancient notation.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Ancient notation.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Ancient vocal music ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for keyboards > ] |
2.2 Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique to keyboard instruments and other instruments notated on many staves, such as harps and vibraphones. For the purposes of this section this entire group of multi-staff instruments is called “keyboards” for short, even though some of them do not have a keyboard.
2.2.1 Common notation for keyboards | ||
2.2.2 Piano | ||
2.2.3 Accordion | ||
2.2.4 Harp |
2.2.1 Common notation for keyboards
This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most keyboard instruments.
References for keyboards | ||
Changing staff manually | ||
Changing staff automatically | ||
Staff-change lines | ||
Cross-staff stems |
References for keyboards
Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
PianoStaff
group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard music.
Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
- Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the number of voices may change regularly; this is described in Resolució de les col·lisions.
- Keyboard music can be written in parallel, as described in Escriptura de música en paral·lel.
- Dynamics may be placed in a
Dynamics
context, between the twoStaff
contexts to align the dynamic marks on a horizontal line centered between the staves; see Matisos dinàmics. - Fingerings are indicated with Fingering instructions.
- Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see List of articulations.
- Vertical grid lines can be shown with Grid lines.
- Keyboard music often contains Laissez vibrer ties as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in Lligadures d’unió.
- Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is covered in Arpegi.
- Tremolo marks are described in Repeticions de trèmol.
- Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are demonstrated in Real music example.
- Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices, as shown in Other uses for tweaks.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Real music example, Other uses for tweaks.
Notation Reference: Agrupament de pentagrames, Noms d’instruments, Resolució de les col·lisions, Escriptura de música en paral·lel, Fingering instructions, List of articulations, Grid lines, Lligadures d’unió, Arpegi, Repeticions de trèmol.
Internals Reference: PianoStaff.
Snippets: Keyboards.
Changing staff manually
Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
\change Staff = staffname
The string staffname is the name of the staff. It switches
the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
staffname. Typical values for staffname are
"up"
and "down"
, or "RH"
and "LH"
.
The staff to which the voice is being switched must exist at the time of the switch. If necessary, staves should be “kept alive”, see Keeping contexts alive.
Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" { <e' c'>8 \change Staff = "down" g8 fis g \change Staff = "up" <g'' c''>8 \change Staff = "down" e8 dis e \change Staff = "up" } \new Staff = "down" { \clef bass % keep staff alive s1 } >>
If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the center of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple example of beam tweaking, see notation Fixing overlapping notation.
Overlapping notation can result when voices cross staves:
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" { \voiceOne % Make space for fingering in the cross-staff voice \once\override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4 e''2\p\< d''\> c''1\! } \new Staff = "down" << { \clef bass s4. e,8\rest g,2\rest c1 } \\ { c8\( g c' \change Staff = "up" e' g' b'-3 a' g'\) f'1 } >> >>
The stem and slur overlap the intervening line of dynamics because automatic collision resolution is suspended for beams, slurs and other spanners that connect notes on different staves, as well as for stems and articulations if their placement is affected by a cross-staff spanner. The resulting collisions must be resolved manually, where necessary, using the methods in Fixing overlapping notation.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Fixing overlapping notation.
Notation Reference: Stems, Barres automàtiques, Keeping contexts alive.
Snippets: Keyboards.
Internals Reference: Beam, ContextChange.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Beam collision avoidance does not work for automatic beams that end right before a change in staff. In this case use manual beams.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Changing staff manually ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for keyboards ] | [ Staff-change lines > ] |
Changing staff automatically
Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom staff. The syntax for this is
\autochange …music…
This will create two staves inside the current staff group
(usually a PianoStaff
), called "up"
and
"down"
. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle C is the
turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
in advance.
\new PianoStaff { \autochange { g4 a b c' d'4 r a g } }
It is possible to specify other pitches for the turning point. If the staves are not instantiated explicitly, other clefs may be used.
music = { g8 b a c' b8 d' c'8 e' d'8 r f' g' a'2 } \autochange d' \music \autochange b \with { \clef soprano } \music \autochange d' \with { \clef alto } \with { \clef tenor } \music
A \relative
section that is outside of \autochange
has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
\relative
inside \autochange
.
If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
can be created manually with the names "up"
and
"down"
. The \autochange
command will then switch
its voice between the existing staves.
Nota: If staves are created manually, they must be named
"up"
and "down"
.
For example, staves must be created manually in order to place a key signature in the lower staff:
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" { \new Voice = "melOne" { \key g \major \autochange \relative { g8 b a c b d c e d8 r fis, g a2 } } } \new Staff = "down" { \key g \major \clef bass } >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Changing staff manually.
Snippets: Keyboards.
Internals Reference: AutoChangeMusic.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Changing staff automatically ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for keyboards ] | [ Cross-staff stems > ] |
Staff-change lines
Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes can be printed automatically:
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "one" { \showStaffSwitch c'1 \change Staff = "two" b2 a } \new Staff = "two" { \clef bass s1*2 } >>
Instruccions predefinides
\showStaffSwitch
,
\hideStaffSwitch
.
Vegeu també
Snippets: Keyboards.
Internals Reference: Note_head_line_engraver, VoiceFollower.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Staff-change lines ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for keyboards ] | [ Piano > ] |
Cross-staff stems
Chords that cross staves may be produced using the
Span_stem_engraver
. Care must be taken to ensure that
automatic beams do not beam the notes on one staff when it’s not
required on the other.
\layout { \context { \PianoStaff \consists #Span_stem_engraver } } { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { <b d'>4 r d'16\> e'8. g8 r\! e'8 f' g'4 e'2 } \new Staff { \clef bass \voiceOne \autoBeamOff \crossStaff { <e g>4 e, g16 a8. c8} d \autoBeamOn g8 f g4 c2 } >> }
For the time being, this engraver can not be specified by its name in
double quotes, but rather prefixing its name with a hash symbol
#
, due to the way it is implemented.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Indicating cross-staff chords with arpeggio bracket
An arpeggio bracket can indicate that notes on two different staves are
to be played with the same hand. In order to do this, the
PianoStaff
must be set to accept cross-staff arpeggios and the
arpeggios must be set to the bracket shape in the PianoStaff
context.
(Debussy, Les collines d’Anacapri, m. 65)
\new PianoStaff << \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t \override PianoStaff.Arpeggio.stencil = #ly:arpeggio::brew-chord-bracket \new Staff { \relative c' { \key b \major \time 6/8 b8-.(\arpeggio fis'-.\> cis-. e-. gis-. b-.)\!\fermata^\laissezVibrer \bar "||" } } \new Staff { \relative c' { \clef bass \key b \major << { <a e cis>2.\arpeggio } \\ { <a, e a,>2. } >> } } >>
Vegeu també
Snippets: Keyboards.
Internals Reference: Stem.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Cross-staff stems ] | [ Amunt : Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments ] | [ Piano pedals > ] |
2.2.2 Piano
This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the piano.
Piano pedals |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Piano ] | [ Amunt : Piano ] | [ Accordion > ] |
Piano pedals
Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is produced: sustain, sostenuto (sos.), and una corda (U.C.). Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
\relative { c''4\sustainOn d e g <c, f a>1\sustainOff c4\sostenutoOn e g c, <bes d f>1\sostenutoOff c4\unaCorda d e g <d fis a>1\treCorde }
There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed. The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
\relative { c''4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed c4\sustainOn g c d d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket c4\sustainOn g c d d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2 \bar "|." }
The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the sustain pedal during piano performance. Pedalling to the final bar line is indicated by omitting the final pedal off command.
Pedal indications may be placed in a Dynamics
context,
which aligns them on a horizontal line.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Lligadures d’unió.
Snippets: Keyboards.
Internals Reference: SustainPedal, SustainPedalLineSpanner, SustainEvent, SostenutoPedal, SostenutoPedalLineSpanner, SostenutoEvent, UnaCordaPedal, UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner, UnaCordaEvent, PianoPedalBracket, Piano_pedal_engraver.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Piano pedals ] | [ Amunt : Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments ] | [ Discant symbols > ] |
2.2.3 Accordion
This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.
Discant symbols |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Accordion ] | [ Amunt : Accordion ] | [ Harp > ] |
Discant symbols
Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch. Each accordion maker has different names for the shifts that select the various reed combinations, such as oboe, musette, or bandonium, so a system of symbols has come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Accordion register symbols
Accordion register symbols are available as \markup
as well as
as standalone music events (as register changes tend to occur between
actual music events. Bass registers are not overly standardized. The
available commands can be found in ’Accordion Registers’ in the
Notation Reference.
#(use-modules (scm accreg)) \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative { \clef treble \discant "10" r8 s32 f'[ bes f] s e[ a e] s d[ g d] s16 e32[ a] << { r16 <f bes> r <e a> r <d g> } \\ { d r a r bes r } >> | <cis e a>1 } \new Staff \relative { \clef treble \freeBass "1" r8 d'32 s16. c32 s16. bes32 s16. a32[ cis] s16 \clef bass \stdBass "Master" << { r16 <f, bes d>^"b" r <e a c>^"am" r <d g bes>^"gm" | <e a cis>1^"a" } \\ { d8_"D" c_"C" bes_"B" | a1_"A" } >> } >>
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Snippets: Keyboards.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Discant symbols ] | [ Amunt : Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments ] | [ References for harps > ] |
2.2.4 Harp
This section discusses notation issues that are unique to the harp.
References for harps | ||
Harp pedals |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Harp ] | [ Amunt : Harp ] | [ Harp pedals > ] |
References for harps
Some common characteristics of harp music are covered elsewhere:
- The glissando is the most characteristic harp technique, Glissando.
- A bisbigliando is written as a tremelo Repeticions de trèmol.
- Natural harmonics are covered under Harmonics.
- For directional arpeggios and non-arpeggios, see Arpegi.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Repeticions de trèmol, Glissando, Arpegi, Harmonics.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for harps ] | [ Amunt : Harp ] | [ Unfretted string instruments > ] |
Harp pedals
Harps have seven strings per octave that may be sounded at the natural, flattened, or sharpened pitch. In lever harps, each string is adjusted individually, but in pedal harps every string with the same pitch name is controlled by a single pedal. From the player’s left to right, the pedals are D, C, and B on the left and E, F, G, and A on the right. The position of the pedals may be indicated with text marks:
\textLengthOn cis''1_\markup \concat \vcenter { [D \flat C \sharp B|E \sharp F \sharp G A \flat] } c''!1_\markup \concat \vcenter { [ C \natural ] }
or pedal diagrams:
\textLengthOn cis''1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^v-|vv-^" } c''!1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^o--|vv-^" }
The \harp-pedal
command accepts a string of characters, where
^
is the highest pedal position (flattened pitch), -
is
the middle pedal position (natural pitch), v
is the lowest pedal
position (sharpened pitch), and |
is the divider. A prefixed
o
will circle the following pedal symbol.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Text scripts, Instrument Specific Markup.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Harp pedals ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for unfretted strings > ] |
2.3 Unfretted string instruments
This section provides information and references which are helpful when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally orchestral strings.
2.3.1 Common notation for unfretted strings |
2.3.1 Common notation for unfretted strings
There is little specialist notation for unfretted string instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
References for unfretted strings | ||
Bowing indications | ||
Harmonics | ||
Snap (Bartók) pizzicato |
References for unfretted strings
Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
- Textual indications such as “pizz.” and “arco” are added as simple text – see Text scripts.
- Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described in Fingering instructions.
- Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord, see Notes a un acord. Directives for playing chords may be added, see Arpegi.
- Templates for string quartets can be found in String quartet templates. Others are shown in the snippets.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: String quartet templates.
Notation Reference: Text scripts, Fingering instructions, Notes a un acord, Arpegi.
Snippets: Unfretted strings.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for unfretted strings ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for unfretted strings ] | [ Harmonics > ] |
Bowing indications
Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are described in Articulacions i ornaments.
The bowing commands, \upbow
and \downbow
, are used
with slurs as follows:
\relative { c''4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f) }
Roman numerals can be added as strings numbers (rather than the default circled Arabic numbers), as explained in String number indications.
Alternatively, string indications may be printed using markup commands; articulation scripts may also indicate open strings.
a'4 \open \romanStringNumbers a'\2 a'2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
Instruccions predefinides
\downbow
,
\upbow
,
\open
,
\romanStringNumbers
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Articulacions i ornaments, String number indications, Lligadures d’expressió.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Bowing indications ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for unfretted strings ] | [ Snap (Bartok) pizzicato > ] |
Harmonics
Natural harmonics
Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop the note if it were not a diamond.
\relative d'' { d4 e4. \harmonicsOn d8 e e d4 e4. \harmonicsOff d8 e e }
Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be played as a harmonic:
d''2^\flageolet d''_\flageolet
A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in References for unfretted strings.
Artificial harmonics
Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
Artificial harmonics indicated with \harmonic
do not show the
dots. The context property harmonicDots
should be set if
dots are required.
\relative e' { <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4 \set harmonicDots = ##t <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4 }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: harmonics.
Notation Reference: Caps de nota especials, References for unfretted strings.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Harmonics ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for unfretted strings ] | [ Fretted string instruments > ] |
Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
A snap pizzicato (also known as “Bartok pizz”) is a type of pizzicato where the string is deliberately plucked upwards (rather than sideways) such that it hits the fingerboard.
\relative { c'4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato }
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Snap (Bartok) pizzicato ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for fretted strings > ] |
2.4 Fretted string instruments
This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique to fretted string instruments.
2.4.1 Common notation for fretted strings | ||
2.4.2 Guitar | ||
2.4.3 Banjo | ||
2.4.4 Lute |
2.4.1 Common notation for fretted strings
This section discusses common notation that is unique to fretted string instruments.
References for fretted strings | ||
String number indications | ||
Default tablatures | ||
Custom tablatures | ||
Fret diagram markups | ||
Predefined fret diagrams | ||
Automatic fret diagrams | ||
Right-hand fingerings |
References for fretted strings
Music for fretted string instruments is normally notated on
a single staff, either in traditional music notation or in
tablature. Sometimes the two types are combined, and it is
especially common in popular music to use chord diagrams above
a staff of traditional notation. The guitar and the banjo are
transposing instruments, sounding an octave lower than written.
Scores for these instruments should use the "treble_8"
clef
(or \transposition c
to get correct MIDI output).
Some other elements pertinent to fretted string instruments
are covered elsewhere:
- Fingerings are indicated as shown in Fingering instructions.
- Instructions for Laissez vibrer ties as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos can be found in Lligadures d’unió.
- Instructions for handling multiple voices can be found in Resolució de les col·lisions.
- Instructions for indicating harmonics can be found in Harmonics.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Fingering instructions, Lligadures d’unió, Resolució de les col·lisions, Noms d’instruments, Escriptura de música en paral·lel, Arpegi, List of articulations, Clau, Transposició dels instruments.
String number indications
The string on which a note should be played may be indicated by
appending \number
to a note.
\clef "treble_8" c4\5 e\4 g2\3 <c\5 e\4 g\3>1
When fingerings and string indications are used together, their placement can be controlled by the order in which the two items appear in the code only if they appear inside of an explicit chord: applied to whole chords or single notes outside of chords, fingerings are placed using a different mechanism.
\clef "treble_8" g4\3-0 g-0\3 <g\3-0> <g-0\3>
String numbers may also, as is customary with unfretted strings, be printed in Roman numerals and placed below the staff rather than above.
\clef "treble_8" c'2\2 a\3 \romanStringNumbers c'\2 \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(down) a\3 \arabicStringNumbers g1\4
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Controlling the placement of chord fingerings
The placement of fingering numbers can be controlled precisely. For fingering orientation to apply, you must use a chord construct <> even if it is a single note.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 }
Allowing fingerings to be printed inside the staff
By default, vertically oriented fingerings are positioned outside the staff. However, this behavior can be canceled. Note: you must use a chord construct <>, even if it is only a single note.
\relative c' { <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 \override Fingering.staff-padding = #'() <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 <g'-0> }
Instruccions predefinides
\arabicStringNumbers
,
\romanStringNumbers
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Fingering instructions.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: StringNumber, Fingering.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < String number indications ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for fretted strings ] | [ Custom tablatures > ] |
Default tablatures
Music for plucked string instruments is frequently notated using a finger/touch notation or tablature. In contrast to traditional notation pitches are not denoted with note heads, but by numbers (or letter-like symbols in historical intavolatura). The staff lines in tablature indicate the string on which the note is to be played, and a number placed on a staff line indicated the fret at which the corresponding string is to be pressed. Notes that are to be played simultaneously are vertically aligned.
By default, string 1 is the highest string, and corresponds to the top
line on the TabStaff
. The tuning of the TabStaff
strings defaults to the
standard guitar tuning (with 6 strings). The notes are printed as
tablature, by using TabStaff
and TabVoice
contexts. A
calligraphic tablature clef is added automatically.
\new TabStaff \relative { a,8 a' <c e> a d,8 a' <d f> a }
Default tablatures do not contain any symbols for tone duration nor any other musical symbols such as expressive marks, for example.
symbols = { \time 3/4 c4-.^"Allegro" d( e) f4-.\f g a^\fermata \mark \default c8_.\<\( c16 c~ 2\! c'2.\prall\) } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "G_8" \symbols } \new TabStaff { \symbols } >> }
If all musical symbols used in traditional notation should also show up
in tablature one has to apply the command \tabFullNotation
in a
TabStaff
-context. Please bear in mind that half notes are
double-stemmed in tablature in order to distinguish them from quarter
notes.
symbols = { \time 3/4 c4-.^"Allegro" d( e) f4-.\f g a^\fermata \mark \default c8_.\<\( c16 c~ 2\! c'2.\prall\) } \score { \new TabStaff { \tabFullNotation \symbols } }
By default pitches are assigned to the lowest playing position on the
fret-board (first position). Open strings are automatically preferred.
If you would like a certain pitch to be played on a specific string you
can add a string number indication to the pitch name. If you don’t want
to have string number indications appear in traditional notation, you
can override the respective stencil. Usually it will be more
comfortable to define the playing position by using the value of
minimumFret
. The default value for minimumFret is 0.
Even when minimumFret
is set, open strings are used whenever
possible. This behaviour can be changed by setting restrainOpenStrings
to #t
.
\layout { \omit Voice.StringNumber } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative { \clef "treble_8" \time 2/4 c16 d e f g4 c,16\5 d\5 e\4 f\4 g4\4 c,16 d e f g4 } \new TabStaff \relative { c16 d e f g4 c,16\5 d\5 e\4 f\4 g4\4 \set TabStaff.minimumFret = #5 \set TabStaff.restrainOpenStrings = ##t c,16 d e f g4 } >>
Chord constructs can be repeated by the chord repetition symbol
q
. In combination with tabulatures, its behavior of removing
string and finger numbers alongside with other events is cumbersome, so
you’ll want to run
\chordRepeats #'(string-number-event fingering-event)
explicitly on music expressions in tabulature using Repetició d’acords. This particular command is so common that it is available
as \tabChordRepeats
.
guitar = \relative { r8 <gis-2 cis-3 b-0>~ q4 q8~ 8 q4 } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \guitar } \new TabStaff { \tabChordRepeats \guitar } >>
Ties over a line break are parenthesized by default. The same holds for the second alternative of a repeat.
ties = \relative { \repeat volta 2 { e'2. f4~ 2 g2~ } \alternative { { g4 f2. } { g4\repeatTie c,2. } } b1~ \break b1 \bar "|." } \score { << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \ties } \new TabStaff { \ties } >> >> \layout { indent = #0 ragged-right = ##t } }
The command \hideSplitTiedTabNotes
cancels the behavior of
engraving fret numbers in parentheses:
ties = \relative { \repeat volta 2 { e'2. f4~ 2 g2~ } \alternative { { g4 f2. } { g4\repeatTie c,2. } } b1~ \break b1 \bar "|." } \score { << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \ties } \new TabStaff { \hideSplitTiedTabNotes \ties } >> >> \layout { indent = #0 ragged-right = ##t } }
Harmonic indications can be added to tablature notation as sounding pitches:
\layout { \omit Voice.StringNumber } firstHarmonic = { d'4\4\harmonic g'4\3\harmonic b'2\2\harmonic } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \firstHarmonic } \new TabStaff { \firstHarmonic } >> }
Note that the command \harmonic
must always be attached to single
notes (possibly inside of a chord) instead of whole chords.
It only makes sense for open-string harmonics
in the 12th fret. All other harmonics should be calculated by LilyPond.
This can be achieved by indicating the fret where a finger of the
fretting hand should touch a string.
fretHarmonics = { \harmonicByFret #5 d16\4 \harmonicByFret #4 d16\4 \harmonicByFret #3 d8\4 \harmonicByFret #5 <g\3 b\2>2. } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \fretHarmonics } \new TabStaff { \fretHarmonics } >> }
Alternatively, harmonics can be computed by defining the ratio of string lengths above and below the harmonic fingering.
ratioHarmonics = { \harmonicByRatio #1/2 <g\3 b\2 e'\1>4 \harmonicByRatio #1/3 <g\3 b\2 e'\1>4 \harmonicByRatio #1/4 { g8\3 b8\2 e'4\1 } } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \ratioHarmonics } \new TabStaff { \ratioHarmonics } >> }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Stem and beam behavior in tablature
The direction of stems is controlled the same way in tablature as in traditional notation. Beams can be made horizontal, as shown in this example.
\new TabStaff { \relative c { \tabFullNotation g16 b d g b d g b \stemDown \override Beam.concaveness = #10000 g,,16 b d g b d g b } }
Polyphony in tablature
Polyphony is created the same way in a TabStaff
as in a regular
staff.
upper = \relative c' { \time 12/8 \key e \minor \voiceOne r4. r8 e, fis g16 b g e e' b c b a g fis e } lower = \relative c { \key e \minor \voiceTwo r16 e d c b a g4 fis8 e fis g a b c } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "tab with traditional" << \new Staff = "guitar traditional" << \clef "treble_8" \context Voice = "upper" \upper \context Voice = "lower" \lower >> \new TabStaff = "guitar tab" << \context TabVoice = "upper" \upper \context TabVoice = "lower" \lower >> >> >> }
Open string harmonics in tablature
This snippet demonstrates open-string harmonics
openStringHarmonics = { \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner.staff-padding = #3 \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.3 \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #1 %first harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "1st harm. " \harmonicByFret #12 e,2\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/2 e,\6\stopTextSpan %second harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "2nd harm. " \harmonicByFret #7 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/3 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #19 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #2/3 e,\6\stopTextSpan %\harmonicByFret #19 < e,\6 a,\5 d\4 > %\harmonicByRatio #2/3 < e,\6 a,\5 d\4 > %third harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "3rd harm. " \harmonicByFret #5 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/4 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #24 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #3/4 e,\6\stopTextSpan \break %fourth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "4th harm. " \harmonicByFret #4 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/5 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #9 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #2/5 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #16 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #3/5 e,\6\stopTextSpan %fifth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "5th harm. " \harmonicByFret #3 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/6 e,\6\stopTextSpan \break %sixth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "6th harm. " \harmonicByFret #2.7 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/7 e,\6\stopTextSpan %seventh harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "7th harm. " \harmonicByFret #2.3 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/8 e,\6\stopTextSpan %eighth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "8th harm. " \harmonicByFret #2 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/9 e,\6\stopTextSpan } \score { << \new Staff \with { \omit StringNumber } { \new Voice { \clef "treble_8" \openStringHarmonics } } \new TabStaff { \new TabVoice { \openStringHarmonics } } >> }
Fretted-string harmonics in tablature
Demonstrates fretted-string harmonics in tablature
pinchedHarmonics = { \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup {\halign #-0.5 \teeny "PH" } \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #0.6 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.attach-dir = #1 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-0.5 } harmonics = { %artificial harmonics (AH) \textLengthOn <\parenthesize b b'\harmonic>4_\markup{ \teeny "AH 16" } <\parenthesize g g'\harmonic>4_\markup{ \teeny "AH 17" } <\parenthesize d' d''\harmonic>2_\markup{ \teeny "AH 19" } %pinched harmonics (PH) \pinchedHarmonics <a'\harmonic>2\startTextSpan <d''\harmonic>4 <e'\harmonic>4\stopTextSpan %tapped harmonics (TH) <\parenthesize g\4 g'\harmonic>4_\markup{ \teeny "TH 17" } <\parenthesize a\4 a'\harmonic>4_\markup{ \teeny "TH 19" } <\parenthesize c'\3 c''\harmonic>2_\markup{ \teeny "TH 17" } %touch harmonics (TCH) a4( <e''\harmonic>2. )_\markup{ \teeny "TCH" } } frettedStrings = { %artificial harmonics (AH) \harmonicByFret #4 g4\3 \harmonicByFret #5 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #7 g2\3 %pinched harmonics (PH) \harmonicByFret #7 d2\4 \harmonicByFret #5 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #7 a4\5 %tapped harmonics (TH) \harmonicByFret #5 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #7 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #5 g2\3 %touch harmonics (TCH) a4 \harmonicByFret #9 g2.\3 } \score { << \new Staff \with { \omit StringNumber } { \new Voice { \clef "treble_8" \harmonics } } \new TabStaff { \new TabVoice { \frettedStrings } } >> }
Slides in tablature
Slides can be typeset in both Staff
and TabStaff
contexts:
slides = { c'8\3(\glissando d'8\3) c'8\3\glissando d'8\3 \hideNotes \grace { g16\glissando } \unHideNotes c'4\3 \afterGrace d'4\3\glissando { \stemDown \hideNotes g16 } \unHideNotes } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \slides } \new TabStaff { \slides } >> \layout { \context { \Score \override Glissando.minimum-length = #4 \override Glissando.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \override Glissando.thickness = #2 \omit StringNumber % or: %\override StringNumber.stencil = ##f } } }
Chord glissando in tablature
Slides for chords are indicated by default in both Staff
and
TabStaff
. String numbers are necessary for TabStaff
because automatic string calculations are different for chords and for
single notes.
myMusic = \relative c' { <c e g>1 \glissando <f a c> } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \myMusic } \new TabStaff \myMusic >> } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \myMusic } \new TabStaff \with { \override Glissando.style = #'none } { \myMusic } >> }
Hammer on and pull off
Hammer-on and pull-off can be obtained using slurs.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { d4( e\2) a( g) } }
Hammer on and pull off using voices
The arc of hammer-on and pull-off is upwards in voices one and three and downwards in voices two and four:
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { << { \voiceOne g2( a) } \\ { \voiceTwo a,( b) } >> \oneVoice } }
Hammer on and pull off using chords
When using hammer-on or pull-off with chorded notes, only a single arc
is drawn. However “double arcs” are possible by setting the
doubleSlurs
property to #t
.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { % chord hammer-on and pull-off \set doubleSlurs = ##t <g' b>8( <a c> <g b>) } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Repetició d’acords, Glissando, Harmonics, Stems, Repeticions explícites.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: TabNoteHead, TabStaff, TabVoice, Beam.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Chords are not handled in a special way, and hence the automatic string selector may easily select the same string for two notes in a chord.
In order to handle \partcombine
, a TabStaff
must use
specially-created voices:
melodia = \partcombine { e4 g g g } { e4 e e e } << \new TabStaff << \new TabVoice = "one" s1 \new TabVoice = "two" s1 \new TabVoice = "shared" s1 \new TabVoice = "solo" s1 { \melodia } >> >>
Guitar special effects are limited to harmonics and slides.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Default tablatures ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for fretted strings ] | [ Fret diagram markups > ] |
Custom tablatures
LilyPond tablature automatically calculates the fret for
a note based on the string to which the note is assigned.
In order to do this, the tuning of the strings must be
specified. The tuning of the strings is given in the
stringTunings
property.
LilyPond comes with predefined string tunings for banjo, mandolin, guitar, bass guitar, ukulele, violin, viola, cello, and double bass. LilyPond automatically sets the correct transposition for predefined tunings. The following example is for bass guitar, which sounds an octave lower than written.
<< \new Voice \with { \omit StringNumber } { \clef "bass_8" \relative { c,4 d e f } } \new TabStaff \with { stringTunings = #bass-tuning } { \relative { c,4 d e f } } >>
The default string tuning is guitar-tuning
, which
is the standard EADGBE tuning. Some other predefined tunings are
guitar-open-g-tuning
, mandolin-tuning
and
banjo-open-g-tuning
. The predefined string tunings
are found in ‘ly/string-tunings-init.ly’.
Any desired string tuning can be created. The
\stringTuning
function can be
used to define a string tuning which can be used
to set stringTunings
for the current context.
Its argument is a chord construct
defining the pitches of each string in the tuning.
The chord construct must be in absolute octave mode,
see Escriptura d’octava absoluta. The string
with the highest number (generally the lowest string) must
come first in the chord. For example, we can
define a string tuning for a four-string instrument with pitches
of a''
, d''
, g'
, and c'
:
mynotes = { c'4 e' g' c'' | e''4 g'' b'' c''' } << \new Staff { \clef treble \mynotes } \new TabStaff { \set Staff.stringTunings = \stringTuning <c' g' d'' a''> \mynotes } >>
The stringTunings
property is also used by
FretBoards
to calculate automatic fret diagrams.
String tunings are used as part of the hash key for predefined fret diagrams (see Predefined fret diagrams).
The previous example could also be written as follows:
custom-tuning = \stringTuning <c' g' d'' a''> mynotes = { c'4 e' g' c'' | e''4 g'' b'' c''' } << \new Staff { \clef treble \mynotes } \new TabStaff { \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #custom-tuning \mynotes } >>
Internally, a string tuning is a Scheme list of string pitches, one for each string, ordered by string number from 1 to N, where string 1 is at the top of the tablature staff and string N is at the bottom. This ordinarily results in ordering from highest pitch to lowest pitch, but some instruments (e.g., ukulele) do not have strings ordered by pitch.
A string pitch in a string tuning list is a LilyPond pitch
object. Pitch objects are created with the Scheme function
ly:make-pitch
(see Scheme functions).
\stringTuning
creates such an object from chord input.
LilyPond automatically calculates the number of lines in the
TabStaff
and the number of strings in an automatically
calculated FretBoard
as the number of elements
in stringTunings
.
To let all TabStaff contexts use the same custom tuning by default, you can use
\layout { \context { \TabStaff stringTunings = \stringTuning <c' g' d'' a''> } }
A modern tab clef can also be used.
\new TabStaff { \clef moderntab <a, e a>1 \break \clef tab <a, e a>1 }
The modern tab clef supports tablatures from 4 to 7 strings.
TabStaff
may support micro-tones like quarter-tones, which
can be played using bendings.
supportNonIntegerFret = ##t
needs to be set in
Score-context. However, micro-tones are not supported in FretBoards
.
\layout { \context { \Score supportNonIntegerFret = ##t } } custom-tuning = \stringTuning <e, a, d ges beh eeh'> mus = \relative { eeses'4 eeseh ees eeh e eih eis eisih eisis } << \new Staff << \clef "G_8" \mus >> \new TabStaff \with { stringTunings = \custom-tuning } \mus >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Escriptura d’octava absoluta, Predefined fret diagrams, Scheme functions.
Installed Files: ‘ly/string-tunings-init.ly’, ‘scm/tablature.scm’.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: Tab_note_heads_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Automatic tablature calculations do not work properly in most cases for instruments where string pitches do not vary monotonically with string number, such as ukuleles.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Custom tablatures ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for fretted strings ] | [ Predefined fret diagrams > ] |
Fret diagram markups
Fret diagrams can be added to music as a markup to the desired note. The markup contains information about the desired fret diagram. There are three different fret-diagram markup interfaces: standard, terse, and verbose. The three interfaces produce equivalent markups, but have varying amounts of information in the markup string. Details about the syntax of the different markup strings used to define fret diagrams are found at Instrument Specific Markup.
The standard fret diagram markup string indicates the string number and the fret number for each dot to be placed on the string. In addition, open and unplayed (muted) strings can be indicated.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-3;4-2;3-o;2-1;1-o;" } <d a d' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-1;" } } >>
Barre indications can be added to the diagram from the fret-diagram markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { f1 g } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"c:6-1-1;6-1;5-3;4-3;3-2;2-1;1-1;" } <g, d g b d' g'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"c:6-1-3;6-3;5-5;4-5;3-4;2-3;1-3;" } } >>
The size of the fret diagram, and the number of frets in the diagram can be changed in the fret-diagram markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { f1 g } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"s:1.5;c:6-1-1;6-1;5-3;4-3;3-2;2-1;1-1;" } <g, b, d g b g'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"h:6;6-3;5-2;4-o;3-o;2-o;1-3;" } } >>
The number of strings in a fret diagram can be changed to accommodate different instruments such as banjos and ukuleles with the fret-diagram markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { a1 } } \new Staff { % An 'A' chord for ukulele a'1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"w:4;4-2-2;3-1-1;2-o;1-o;" } } >>
Fingering indications can be added, and the location of fingering labels can be controlled by the fret-diagram markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"f:1;6-x;5-3-3;4-2-2;3-o;2-1-1;1-o;" } <d a d' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"f:2;6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2-2;2-3-3;1-1-1;" } } >>
Dot radius and dot position can be controlled with the fret-diagram markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"d:0.35;6-x;5-3;4-2;3-o;2-1;1-o;" } <d a d' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram #"p:0.2;6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-1;" } } >>
The fret-diagram-terse markup string omits string numbers; the string number is implied by the presence of semicolons. There is one semicolon for each string in the diagram. The first semicolon corresponds to the highest string number and the last semicolon corresponds to the first string. Mute strings, open strings, and fret numbers can be indicated.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3;2;o;1;o;" } <d a d' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2;3;1;" } } >>
Barre indicators can be included in the fret-diagram-terse markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { f1 g } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"1-(;3;3;2;1;1-);" } <g, d g b d' g'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"3-(;5;5;4;3;3-);" } } >>
Fingering indications can be included in the fret-diagram-terse markup string.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new Staff { \override Voice.TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'below-string \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3-3;2-2;o;1-1;o;" } <d a d' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2-2;3-3;1-1;" } } >>
Other fret diagram properties must be adjusted using
\override
when using the fret-diagram-terse markup.
The fret-diagram-verbose markup string is in the format of a Scheme list. Each element of the list indicates an item to be placed on the fret diagram.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-verbose #'( (mute 6) (place-fret 5 3) (place-fret 4 2) (open 3) (place-fret 2 1) (open 1) ) } <d a d' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-verbose #'( (mute 6) (mute 5) (open 4) (place-fret 3 2) (place-fret 2 3) (place-fret 1 1) ) } } >>
Fingering indications and barres can be included in a fret-diagram-verbose markup string. Unique to the fret-diagram-verbose interface is a capo indication that can be placed on the fret diagram. The capo indication is a thick bar that covers all strings. The fret with the capo will be the lowest fret in the fret diagram.
Fingering indication dots can be colored as well as parenthesized; the parenthesis’s color can also be altered independently.
Markups can be placed into the dots as well.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { f1 g c c b } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \override Voice.TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'below-string <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-verbose #'( (place-fret 6 1) (place-fret 5 3) (place-fret 4 3) (place-fret 3 2) (place-fret 2 1) (place-fret 1 1) (barre 6 1 1) ) } <g, b, d g b g'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-verbose #'( (place-fret 6 3 2) (place-fret 5 2 1) (open 4) (open 3) (open 2) (place-fret 1 3 3) ) } <c g c' e' g'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-verbose #'( (capo 3) (mute 6) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) ) } \override Voice.TextScript.size = 1.4 <c g c' e' g'>1^\markup { \fret-diagram-verbose #'( (place-fret 6 3 1 red parenthesized default-paren-color) (place-fret 5 3 1 inverted) (place-fret 4 5 2 blue parenthesized) (place-fret 3 5 3 blue) (place-fret 2 5 4 blue) (place-fret 1 3 1 inverted) ) } \override Voice.TextScript.size = 1.5 <b, fis b dis' fis'>1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ((finger-code . in-dot))) \fret-diagram-verbose #`( (place-fret 5 2 1) (place-fret 4 4 "fis" red) (place-fret 3 4 "b" red) (place-fret 2 4 ,#{ \markup \concat { \vcenter "d" \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph #"accidentals.sharp"} #} red) (place-fret 1 2 1) ) } } >>
All other fret diagram properties must be adjusted using
\override
when using the fret-diagram-verbose markup.
The graphical layout of a fret diagram can be customized according to
user preference through the properties of the
fret-diagram-interface
. Details are found at
fret-diagram-interface. For a fret diagram
markup, the interface properties belong to Voice.TextScript
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Changing fret orientations
Fret diagrams can be oriented in three ways. By default the top string or fret in the different orientations will be aligned.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" << \chords { c1 c1 c1 } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'landscape c1 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'opposing-landscape c1 } } \new Voice { c'1 c'1 c' } >>
Customizing markup fret diagrams
Fret diagram properties can be set through
'fret-diagram-details
. For markup fret diagrams, overrides can
be applied to the Voice.TextScript
object or directly to the
markup.
<< \chords { c1 | c | c | d } \new Voice = "mel" { \textLengthOn % Set global properties of fret diagram \override TextScript.size = #'1.2 \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'white %% C major for guitar, no barre, using defaults % terse style c'1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3-3;2-2;o;1-1;o;" } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % size 1.0 % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'1^\markup { % standard size \override #'(size . 1.0) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . in-dot) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % landscape orientation, arabic numbers, M for mute string % no barre, fret label down or left, small mute label font c'1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (number-type . arabic) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (orientation . landscape) (barre-type . none) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } %% simple D chord % terse style % larger dots, centered dots, fewer frets % label below string d'1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } } >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Instrument Specific Markup.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: fret-diagram-interface.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Fret diagram markups ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for fretted strings ] | [ Automatic fret diagrams > ] |
Predefined fret diagrams
Fret diagrams can be displayed using the FretBoards
context. By
default, the FretBoards
context will display fret diagrams that
are stored in a lookup table:
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 d } }
The default predefined fret diagrams are contained in the file
‘predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly’. Fret diagrams are
stored based on the pitches of a chord and the value of
stringTunings
that is currently in use.
‘predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly’ contains predefined
fret diagrams only for guitar-tuning
. Predefined fret
diagrams can be added for other instruments or other tunings
by following the examples found in
‘predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly’.
Fret diagrams for the ukulele are contained in the file
‘predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly’.
\include "predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly" myChords = \chordmode { a1 a:m a:aug } \new ChordNames { \myChords } \new FretBoards { \set Staff.stringTunings = #ukulele-tuning \myChords }
Fret diagrams for the mandolin are contained in the file
‘predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly’.
\include "predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly" myChords = \chordmode { c1 c:m7.5- c:aug } \new ChordNames { \myChords } \new FretBoards { \set Staff.stringTunings = #mandolin-tuning \myChords }
Chord pitches can be entered either as simultaneous music or using chord mode (see Chord mode overview).
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 } <c' e' g'>1 }
It is common that both chord names and fret diagrams are displayed together.
This is achieved by putting a ChordNames
context in parallel with
a FretBoards
context and giving both contexts the same music.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" mychords = \chordmode{ c1 f g } << \new ChordNames { \mychords } \new FretBoards { \mychords } >>
Predefined fret diagrams are transposable, as long as a diagram for the transposed chord is stored in the fret diagram table.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" mychords = \chordmode{ c1 f g } mychordlist = { \mychords \transpose c e { \mychords } } << \new ChordNames { \mychordlist } \new FretBoards { \mychordlist } >>
The predefined fret diagram table for guitar contains eight chords (major, minor, augmented, diminished, dominant seventh, major seventh, minor seventh, dominant ninth) for each of 17 keys. The predefined fret diagram table for ukulele contains these chords plus an additional three chords (major sixth, suspended second, and suspended fourth). A complete list of the predefined fret diagrams is shown in Predefined fretboard diagrams. If there is no entry in the table for a chord, the FretBoards engraver will calculate a fret-diagram using the automatic fret diagram functionality described in Automatic fret diagrams.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" mychords = \chordmode{ c1 c:maj9 } << \new ChordNames { \mychords } \new FretBoards { \mychords } >>
Fret diagrams can be added to the fret diagram table. To add a diagram, you must specify the hash table for the diagram, the chord for the diagram, the tuning to be used, and a definition for the diagram. Normally, the hash table will be default-fret-table. The diagram definition can be either a fret-diagram-terse definition string or a fret-diagram-verbose marking list.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { c:maj9 } #guitar-tuning #"x;3-2;o;o;o;o;" mychords = \chordmode { c1 c:maj9 } << \new ChordNames { \mychords } \new FretBoards { \mychords } >>
Different fret diagrams for the same chord name can be stored using different octaves of pitches. The different octave should be at least two octaves above or below the default octave, because the octaves above and below the default octave are used for transposing fretboards.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { c'' } #guitar-tuning #(offset-fret 2 (chord-shape 'bes guitar-tuning)) mychords = \chordmode { c1 c'' } << \new ChordNames { \mychords } \new FretBoards { \mychords } >>
In addition to fret diagrams, LilyPond stores an internal list of chord shapes. The chord shapes are fret diagrams that can be shifted along the neck to different positions to provide different chords. Chord shapes can be added to the internal list and then used to define predefined fret diagrams. Because they can be moved to various positions on the neck, chord shapes will normally not contain any open strings. Like fret diagrams, chord shapes can be entered as either fret-diagram-terse strings or fret-diagram-verbose marking lists.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" % Add a new chord shape \addChordShape #'powerf #guitar-tuning #"1-1;3-3;3-4;x;x;x;" % add some new chords based on the power chord shape \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { f'' } #guitar-tuning #(chord-shape 'powerf guitar-tuning) \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { g'' } #guitar-tuning #(offset-fret 2 (chord-shape 'powerf guitar-tuning)) mychords = \chordmode{ f1 f'' g g'' } << \new ChordNames { \mychords } \new FretBoards { \mychords } >>
The graphical layout of a fret diagram can be customized according to
user preference through the properties of the
fret-diagram-interface
. Details are found at
fret-diagram-interface. For a predefined fret diagram,
the interface properties belong to FretBoards.FretBoard
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Customizing fretboard fret diagrams
Fret diagram properties can be set through
'fret-diagram-details
. For FretBoard fret diagrams, overrides
are applied to the FretBoards.FretBoard
object. Like
Voice
, FretBoards
is a bottom level context, therefore
can be omitted in property overrides.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { c' } #guitar-tuning #"x;1-1-(;3-2;3-3;3-4;1-1-);" << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 | c | c | d } } \new FretBoards { % Set global properties of fret diagram \override FretBoards.FretBoard.size = #'1.2 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'white \chordmode { c \once \override FretBoard.size = #'1.0 \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.barre-type = #'straight \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'black \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'below-string c' \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.barre-type = #'none \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.number-type = #'arabic \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'landscape \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.mute-string = #"M" \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.label-dir = #LEFT \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'black c' \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'below-string \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-radius = #0.35 \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-position = #0.5 \once \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.fret-count = #3 d } } \new Voice { c'1 | c' | c' | d' } >>
Defining predefined fretboards for other instruments
Predefined fret diagrams can be added for new instruments in addition to the standards used for guitar. This file shows how this is done by defining a new string-tuning and a few predefined fretboards for the Venezuelan cuatro.
This file also shows how fingerings can be included in the chords used
as reference points for the chord lookup, and displayed in the fret
diagram and the TabStaff
, but not the music.
These fretboards are not transposable because they contain string information. This is planned to be corrected in the future.
% add FretBoards for the Cuatro % Note: This section could be put into a separate file % predefined-cuatro-fretboards.ly % and \included into each of your compositions cuatroTuning = #`(,(ly:make-pitch 0 6 0) ,(ly:make-pitch 1 3 SHARP) ,(ly:make-pitch 1 1 0) ,(ly:make-pitch 0 5 0)) dSix = { <a\4 b\1 d\3 fis\2> } dMajor = { <a\4 d\1 d\3 fis \2> } aMajSeven = { <a\4 cis\1 e\3 g\2> } dMajSeven = { <a\4 c\1 d\3 fis\2> } gMajor = { <b\4 b\1 d\3 g\2> } \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \dSix #cuatroTuning #"o;o;o;o;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \dMajor #cuatroTuning #"o;o;o;3-3;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \aMajSeven #cuatroTuning #"o;2-2;1-1;2-3;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \dMajSeven #cuatroTuning #"o;o;o;1-1;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \gMajor #cuatroTuning #"2-2;o;1-1;o;" % end of potential include file /predefined-cuatro-fretboards.ly #(set-global-staff-size 16) primerosNames = \chordmode { d:6 d a:maj7 d:maj7 g } primeros = { \dSix \dMajor \aMajSeven \dMajSeven \gMajor } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \primerosNames } \new Staff { \new Voice \with { \remove "New_fingering_engraver" } \relative c'' { \primeros } } \new FretBoards { \set Staff.stringTunings = #cuatroTuning % \override FretBoard % #'(fret-diagram-details string-count) = #'4 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \primeros } \new TabStaff \relative c'' { \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #cuatroTuning \primeros } >> \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16) } } \midi { } }
ChordChanges for FretBoards
FretBoards can be set to display only when the chord changes or at the beginning of a new line.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" myChords = \chordmode { c1 c1 \break \set chordChanges = ##t c1 c1 \break c1 c1 } << \new ChordNames { \myChords } \new FretBoards { \myChords } \new Staff { \myChords } >>
Fretboards alternate tables
Alternate fretboard tables can be created. These would be used in order to have alternate fretboards for a given chord.
In order to use an alternate fretboard table, the table must first be created. Fretboards are then added to the table.
The created fretboard table can be blank, or it can be copied from an existing table.
The table to be used in displaying predefined fretboards is selected by
the property \predefinedDiagramTable
.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" % Make a blank new fretboard table #(define custom-fretboard-table-one (make-fretboard-table)) % Make a new fretboard table as a copy of default-fret-table #(define custom-fretboard-table-two (make-fretboard-table default-fret-table)) % Add a chord to custom-fretboard-table-one \storePredefinedDiagram #custom-fretboard-table-one \chordmode{c} #guitar-tuning "3-(;3;5;5;5;3-);" % Add a chord to custom-fretboard-table-two \storePredefinedDiagram #custom-fretboard-table-two \chordmode{c} #guitar-tuning "x;3;5;5;5;o;" << \chords { c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { \set predefinedDiagramTable = #default-fret-table c1 | d1 | \set predefinedDiagramTable = #custom-fretboard-table-one c1 | d1 | \set predefinedDiagramTable = #custom-fretboard-table-two c1 | d1 | } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" << \chordmode { c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | } { s1_\markup "Default table" | s1 | s1_\markup \column {"New table" "from empty"} | s1 | s1_\markup \column {"New table" "from default"} | s1 | } >> } >>
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Custom tablatures, Automatic fret diagrams, Chord mode overview, Predefined fretboard diagrams.
Installed Files:
‘ly/predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly’,
‘ly/predefined-guitar-ninth-fretboards.ly’,
‘ly/predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly’,
‘ly/predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly’.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: fret-diagram-interface.
Automatic fret diagrams
Fret diagrams can be automatically created from entered notes using the
FretBoards
context. If no predefined diagram is available for
the entered notes in the active stringTunings
, this context
calculates strings and frets that can be used to play the notes.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { f1 g } } \new FretBoards { <f, c f a c' f'>1 <g,\6 b, d g b g'>1 } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <f, c f a c' f'>1 <g, b, d g b' g'>1 } >>
As no predefined diagrams are loaded by default, automatic calculation of fret diagrams is the default behavior. Once default diagrams are loaded, automatic calculation can be enabled and disabled with predefined commands:
\storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table <c e g c' e'> #guitar-tuning #"x;3-1-(;5-2;5-3;5-4;3-1-1-);" << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 c c } } \new FretBoards { <c e g c' e'>1 \predefinedFretboardsOff <c e g c' e'>1 \predefinedFretboardsOn <c e g c' e'>1 } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1 <c e g c' e'>1 <c e g c' e'>1 } >>
Sometimes the fretboard calculator will be unable to find
an acceptable diagram. This can often be remedied by
manually assigning a note to a string. In many cases, only one
note need be manually placed on a string; the rest of
the notes will then be placed appropriately by the
FretBoards
context.
Fingerings can be added to FretBoard fret diagrams.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 d:m } } \new FretBoards { <c-3 e-2 g c'-1 e'>1 <d a-2 d'-3 f'-1>1 } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <c e g c' e'>1 <d a d' f'>1 } >>
The minimum fret to be used in calculating strings and frets for
the FretBoard context can be set with the minimumFret
property.
<< \new ChordNames { \chordmode { d1:m d:m } } \new FretBoards { <d a d' f'>1 \set FretBoards.minimumFret = #5 <d a d' f'>1 } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" <d a d' f'>1 <d a d' f'>1 } >>
The strings and frets for the FretBoards
context depend
on the stringTunings
property, which has the same meaning
as in the TabStaff context. See Custom tablatures for
information on the stringTunings
property.
The graphical layout of a fret diagram can be customized according to
user preference through the properties of the
fret-diagram-interface
. Details are found at
fret-diagram-interface. For a FretBoards
fret
diagram, the interface properties belong to
FretBoards.FretBoard
.
Instruccions predefinides
\predefinedFretboardsOff
,
\predefinedFretboardsOn
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Custom tablatures.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: fret-diagram-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Automatic fretboard calculations do not work properly for instruments with non-monotonic tunings.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Automatic fret diagrams ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for fretted strings ] | [ Guitar > ] |
Right-hand fingerings
Right-hand fingerings p-i-m-a must be entered using
\rightHandFinger
followed by a number.
Nota: If the number is entered in Scheme notation, remember to append
a space before following it with a closing >
or similar.
\clef "treble_8" c4\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2 g\rightHandFinger #3 c'\rightHandFinger #4 <c\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2 g\rightHandFinger #3 c'\rightHandFinger #4 >1
For convenience, you can abbreviate \rightHandFinger
to something
short, for example RH
,
RH=#rightHandFinger
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Placement of right-hand fingerings
It is possible to exercise greater control over the placement of right-hand fingerings by setting a specific property, as demonstrated in the following example. Note: you must use a chord construct
#(define RH rightHandFinger) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up down) <c-\RH #1 e-\RH #2 g-\RH #3 c-\RH #4 >4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up right down) <c-\RH #1 e-\RH #2 g-\RH #3 c-\RH #4 >4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(left) <c-\RH #1 e-\RH #2 g-\RH #3 c-\RH #4 >2 }
Fingerings string indications and right-hand fingerings
This example combines left-hand fingering, string indications, and right-hand fingering.
#(define RH rightHandFinger) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" <c-3\5-\RH #1 >4 <e-2\4-\RH #2 >4 <g-0\3-\RH #3 >4 <c-1\2-\RH #4 >4 }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Internals Reference: StrokeFinger.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Right-hand fingerings ] | [ Amunt : Fretted string instruments ] | [ Indicating position and barring > ] |
2.4.2 Guitar
Most of the notational issues associated with guitar music are covered sufficiently in the general fretted strings section, but there are a few more worth covering here. Occasionally users want to create songbook-type documents having only lyrics with chord indications above them. Since LilyPond is a music typesetter, it is not recommended for documents that have no music notation in them. A better alternative is a word processor, text editor, or, for experienced users, a typesetter like GuitarTeX.
Indicating position and barring | ||
Indicating harmonics and dampened notes | ||
Indicating power chords |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Guitar ] | [ Amunt : Guitar ] | [ Indicating harmonics and dampened notes > ] |
Indicating position and barring
This example demonstrates how to include guitar position and barring indications.
\relative { \clef "treble_8" b,16 d g b e \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"XII " g16\startTextSpan b16 e g e b g\stopTextSpan e16 b g d }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Text spanners.
Snippets: Fretted strings, Expressive marks.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Indicating position and barring ] | [ Amunt : Guitar ] | [ Indicating power chords > ] |
Indicating harmonics and dampened notes
Special note heads can be used to indicate dampened notes or harmonics. Harmonics are normally further explained with a text markup.
\relative { \clef "treble_8" \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'harmonic-mixed d'^\markup { \italic { \fontsize #-2 { "harm. 12" }}} <g b>1 }
Dampened notes (also called dead notes) are supported within normal and tablature staves:
music = \relative { < a\3 \deadNote c\2 a'\1 >4 < b\3 \deadNote d\2 b'\1 > < c\3 \deadNote e\2 c'\1 > \deadNotesOn \tuplet 3/2 { g8 b e } \deadNotesOff < a,\3 c\2 e\1 >1 } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \music } \new TabStaff { \music } >>
Another playing technique (especially used on electric guitars) is called palm mute. The string is hereby partly muted by the palm of the striking hand (hence the name). LilyPond supports the notation of palm mute-style notes by changing the note head to a triangle shape.
\new Voice { % Warning: explicit Voice instantiation is % required to have palmMuteOff work properly % when palmMuteOn comes at the beginning of % the piece. \relative c, { \clef "G_8" \palmMuteOn e8^\markup { \musicglyph #"noteheads.u2do" = palm mute } < e b' e > e \palmMuteOff e e \palmMute e e e | e8 \palmMute { e e e } e e e e | < \palmMute e b' e >8 \palmMute { e e e } < \palmMute e b' e >2 } }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Fretted strings.
Notation Reference: Caps de nota especials, Note head styles.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Indicating harmonics and dampened notes ] | [ Amunt : Guitar ] | [ Banjo > ] |
Indicating power chords
Power chords and their symbols can be engraved in chord mode or as chord constructs:
ChordsAndSymbols = { \chordmode { \powerChords e,,1:5 a,,1:5.8 \set minimumFret = #8 c,1:5 f,1:5.8 } \set minimumFret = #5 <a, e>1 <g d' g'>1 } \score { << \new ChordNames { \ChordsAndSymbols } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \ChordsAndSymbols } \new TabStaff { \ChordsAndSymbols } >> }
Power chord symbols are automatically switched off as soon as one of the other common chord modifier is used:
mixedChords = \chordmode { c,1 \powerChords b,,1:5 fis,,1:5.8 g,,1:m } \score { << \new ChordNames { \mixedChords } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \mixedChords } \new TabStaff { \mixedChords } >> }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: power chord.
Notation Reference: Extended and altered chords, Printing chord names.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Indicating power chords ] | [ Amunt : Fretted string instruments ] | [ Banjo tablatures > ] |
2.4.3 Banjo
Banjo tablatures |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Banjo ] | [ Amunt : Banjo ] | [ Lute > ] |
Banjo tablatures
LilyPond has basic support for the five-string banjo. When making tablatures for five-string banjo, use the banjo tablature format function to get correct fret numbers for the fifth string:
music = { g8 d' g'\5 a b g e d' | g4 d''8\5 b' a'\2 g'\5 e'\2 d' | g4 } << \new Staff \with { \omit StringNumber } { \clef "treble_8" \music } \new TabStaff \with { tablatureFormat = #fret-number-tablature-format-banjo stringTunings = #banjo-open-g-tuning } { \music } >>
A number of common tunings for the five-string banjo are predefined:
banjo-c-tuning
(gCGBD), banjo-modal-tuning
(gDGCD),
banjo-open-d-tuning
(aDF#AD) and banjo-open-dm-tuning
(aDFAD).
These may be converted to four-string tunings using the
four-string-banjo
function:
\set TabStaff.stringTunings = #(four-string-banjo banjo-c-tuning)
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/string-tunings-init.ly’.
Snippets: Fretted strings.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Banjo tablatures ] | [ Amunt : Fretted string instruments ] | [ Lute tablatures > ] |
2.4.4 Lute
Lute tablatures |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Lute ] | [ Amunt : Lute ] | [ Percussion > ] |
Lute tablatures
LilyPond supports tablature for lute.
To get additional bass strings use additionalBassStrings
, where the
pitches of those strings are set. They will be printed below lowest line as:
a, /a, //a, ///a, 4, 5, etc.
fret-letter-tablature-format
for tablatureFormat
should be used,
probably fretLabels
for further customizing.
m = { f'4 d' a f d a, g, fis, e, d, c, \bar "|." } \score { << \new Staff { \clef bass \cadenzaOn \m } \new TabStaff \m >> \layout { \context { \Score tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format } \context { \TabStaff stringTunings = \stringTuning <a, d f a d' f'> additionalBassStrings = \stringTuning <c, d, e, fis, g,> fretLabels = #'("a" "b" "r" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "k") } } }
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Using FretBoards
with additionalBassStrings
is not supported and
will yield unsatisfying results.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Lute tablatures ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for percussion > ] |
2.5 Percussion
2.5.1 Common notation for percussion |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Percussion ] | [ Amunt : Percussion ] | [ References for percussion > ] |
2.5.1 Common notation for percussion
Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
References for percussion | ||
Basic percussion notation | ||
Drum rolls | ||
Pitched percussion | ||
Percussion staves | ||
Custom percussion staves | ||
Ghost notes |
References for percussion
- Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is discussed in Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia, and Creació d’instàncies de pentagrames nous.
- MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see MIDI instruments.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Mostrar els ritmes de la melodia, Creació d’instàncies de pentagrames nous. MIDI instruments.
Snippets: Percussion.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for percussion ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for percussion ] | [ Drum rolls > ] |
Basic percussion notation
Percussion notes may be entered in \drummode
mode, which is
similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
to enter percussion notes is to use the \drums
command,
which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
\drums { hihat4 hh bassdrum bd }
This is shorthand for:
\new DrumStaff \drummode { hihat4 hh bassdrum bd }
Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name, and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion note names may be found in Percussion notes.
Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as cis4
) in a
DrumStaff
context will cause an error message. Percussion clefs
are added automatically to a DrumStaff
context but they can also
be set explicitly. Other clefs may be used as well.
\drums { \clef percussion bd4 4 4 4 \clef treble hh4 4 4 4 }
There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion instruments; for details please see MIDI instruments.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: MIDI instruments, Percussion notes.
Installed Files: ‘ly/drumpitch-init.ly’.
Snippets: Percussion.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Basic percussion notation ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for percussion ] | [ Pitched percussion > ] |
Drum rolls
Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly, eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation, as described in Repeticions de trèmol.
\drums { \time 2/4 sn16 8 16 8 8:32 ~ 8 8 4:32 ~ 4 8 16 16 4 r4 }
Sticking can be indicated by placing a markup for "R"
or "L"
above or below notes, as discussed in
Direction and placement. The staff-padding
property
may be overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
\drums { \repeat unfold 2 { sn16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"L" 16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"R" \stemUp sn16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"L" 16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"R" } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Repeticions de trèmol.
Snippets: Percussion.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Drum rolls ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for percussion ] | [ Percussion staves > ] |
Pitched percussion
Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g., xylophone, vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves. This is covered in other sections of the manual.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: MIDI instruments.
Snippets: Percussion.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Pitched percussion ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for percussion ] | [ Custom percussion staves > ] |
Percussion staves
A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
interpreted in DrumStaff
and DrumVoice
context.
up = \drummode { crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat } down = \drummode { bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4 } \new DrumStaff << \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up } \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down } >>
The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short polyphonic notation, described in I'm hearing Voices, can also be used. For example,
\new DrumStaff << \drummode { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 << { \repeat unfold 16 hh16 } \\ { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 } >> } >>
There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
property drumStyleTable
in context DrumVoice
. The
following variables have been predefined:
-
drums-style
This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a five-line staff:
The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
tommh
,tomml
, andtomfh
.-
agostini-drums-style
Invented by the French percussionist Dante Agostini in 1965, this notation is commonly employed in France but also elsewhere.
-
timbales-style
This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
-
congas-style
This typesets congas on a two line staff:
-
bongos-style
This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
-
percussion-style
To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Percussion staves ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for percussion ] | [ Ghost notes > ] |
Custom percussion staves
If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your own list at the top of your file.
#(define mydrums '( (bassdrum default #f -1) (snare default #f 0) (hihat cross #f 1) (halfopenhihat cross "halfopen" 1) (pedalhihat xcircle "stopped" 2) (lowtom diamond #f 3))) up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp } down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml } \new DrumStaff << \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up } \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down } >>
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Here are some examples:
Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
% These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave; % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads % for the woodblocks. #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t 3) (lowoodblock default #t -2))) woodstaff = { % This defines a staff with only two lines. % It also defines the positions of the two lines. \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3) % This is necessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short! \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) } \new DrumStaff { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) % with this you load your new drum style table \woodstaff \drummode { \time 2/4 wbl8 16 16 8-> 8 | wbl8 16 16-> ~ 16 16 r8 | } }
Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
altered with \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent #'(from . to)
.
Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the
positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these
delicate things have a look at El símbol del pentagrama.
A tambourine, entered with ‘tamb’:
#(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tambourine" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) \time 6/8 tamb8. 16 8 8 8 8 | tamb4. 8 8 8 | % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span! tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan | }
Music for Tam-Tam (entered with ‘tt’):
#(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tamtam" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer }
Two different bells, entered with ‘cb’ (cowbell) and ‘rb’ (ridebell)
#(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t 3) (cowbell default #t -2))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Different Bells" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) \time 2/4 rb8 8 cb8 16 rb16-> ~ | 16 8 16 cb8 8 | }
Here a short example taken from Stravinsky’s ‘L’histoire du Soldat’.
#(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #t 4) (snare default #t -4) (tambourine default #t 0))) global = { \time 3/8 s4. \time 2/4 s2*2 \time 3/8 s4. \time 2/4 s2 } drumsA = { \context DrumVoice << { \global } { \drummode { \autoBeamOff \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 | sn4 \stemDown sn4 | \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 | \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 | \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb } } >> } drumsB = { \drummode { s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8 } } \layout { indent = #40 } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \column { "Tambourine" "et" "caisse claire s. timbre" } } drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) } \drumsA \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse" drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) } \drumsB >> }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Percussion.
Internals Reference: DrumStaff, DrumVoice.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Custom percussion staves ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for percussion ] | [ Wind instruments > ] |
Ghost notes
Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
\parenthesize
command detailed in Parentheses.
\new DrumStaff << \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 } \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 } \drummode { << { hh8[ 8] <hh sn> hh16 \parenthesize sn hh \parenthesize sn hh8 <hh sn> hh } \\ { bd4 r4 bd8 8 r8 bd } >> } >>
Vegeu també
Snippets: Percussion.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Ghost notes ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for wind instruments > ] |
2.6 Wind instruments
This section includes elements of music notation that arise when writing specifically for wind instruments.
2.6.1 Common notation for wind instruments | ||
2.6.2 Bagpipes | ||
2.6.3 Woodwinds |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Wind instruments ] | [ Amunt : Wind instruments ] | [ References for wind instruments > ] |
2.6.1 Common notation for wind instruments
This section discusses notation common to most wind instruments.
References for wind instruments | ||
Fingerings |
References for wind instruments
Many notation issues for wind instruments pertain to breathing and tonguing:
- Breathing can be specified by rests or Marques de respiració.
- Legato playing is indicated by Lligadures d’expressió.
- Different types of tonguings, ranging from legato to non-legato to staccato are usually shown by articulation marks, sometimes combined with slurs, see Articulacions i ornaments and List of articulations.
- Flutter tonguing is usually indicated by placing a tremolo mark and a text markup on the note. See Repeticions de trèmol.
Other aspects of musical notation that can apply to wind instruments:
- Many wind instruments are transposing instruments, see Transposició dels instruments.
- Slide glissandi are characteristic of the trombone, but other winds may perform keyed or valved glissandi. See Glissando.
- Harmonic series glissandi, which are possible on all brass instruments but common for French Horns, are usually written out as Notes d’adorn.
- Pitch inflections at the end of a note are discussed in Caigudes i elevacions.
- Key slaps or valve slaps are often shown by the
cross
style of Caps de nota especials. - Woodwinds can overblow low notes to sound harmonics. These are
shown by the
flageolet
articulation. See List of articulations. - The use of brass mutes is usually indicated by a text markup, but
where there are many rapid changes it is better to use the
stopped
andopen
articulations. See Articulacions i ornaments and List of articulations. - Stopped horns are indicated by the
stopped
articulation. See Articulacions i ornaments.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Changing \flageolet mark size
To make the \flageolet
circle smaller use the following Scheme
function.
smallFlageolet = #(let ((m (make-articulation "flageolet"))) (set! (ly:music-property m 'tweaks) (acons 'font-size -3 (ly:music-property m 'tweaks))) m) \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { d4^\flageolet_\markup { default size } d_\flageolet c4^\smallFlageolet_\markup { smaller } c_\smallFlageolet }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Marques de respiració, Lligadures d’expressió, Articulacions i ornaments, List of articulations, Repeticions de trèmol, Transposició dels instruments, Glissando, Notes d’adorn, Caigudes i elevacions, Caps de nota especials,
Snippets: Winds.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for wind instruments ] | [ Amunt : Common notation for wind instruments ] | [ Bagpipes > ] |
Fingerings
All wind instruments other than the trombone require the use of several fingers to produce each pitch. Some fingering examples are shown in the snippets below.
Woodwind diagrams can be produced and are described in Woodwind diagrams.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Fingering symbols for wind instruments
Special symbols can be achieved by combining existing glyphs, which is useful for wind instruments.
centermarkup = { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #CENTER \once \override TextScript.X-offset =#(lambda (g) (+ (ly:self-alignment-interface::centered-on-x-parent g) (ly:self-alignment-interface::x-aligned-on-self g))) } \score { \relative c'{ g\open \once \override TextScript.staff-padding = #-1.0 \centermarkup g^\markup { \combine \musicglyph #"scripts.open" \musicglyph #"scripts.tenuto" } \centermarkup g^\markup { \combine \musicglyph #"scripts.open" \musicglyph #"scripts.stopped" } g\stopped } }
Recorder fingering chart
The following example demonstrates how fingering charts for wind instruments can be realized.
% range chart for paetzold contrabass recorder centermarkup = { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #CENTER \once \override TextScript.X-offset =#(lambda (g) (+ (ly:self-alignment-interface::centered-on-x-parent g) (ly:self-alignment-interface::x-aligned-on-self g))) } \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \omit Stem \omit Flag \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } { \clef bass \set Score.timing = ##f f,1*1/4 \glissando \clef violin gis'1*1/4 \stemDown a'4^\markup{1)} \centermarkup \once \override TextScript.padding = #2 bes'1*1/4_\markup{\override #'(baseline-skip . 1.7) \column { \fontsize #-5 \slashed-digit #0 \finger 1 \finger 2 \finger 3 \finger 4 \finger 5 \finger 6 \finger 7} } b'1*1/4 c''4^\markup{1)} \centermarkup \once \override TextScript.padding = #2 cis''1*1/4 deh''1*1/4 \centermarkup \once \override TextScript.padding = #2 \once \override Staff.HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP e''1*1/4_\markup{\override #'(baseline-skip . 1.7) \column { \fontsize #-5 \slashed-digit #0 \finger 1 \finger 2 \finger 4 \finger 5} }\startGroup f''1*1/4^\markup{2)}\stopGroup } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Woodwind diagrams.
Snippets: Winds.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Fingerings ] | [ Amunt : Wind instruments ] | [ Bagpipe definitions > ] |
2.6.2 Bagpipes
This section discusses notation common bagpipes.
Bagpipe definitions | ||
Bagpipe example |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Bagpipes ] | [ Amunt : Bagpipes ] | [ Bagpipe example > ] |
Bagpipe definitions
LilyPond contains special definitions for Scottish, Highland Bagpipe music; to use them, add
\include "bagpipe.ly"
to the top of your input file. This lets you add the special grace notes
common to bagpipe music with short commands. For example, you could
write \taor
instead of
\grace { \small G32[ d G e] }
‘bagpipe.ly’ also contains pitch definitions for the bagpipe
notes in the appropriate octaves, so you do not need to worry about
\relative
or \transpose
.
\include "bagpipe.ly" { \grg G4 \grg a \grg b \grg c \grg d \grg e \grg f \grA g A }
Bagpipe music nominally uses the key of D Major (even though that
isn’t really true). However, since that is the only key that can be used,
the key signature is normally not written out. To set this up correctly,
always start your music with \hideKeySignature
. If you for some
reason want to show the key signature, you can use \showKeySignature
instead.
Some modern music use cross fingering on c and f to flatten those notes.
This can be indicated by c-flat
or f-flat
. Similarly, the
piobaireachd high g can be written g-flat
when it occurs in light
music.
Vegeu també
Snippets: Winds.
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[ < Bagpipe definitions ] | [ Amunt : Bagpipes ] | [ Woodwinds > ] |
Bagpipe example
This is what the well known tune Amazing Grace looks like in bagpipe notation.
\include "bagpipe.ly" \layout { indent = 0.0\cm \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } \header { title = "Amazing Grace" meter = "Hymn" arranger = "Trad. arr." } { \hideKeySignature \time 3/4 \grg \partial 4 a8. d16 \slurd d2 \grg f8[ e32 d16.] \grg f2 \grg f8 e \thrwd d2 \grg b4 \grG a2 \grg a8. d16 \slurd d2 \grg f8[ e32 d16.] \grg f2 \grg e8. f16 \dblA A2 \grg A4 \grg A2 f8. A16 \grg A2 \hdblf f8[ e32 d16.] \grg f2 \grg f8 e \thrwd d2 \grg b4 \grG a2 \grg a8. d16 \slurd d2 \grg f8[ e32 d16.] \grg f2 e4 \thrwd d2. \slurd d2 \bar "|." }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Winds.
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[ < Bagpipe example ] | [ Amunt : Wind instruments ] | [ Woodwind diagrams > ] |
2.6.3 Woodwinds
This section discusses notation specifically for woodwind instruments.
2.6.3.1 Woodwind diagrams |
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[ < Woodwinds ] | [ Amunt : Woodwinds ] | [ Chord notation > ] |
2.6.3.1 Woodwind diagrams
Woodwind diagrams can be used to indicate the fingering to be used for specific notes and are available for the following instruments:
- piccolo
- flute
- oboe
- clarinet
- bass clarinet
- saxophone
- bassoon
- contrabassoon
Woodwind diagrams are created as markups:
c''1^\markup { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'((lh . (gis)) (cc . (one three)) (rh . (ees))) }
Keys can be open, partially-covered, ring-depressed, or fully covered:
\textLengthOn c''1^\markup { \center-column { "one quarter" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (one1q)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "one half" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (one1h)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "three quarter" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (one3q)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "ring" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (oneR)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "full" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (oneF two)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } }
Trills are indicated as shaded keys:
c''1^\markup { \woodwind-diagram #'bass-clarinet #'((cc . (threeT four)) (lh . ()) (rh . (b fis))) }
A variety of trills can be displayed:
\textLengthOn c''1^\markup { \center-column { "one quarter to ring" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (one1qTR)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "ring to shut" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (oneTR)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "ring to open" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (oneRT)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "open to shut" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (oneT)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } } c''1^\markup { \center-column { "one quarter to three quarters" \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'((cc . (one1qT3q)) (lh . ()) (rh . ())) } }
The list of all possible keys and settings for a given instrument
can be displayed on the console using
#(print-keys-verbose 'flute)
or in the log file using
#(print-keys-verbose 'flute (current-error-port))
, although
they will not show up in the music output.
Creating new diagrams is possible, although this will require Scheme ability and may not be accessible to all users. The patterns for the diagrams are in ‘scm/define-woodwind-diagrams.scm’ and ‘scm/display-woodwind-diagrams.scm’.
Instruccions predefinides
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Woodwind diagrams listing
The following music shows all of the woodwind diagrams currently defined in LilyPond.
\layout { indent = 0 } \relative c' { \textLengthOn c1^ \markup { \center-column { 'tin-whistle " " \woodwind-diagram #'tin-whistle #'() } } c1^ \markup { \center-column { 'piccolo " " \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() } } c1^ \markup { \center-column { 'flute " " \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'oboe " " \woodwind-diagram #'oboe #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'clarinet " " \woodwind-diagram #'clarinet #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'bass-clarinet " " \woodwind-diagram #'bass-clarinet #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'saxophone " " \woodwind-diagram #'saxophone #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'bassoon " " \woodwind-diagram #'bassoon #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'contrabassoon " " \woodwind-diagram #'contrabassoon #'() } } }
Graphical and text woodwind diagrams
In many cases, the keys other than the central column can be displayed by key name as well as by graphical means.
\relative c'' { \textLengthOn c1^\markup \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'((cc . (one three)) (lh . (gis)) (rh . (ees))) c^\markup \override #'(graphical . #f) { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'((cc . (one three)) (lh . (gis)) (rh . (ees))) } }
Changing the size of woodwind diagrams
The size and thickness of woodwind diagrams can be changed.
\relative c'' { \textLengthOn c1^\markup \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() c^\markup \override #'(size . 1.5) { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() } c^\markup \override #'(thickness . 0.15) { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() } }
Woodwind diagrams key lists
The snippet below produces a list of all possible keys and key settings
for woodwind diagrams as defined in
scm/define-woodwind-diagrams.scm
. The list will be displayed in
the log file, but not in the music. If output to the console is
wanted, omit the (current-error-port)
from the commands.
#(print-keys-verbose 'piccolo (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'flute (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'flute-b-extension (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'tin-whistle (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'oboe (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'clarinet (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'bass-clarinet (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'low-bass-clarinet (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'soprano-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'alto-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'tenor-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'baritone-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'bassoon (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'contrabassoon (current-error-port)) \score {c''1}
Vegeu també
Installed Files:
‘scm/define-woodwind-diagrams.scm’,
‘scm/display-woodwind-diagrams.scm’.
Snippets: Winds.
Internals Reference: TextScript, instrument-specific-markup-interface.
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[ < Woodwind diagrams ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Chord mode > ] |
2.7 Chord notation
Chords can be entered either as normal notes or in chord mode and displayed using a variety of traditional European chord naming conventions. Chord names and figured bass notation can also be displayed.
2.7.1 Chord mode | ||
2.7.2 Displaying chords | ||
2.7.3 Figured bass |
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[ < Chord notation ] | [ Amunt : Chord notation ] | [ Chord mode overview > ] |
2.7.1 Chord mode
Chord mode is used to enter chords using an indicator of the chord structure, rather than the chord pitches.
Chord mode overview | ||
Common chords | ||
Extended and altered chords |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Chord mode ] | [ Amunt : Chord mode ] | [ Common chords > ] |
Chord mode overview
Chords can be entered as simultaneous music, as discussed in Notes a un acord.
Chords can also be entered in “chord mode”, which is an input mode that focuses on the structures of chords in traditional European music, rather than on specific pitches. This is convenient for those who are familiar with using chord names to describe chords. More information on different input modes can be found at Input modes.
\chordmode { c1 g a g c }
Chords entered using chord mode are music elements, and can be
transposed just like chords entered using simultaneous music.
\chordmode
is absolute, as \relative
has no effect
on chordmode
blocks. However, in \chordmode
the
absolute pitches are one octave higher than in note mode.
Chord mode and note mode can be mixed in sequential music:
\relative { <c' e g>2 <g b d> \chordmode { c2 f } <c e g>2 <g' b d> \chordmode { f2 g } }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: chord.
Notation Reference: Notes a un acord, Input modes.
Snippets: Chords.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Predefined shorthands for articulations and ornaments cannot be used on notes in chord mode, see Articulacions i ornaments.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Chord mode overview ] | [ Amunt : Chord mode ] | [ Extended and altered chords > ] |
Common chords
Major triads are entered by including the root and an optional duration:
\chordmode { c2 f4 g }
Minor, augmented, and diminished triads are entered by placing
:
and a quality modifier string after the duration:
\chordmode { c2:m f4:aug g:dim }
Seventh chords can be created:
\chordmode { c1:7 c:m7 c:maj7 c:dim7 c:aug7 }
The table below shows the actions of the quality modifiers on triads and seventh chords. The default seventh step added to chords is a minor or flatted seventh, which makes the dominant seventh the basic seventh chord. All alterations are relative to the dominant seventh. A more complete table of modifier usage is found at Common chord modifiers.
Modifier | Action | Example |
None | The default action; produces a major triad. | |
m, m7 | The minor chord. This modifier lowers the 3rd. | |
dim, dim7 | The diminished chord. This modifier lowers the 3rd, 5th and (if present) the 7th step. | |
aug | The augmented chord. This modifier raises the 5th step. | |
maj, maj7 | The major 7th chord. This modifier adds a raised 7th step. The
7 following maj is optional. Do NOT use this modifier
to create a major triad. |
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Common chord modifiers, Extended and altered chords.
Snippets: Chords.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Only one quality modifier should be used per chord, typically on the highest step present in the chord. Chords with more than quality modifier will be parsed without an error or warning, but the results are unpredictable. Chords that cannot be achieved with a single quality modifier should be altered by individual pitches, as described in Extended and altered chords.
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[ < Common chords ] | [ Amunt : Chord mode ] | [ Displaying chords > ] |
Extended and altered chords
Chord structures of arbitrary complexity can be created in chord mode. The modifier string can be used to extend a chord, add or remove chord steps, raise or lower chord steps, and add a bass note or create an inversion.
The first number following the :
is taken to be the extent
of the chord. The chord is constructed by sequentially adding
thirds to the root until the specified number has been reached.
Note that the seventh step added as part of an extended chord will be the
minor or flatted seventh, not the major seventh.
If the extent is not a third (e.g., 6), thirds are added up to the
highest third below the extent, and then the step of the extent is
added. The largest possible value for the extent is 13. Any
larger value is interpreted as 13.
\chordmode { c1:2 c:3 c:4 c:5 c1:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c1:10 c:11 c:12 c:13 c1:14 }
As a special exception, c:5
produces a ‘power chord’ only
consisting of root and fifth.
Since an unaltered 11 does not sound good when combined with an
unaltered 13, the 11 is removed from a :13
chord (unless it
is added explicitly).
\chordmode { c1:13 c:13.11 c:m13 }
Individual steps can be added to a chord. Additions follow the
extent and are prefixed by a dot (.
). The basic seventh
step added to a chord is the minor or flatted seventh, rather than
the major seventh.
\chordmode { c1:3.5.6 c:3.7.8 c:3.6.13 }
Added steps can be as high as desired.
\chordmode { c4:3.5.15 c:3.5.20 c:3.5.25 c:3.5.30 }
Added chord steps can be altered by suffixing a -
or +
sign to the number. To alter a step that is automatically included
as part of the basic chord structure, add it as an altered step.
\chordmode { c1:7+ c:5+.3- c:3-.5-.7- }
Following any steps to be added, a series of steps to be removed
is introduced in a modifier string with a prefix of ^
.
If more than one step is to be removed, the steps to be
removed are separated by .
following the
initial ^
.
\chordmode { c1^3 c:7^5 c:9^3 c:9^3.5 c:13.11^3.7 }
The modifier sus
can be added to the modifier string to
create suspended chords. This removes the 3rd step from the
chord. Append either 2
or 4
to add the 2nd or 4th
step to the chord. When sus
is followed by either a 2nd or
4th step, it is equivalent to ^3
, otherwise to sus4
,
namely 5.4
.
\chordmode { c1:sus c:sus2 c:sus4 c:5.4 }
Inversions (putting a pitch other than the root on the bottom of the
chord) and added bass notes can be specified by appending
/
pitch to the chord.
\chordmode { c'1 c'/e c'/f }
A bass note that is part of the chord can be added, instead of
moved as part of an inversion, by using /+
pitch.
\chordmode { c'1 c'/g c'/+e }
Chord modifiers that can be used to produce a variety of standard chords are shown in Common chord modifiers.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Common chord modifiers.
Snippets: Chords.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Each step can only be present in a chord once. The following
simply produces the augmented chord, since 5+
is
interpreted last.
\chordmode { c1:3.5.5-.5+ }
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Extended and altered chords ] | [ Amunt : Chord notation ] | [ Printing chord names > ] |
2.7.2 Displaying chords
Chords can be displayed by name, in addition to the standard display as notes on a staff.
Printing chord names | ||
Customizing chord names |
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[ < Displaying chords ] | [ Amunt : Displaying chords ] | [ Customizing chord names > ] |
Printing chord names
Chord names are printed in the ChordNames
context:
\new ChordNames { \chordmode { c2 f4. g8 } }
Chords can be entered as simultaneous notes or through the use of chord mode. The displayed chord name will be the same, regardless of the mode of entry, unless there are inversions or added bass notes:
chordmusic = \relative { <c' e g>2 <f bes c> <f c' e g>1 \chordmode { c2 f:sus4 c1:/f } } << \new ChordNames { \chordmusic } { \chordmusic } >>
Rests passed to a ChordNames
context will cause the
noChordSymbol
markup to be displayed.
<< \new ChordNames \chordmode { c1 r1 g1 c1 } \chordmode { c1 r1 g1 c1 } >>
\chords { … }
is a shortcut notation for
\new ChordNames \chordmode { … }
.
\chords { c2 f4.:m g8:maj7 }
\new ChordNames { \chordmode { c2 f4.:m g8:maj7 } }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Showing chords at changes
Chord names can be displayed only at the start of lines and when the chord changes.
harmonies = \chordmode { c1:m c:m \break c:m c:m d } << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Staff { \relative c' { \harmonies } } >>
Simple lead sheet
When put together, chord names, a melody, and lyrics form a lead sheet:
<< \chords { c2 g:sus4 f e } \relative c'' { a4 e c8 e r4 b2 c4( d) } \addlyrics { One day this shall be free __ } >>
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: chord.
Notation Reference: Escriptura de música en paral·lel.
Snippets: Chords.
Internals Reference: ChordNames, ChordName, Chord_name_engraver, Volta_engraver, Bar_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Chords containing inversions or altered bass notes are not named properly if entered using simultaneous music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Printing chord names ] | [ Amunt : Displaying chords ] | [ Figured bass > ] |
Customizing chord names
There is no unique system for naming chords. Different musical traditions use different names for the same set of chords. There are also different symbols displayed for a given chord name. The names and symbols displayed for chord names are customizable.
The basic chord name layout is a system for Jazz music, proposed by Klaus Ignatzek (see Literature list). The chord naming system can be modified as described below. An alternate jazz chord system has been developed using these modifications. The Ignatzek and alternate Jazz notation are shown on the chart in Chord name chart.
In addition to the different naming systems, different note names
are used for the root in different languages. The predefined
commands \germanChords
, \semiGermanChords
,
\italianChords
and \frenchChords
set these variables.
The effect is demonstrated here:
German songbooks may indicate minor chords as lowercase letters,
without any m suffix. This can be obtained by setting the
chordNameLowercaseMinor
property:
\chords { \set chordNameLowercaseMinor = ##t c2 d:m e:m f }
If none of the existing settings give the desired output, the chord name display can be tuned through the following properties.
-
chordRootNamer
-
The chord name is usually printed as a letter for the root with an optional alteration. The transformation from pitch to letter is done by this function. Special note names (for example, the German ‘H’ for a B-chord) can be produced by storing a new function in this property.
-
majorSevenSymbol
-
This property contains the markup object used to follow the output of
chordRootNamer
to identify a major 7 chord. Predefined options arewhiteTriangleMarkup
andblackTriangleMarkup
. -
additionalPitchPrefix
-
When the chord name contains additional pitches, they can optionally be prefixed with some text. The default is no prefix, in order to avoid too much visual clutter, but for small numbers of additional pitches this can be visually effective.
\new ChordNames { <c e g d'> % add9 \set additionalPitchPrefix = #"add" <c e g d'> % add9 }
-
chordNoteNamer
-
When the chord name contains additional pitches other than the root (e.g., an added bass note), this function is used to print the additional pitch. By default the pitch is printed using
chordRootNamer
. ThechordNoteNamer
property can be set to a specialized function to change this behavior. For example, the bass note can be printed in lower case. -
chordNameSeparator
-
Different parts of a chord name are normally separated by a small amount of horizontal space. By setting
chordNameSeparator
, you can use any desired markup for a separator. This does not affect the separator between a chord and its bass note; to customize that, useslashChordSeparator
.\chords { c4:7.9- c:7.9-/g \set chordNameSeparator = \markup { "/" } \break c4:7.9- c:7.9-/g }
-
slashChordSeparator
-
Chords can be played over a bass note other than the conventional root of the chord. These are known as “inversions” or “slash chords”, because the default way of notating them is with a forward slash between the main chord and the bass note. Therefore the value of
slashChordSeparator
defaults to a forward slash, but you can change it to any markup you choose.\chords { c4:7.9- c:7.9-/g \set slashChordSeparator = \markup { " over " } \break c4:7.9- c:7.9-/g }
-
chordNameExceptions
-
This property is a list of pairs. The first item in each pair is a set of pitches used to identify the steps present in the chord. The second item is a markup that will follow the
chordRootNamer
output to create the chord name. -
minorChordModifier
-
Minor chords are often denoted via a ‘m’ suffix to the right of the root of the chord. However some idioms prefer other suffices, such as a minus sign.
\chords { c4:min f:min7 \set minorChordModifier = \markup { "-" } \break c4:min f:min7 }
-
chordPrefixSpacer
-
The modifier for minor chords as determined by
minorChordModifier
is usually printed immediately to the right of the root of the chord. A spacer can be placed between the root and the modifier by settingchordPrefixSpacer
. The spacer is not used when the root is altered.
Instruccions predefinides
\whiteTriangleMarkup
,
\blackTriangleMarkup
,
\germanChords
,
\semiGermanChords
,
\italianChords
,
\frenchChords
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Chord name exceptions
The property chordNameExceptions
can be used to store a list of
special notations for specific chords.
% modify maj9 and 6(add9) % Exception music is chords with markups chExceptionMusic = { <c e g b d'>1-\markup { \super "maj9" } <c e g a d'>1-\markup { \super "6(add9)" } } % Convert music to list and prepend to existing exceptions. chExceptions = #( append ( sequential-music-to-chord-exceptions chExceptionMusic #t) ignatzekExceptions) theMusic = \chordmode { g1:maj9 g1:6.9 \set chordNameExceptions = #chExceptions g1:maj9 g1:6.9 } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } << \context ChordNames \theMusic \context Voice \theMusic >>
chord name major7
The layout of the major 7 can be tuned with majorSevenSymbol
.
\chords { c:7+ \set majorSevenSymbol = \markup { j7 } c:7+ }
Adding bar lines to ChordNames context
To add bar line indications in the ChordNames
context, add the
Bar_engraver
.
\new ChordNames \with { \override BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-2 . 2) \consists "Bar_engraver" } \chordmode { f1:maj7 f:7 bes:7 }
Volta below chords
By adding the Volta_engraver
to the relevant staff, volte can be
put under chords.
\score { << \chords { c1 c1 } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Volta_engraver" } } }
Changing chord separator
The separator between different parts of a chord name can be set to any markup.
\chords { c:7sus4 \set chordNameSeparator = \markup { \typewriter | } c:7sus4 }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Chord name chart, Common chord modifiers.
Essay on automated music engraving: Literature list.
Installed Files: ‘scm/chords-ignatzek.scm’, ‘scm/chord-entry.scm’, ‘ly/chord-modifier-init.ly’.
Snippets: Chords.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Chord names are determined from both the pitches that are present
in the chord and the information on the chord structure that may
have been entered in \chordmode
. If the simultaneous pitches
method of entering chords is used, undesired names result from
inversions or bass notes.
myChords = \relative c' { \chordmode { c1 c/g c/f } <c e g>1 <g c e> <f c' e g> } << \new ChordNames { \myChords } \new Staff { \myChords } >>
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Customizing chord names ] | [ Amunt : Chord notation ] | [ Introduction to figured bass > ] |
2.7.3 Figured bass
Figured bass notation can be displayed.
Introduction to figured bass | ||
Entering figured bass | ||
Displaying figured bass |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Figured bass ] | [ Amunt : Figured bass ] | [ Entering figured bass > ] |
Introduction to figured bass
LilyPond has support for figured bass, also called thorough bass or basso continuo:
<< \new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis} \new FiguredBass { \figuremode { < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] > < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] > < _ >4 < 6 5/>4 } } >>
The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an
input mode, introduced by \figuremode
, that accepts
entry of bass figures, and there is a context named
FiguredBass
that takes care of displaying
BassFigure
objects. Figured bass can also be displayed
in Staff
contexts.
\figures{ … }
is a shortcut notation for
\new FiguredBass \figuremode { … }
.
Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
support, it is much simpler. \figuremode
mode simply
stores the figures and the FiguredBass
context prints them
as entered. There is no conversion to pitches.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: figured bass.
Snippets: Chords.
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Entering figured bass
\figuremode
is used to switch the input mode to figure mode.
More information on different input modes can be
found at Input modes.
In figure mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
<
and >
. The duration is entered after the >
.
\new FiguredBass { \figuremode { <6 4>2 } }
Accidentals (including naturals) may be used for modifying scale steps.
These are entered by appending +
(for sharps), -
(for flats)
or !
(for naturals) after the number. For double accidentals the
modifier is applied twice. For the modification of the third step the
number is often omitted, which can be achieved by using _
instead
of a number.
\figures { <7! 6+ 4-> <5++> <3--> < _+ > < 7 _!> }
Augmented and diminished steps can be indicated:
\figures { <6\+ 5/> <7/> }
A backward slash through a figure (typically used for raised sixth steps) can be created:
\figures { <6> <6\\> }
Brackets can be included in figures:
\figures { <[12] 8 [6 4]> }
Any text markup can be inserted as a figure:
\figures { <\markup { \tiny \number 6 \super (1) } 5> }
Continuation lines can be used to indicate repeated figures:
<< { \clef bass e4 d c b, e4 d c b, } \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn <6 4>4 <6 3> <7 3> <7 3> \bassFigureExtendersOff <6 4>4 <6 3> <7 3> <7 3> } >>
In this case, the extender lines replace existing figures, unless the continuation lines have been explicitly terminated.
<< \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn <6 4>4 <6 4> <6\! 4\!> <6 4> } { \clef bass d4 d c c } >>
The table below summarizes the figure modifiers available.
Modifier | Purpose | Example |
+, -, ! | Accidentals | |
\+, / | Augmented and diminished steps | |
\\ | Raised sixth step | |
\! | End of continuation line |
Instruccions predefinides
\bassFigureExtendersOn
,
\bassFigureExtendersOff
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Changing the positions of figured bass alterations
Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers,
depending on the figuredBassAlterationDirection
and
figuredBassPlusDirection
properties.
\figures { <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #RIGHT <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #RIGHT <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #LEFT <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Chords.
Internals Reference: BassFigure, BassFigureAlignment, BassFigureLine, BassFigureBracket, BassFigureContinuation, FiguredBass.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Entering figured bass ] | [ Amunt : Figured bass ] | [ Contemporary music > ] |
Displaying figured bass
Figured bass can be displayed using the FiguredBass
context,
or in most staff contexts.
When displayed in a FiguredBass
context, the vertical location
of the figures is independent of the notes on the staff.
<< \relative { c''4 c'8 r8 c,4 c' } \new FiguredBass { \figuremode { <4>4 <10 6>8 s8 <6 4>4 <6 4> } } >>
In the example above, the FiguredBass
context must be
explicitly instantiated to avoid creating a second (empty) staff.
Figured bass can also be added to Staff
contexts
directly. In this case, the vertical position of the
figures is adjusted automatically.
<< \new Staff = "myStaff" \figuremode { <4>4 <10 6>8 s8 <6 4>4 <6 4> } %% Put notes on same Staff as figures \context Staff = "myStaff" { \clef bass c4 c'8 r8 c4 c' } >>
When added in a Staff
context, figured bass can be displayed above
or below the staff.
<< \new Staff = "myStaff" \figuremode { <4>4 <10 6>8 s8 \bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown <6 4>4 <6 4> } %% Put notes on same Staff as figures \context Staff = "myStaff" { \clef bass c4 c'8 r8 c4 c' } >>
Instruccions predefinides
\bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown
,
\bassFigureStaffAlignmentUp
,
\bassFigureStaffAlignmentNeutral
.
Vegeu també
Snippets: Chords.
Internals Reference: BassFigure, BassFigureAlignment, BassFigureLine, BassFigureBracket, BassFigureContinuation, FiguredBass.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
To ensure that continuation lines work properly, it is safest to use the same rhythm in the figure line as in the bass line.
<< { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 { f16. g32 } f8. es16 d8 es } \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn % The extenders are correct here, with the same rhythm as the bass \repeat unfold 4 { <6 4->16. <6 4->32 } <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5-> } >> << { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 { f16. g32 } f8. es16 d8 es } \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn % The extenders are incorrect here, even though the timing is the same <6 4->4 <6 4->4 <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5-> } >>
2.8 Contemporary music
From the beginning of the 20th Century there has been a massive expansion of compositional style and technique. New harmonic and rhythmic developments, an expansion of the pitch spectrum and the development of a wide range of new instrumental techniques have been accompanied by a parallel evolution and expansion of musical notation. The purpose of this section is to provide references and information relevant to working with these new notational techniques.
2.8.1 Pitch and harmony in contemporary music
This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating pitch and harmony in contemporary music.
References for pitch and harmony in contemporary music | ||
Microtonal notation | ||
Contemporary key signatures and harmony |
References for pitch and harmony in contemporary music
- Standard quarter-tone notation is addressed in Noms de les notes en altes llengües.
- Non-standard key signatures are addressed in Armadura de la tonalitat.
- Contemporary practises in displaying accidentals are addressed in Alteracions accidentals automàtiques.
Microtonal notation
Contemporary key signatures and harmony
2.8.2 Contemporary approaches to rhythm
This section highlights issues that are relevant to the notation of rhythm in contemporary music.
References for contemporary approaches to rhythm | ||
Tuplets in contemporary music | ||
Contemporary time signatures | ||
Extended polymetric notation | ||
Beams in contemporary music | ||
Bar lines in contemporary music |
References for contemporary approaches to rhythm
- Compound time signatures are addressed in Indicació de compàs.
- Basic polymetric notation is addressed in Notació polimètrica.
- Feathered beams are addressed in Barres progressives.
- Mensurstriche bar lines (bar lines between staves only) are addressed in Agrupament de pentagrames.
Tuplets in contemporary music
Contemporary time signatures
Extended polymetric notation
Beams in contemporary music
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Beams in contemporary music ] | [ Amunt : Contemporary approaches to rhythm ] | [ Graphical notation > ] |
Bar lines in contemporary music
2.8.3 Graphical notation
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Graphical notation ] | [ Amunt : Contemporary music ] | [ New instrumental techniques > ] |
2.8.4 Contemporary scoring techniques
2.8.5 New instrumental techniques
2.8.6 Further reading and scores of interest
This section suggests books, musical examples and other resources useful in studying contemporary musical notation.
Books and articles on contemporary musical notation | ||
Scores and musical examples |
Books and articles on contemporary musical notation
- Music Notation in the Twentieth Century: A Practical Guidebook by Kurt Stone [W. W. Norton, 1980]
- Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice by Gardner Read [Taplinger, 1979]
- Instrumentation and Orchestration by Alfred Blatter [Schirmer, 2nd ed. 1997]
Scores and musical examples
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Scores and musical examples ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Overview of the supported styles > ] |
2.9 Ancient notation
Support for ancient notation includes features for mensural notation, Gregorian chant notation, and Kievan square notation. These features can be accessed either by modifying style properties of graphical objects such as note heads and rests, or by using one of the pre-defined contexts for these styles.
Many graphical objects, such as note heads and flags, accidentals,
time signatures, and rests, provide a style
property, which
can be changed to emulate several different styles of ancient
notation. See
- Mensural note heads,
- Mensural accidentals and key signatures,
- Mensural rests,
- Mensural clefs,
- Gregorian clefs,
- Mensural flags,
- Mensural time signatures.
Some notational concepts are introduced specifically for ancient notation,
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: custos, ligature, mensural notation.
Notation Reference: Mensural note heads, Mensural accidentals and key signatures, Mensural rests, Gregorian clefs, Mensural flags, Mensural time signatures, Custodes, Divisiones, Ligatures.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Ancient notation ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation ] | [ Ancient notation---common features > ] |
2.9.1 Overview of the supported styles
Three styles are available for typesetting Gregorian chant:
- Editio Vaticana is a complete style for Gregorian chant, following the appearance of the Solesmes editions, the official chant books of the Vatican since 1904. LilyPond has support for all the notational signs used in this style, including ligatures, custodes, and special signs such as the quilisma and the oriscus.
- The Editio Medicaea style offers certain features used in the Medicaea (or Ratisbona) editions which were used prior to the Solesmes editions. The most significant differences from the Vaticana style are the clefs, which have downward-slanted strokes, and the note heads, which are square and regular.
- The Hufnagel (“horseshoe nail”) or Gothic style mimics the writing style in chant manuscripts from Germany and Central Europe during the middle ages. It is named after the basic note shape (the virga), which looks like a small nail.
Three styles emulate the appearance of late-medieval and renaissance manuscripts and prints of mensural music:
- The Mensural style most closely resembles the writing style used in late-medieval and early renaissance manuscripts, with its small and narrow, diamond-shaped note heads and its rests which approach a hand-drawn style.
- The Neomensural style is a modernized and stylized version of the former: the note heads are broader and the rests are made up of straight lines. This style is particularly suited, e.g., for incipits of transcribed pieces of mensural music.
- The Petrucci style is named after Ottaviano Petrucci (1466-1539), the first printer to use movable type for music (in his Harmonice musices odhecaton, 1501). The style uses larger note heads than the other mensural styles.
Baroque and Classical are not complete styles but differ from the default style only in some details: certain note heads (Baroque) and the quarter rest (Classical).
Only the mensural style has alternatives for all aspects of the notation. Thus, there are no rests or flags in the Gregorian styles, since these signs are not used in plainchant notation, and the Petrucci style has no flags or accidentals of its own.
Each element of the notation can be changed independently of the others, so that one can use mensural flags, petrucci note heads, classical rests and vaticana clefs in the same piece, if one wishes.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation, flag.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Overview of the supported styles ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation ] | [ Pre-defined contexts > ] |
2.9.2 Ancient notation—common features
Pre-defined contexts | ||
Ligatures | ||
Custodes |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Ancient notation---common features ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation---common features ] | [ Ligatures > ] |
Pre-defined contexts
For Gregorian chant and mensural notation, there are pre-defined
voice and staff contexts available, which set all the various
notation signs to values suitable for these styles. If one is
satisfied with these defaults, one can proceed directly with note
entry without worrying about the details on how to customize a
context. See one of the pre-defined contexts
VaticanaVoice
, VaticanaStaff
, MensuralVoice
,
and MensuralStaff
. See further
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation.
Notation Reference: Gregorian chant contexts, Mensural contexts.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Pre-defined contexts ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation---common features ] | [ Custodes > ] |
Ligatures
A ligature is a graphical symbol that represents at least two distinct notes. Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of Gregorian chant notation to denote ascending or descending sequences of notes on the same syllable. They are also used in mensural notation.
Ligatures are entered by enclosing them in \[
and
\]
. Some ligature styles may need additional input syntax
specific for this particular type of ligature. By default, the
LigatureBracket
engraver just puts a square bracket
above the ligature.
\relative { \[ g' c, a' f d' \] a g f \[ e f a g \] }
Two other ligature styles are available: the Vaticana for
Gregorian chant, and the Mensural for mensural music (only white
mensural ligatures are supported for mensural music, and with
certain limitations). To use any of these styles, the default
Ligature_bracket_engraver
has to be replaced with one of the
specialized ligature engravers in the Voice
context,
as explained in White mensural ligatures and
Gregorian square neume ligatures.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: ligature.
Notation Reference: White mensural ligatures, Gregorian square neume ligatures.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Ligatures need special spacing that has not yet been implemented. As a result, there is too much space between ligatures most of the time, and line breaking often is unsatisfactory. Also, lyrics do not correctly align with ligatures.
Accidentals must not be printed within a ligature, but instead need to be collected and printed in front of it.
The syntax still uses the deprecated infix style
\[ music expr \]
. For consistency reasons, it will eventually
be changed to postfix style note\[ … note\]
.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Ligatures ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation---common features ] | [ Typesetting mensural music > ] |
Custodes
A custos (plural: custodes; Latin word for “guard”) is a symbol that appears at the end of a staff. It anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line, thus helping the performer to manage line breaks during performance.
Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the seventeenth century. Nowadays, they have survived only in a few particular forms of musical notation such as contemporary editions of Gregorian chant like the Editio Vaticana. There are different custos glyphs used in different flavors of notational style.
For typesetting custodes, just put a Custos_engraver
into the
Staff
context when declaring the \layout
block,
and change the style of the custos with an \override
if
desired, as shown in the following example:
The custos glyph is selected by the style
property. The styles
supported are vaticana
, medicaea
, hufnagel
, and
mensural
. They are demonstrated in the following fragment.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: custos.
Snippets: Ancient notation.
Internals Reference: Custos.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Custodes ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation ] | [ Mensural contexts > ] |
2.9.3 Typesetting mensural music
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural clefs > ] |
Mensural contexts
The predefined MensuralVoice
and MensuralStaff
contexts can be used to engrave a piece in mensural style. These
contexts initialize all relevant context properties and grob
properties to proper values, so you can immediately go ahead
entering the chant, as the following excerpt demonstrates:
\score { << \new MensuralVoice = "discantus" \relative { \hide Score.BarNumber { c''1\melisma bes a g\melismaEnd f\breve \[ f1\melisma a c\breve d\melismaEnd \] c\longa c\breve\melisma a1 g1\melismaEnd fis\longa^\signumcongruentiae } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "discantus" { San -- ctus, San -- ctus, San -- ctus } >> }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural contexts ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural time signatures > ] |
Mensural clefs
Mensural clefs are supported using the \clef
command. Some of
the clefs use the same glyph, but differ only with respect to the line
they are printed on. In such cases, a trailing number in the name is
used to enumerate these clefs, numbered from the lowest to the highest
line.
\override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.punctum \clef "vaticana-do1" c'1
\override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.punctum \clef "medicaea-do3" c'1
\override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.punctum \clef "hufnagel-fa2" c'1
\override NoteHead.style = #'neomensural \clef "neomensural-c4" c'1
It is possible to manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an arbitrary line, as described in Clau. For the complete range of possible clefs see Clef styles.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation, clef.
Notation Reference: Gregorian clefs, Clau.
Installed Files: ‘scm/parser-clef.scm’.
Snippets: Pitches.
Internals Reference: Clef_engraver, Clef, ClefModifier, clef-interface.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The Mensural g clef is mapped to the Petrucci g clef.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural clefs ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural note heads > ] |
Mensural time signatures
There is limited support for mensuration signs (which are similar to,
but not exactly the same as time signatures). The glyphs are hard-wired
to particular time fractions. In other words, to get a particular mensuration sign with the \time n/m
command, n
and
m
have to be chosen according to the following table
Use the style
property of grob TimeSignature
to select ancient time signatures. Supported styles are
neomensural
and mensural
. The above table uses the
neomensural
style. The following examples show the
differences in style:
Indicació de compàs, gives a general introduction to the use of time signatures.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation.
Notation Reference: Indicació de compàs.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Ratios of note durations cannot change with the time signature, as those are not constant. For example, the ratio of 1 breve = 3 semibreves (tempus perfectum) can be made by hand, by setting
breveTP = #(ly:make-duration -1 0 3/2) … { c\breveTP f1 }
This sets breveTP
to 3/2 times 2 = 3 times a whole note.
The mensural68alt
and neomensural68alt
symbols
(alternate symbols for 6/8) are not addressable with \time
.
Use \markup {\musicglyph #"timesig.mensural68alt" }
instead.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural time signatures ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural flags > ] |
Mensural note heads
For ancient notation, a note head style other than the
default
style may be chosen. This is accomplished by setting
the style
property of the NoteHead
object to
baroque
, neomensural
, mensural
,
petrucci
, blackpetrucci
or semipetrucci
.
The baroque
style differs from the default
style by:
- Providing a
maxima
note head, and - Using a square shape for
\breve
note heads.
The neomensural
, mensural
, and petrucci
styles
differ from the baroque
style by:
- Using rhomboidal heads for semibreves and all smaller durations, and
- Centering the stems on the note heads.
The blackpetrucci
style produces note heads usable in black
mensural notation or coloratio sections in white mensural notation.
Because note head style does not influence flag count, in
this style a semiminima should be notated as a8*2
, not
a4
, otherwise it will look like a minima.
The multiplier can be different if coloratio is used, e.g., to notate
triplets.
Use semipetrucci
style to draw half-colored
note heads (breves, longas and maximas).
The following example demonstrates the petrucci
style:
\set Score.skipBars = ##t \autoBeamOff \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci a'\maxima a'\longa a'\breve a'1 a'2 a'4 a'8 a'16 a' \override NoteHead.style = #'semipetrucci a'\breve*5/6 \override NoteHead.style = #'blackpetrucci a'8*4/3 a' \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci a'\longa
Note head styles, gives an overview of all available note head styles.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation, note head.
Notation Reference: Note head styles.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural note heads ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural rests > ] |
Mensural flags
Use the flag-style
property of grob Stem
to
select ancient flags. Besides the default
flag style,
only the mensural
style is supported.
\relative c' { \override Flag.style = #'mensural \override Stem.thickness = #1.0 \override NoteHead.style = #'mensural \autoBeamOff c8 d e f c16 d e f c32 d e f s8 c'8 d e f c16 d e f c32 d e f }
Note that the innermost flare of each mensural flag is vertically aligned with a staff line.
There is no particular flag style for neo-mensural or Petrucci notation. There are no flags in Gregorian chant notation.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation, flag.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Vertically aligning each flag with a staff line assumes that stems always end either exactly on or exactly in the middle of two staff lines. This may not always be true when using advanced layout features of classical notation (which however are typically out of scope for mensural notation).
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural flags ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural accidentals and key signatures > ] |
Mensural rests
Use the style
property of grob Rest
to select
ancient rests. Supported ancient styles are
neomensural
, and mensural
.
The following example demonstrates these styles:
\set Score.skipBars = ##t \override Rest.style = #'mensural r\longa^"mensural" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s \break \override Rest.style = #'neomensural r\longa^"neomensural" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16
There are no 32nd and 64th rests specifically for the mensural or neo-mensural styles. Rests from the default style are used.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation.
Notation Reference: Silencis.
Snippets: Ancient notation.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The glyph for the maxima rest in mensural style is actually a perfect longa rest; use two (or three) longa rests to print a maxima rest. Longa rests are not grouped automatically, so have to be done manually by using pitched rests.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural rests ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Annotational accidentals (musica ficta) > ] |
Mensural accidentals and key signatures
The mensural
style provides a sharp and a flat sign
different from the default style. Mensural notation rarely used a natural
sign: instead the appropriate sharp or flat is used. For example, a B
natural in the key of F major would be indicated with a sharp. However,
if specifically called for, the natural sign is taken from the vaticana
style.
The style for accidentals and key signatures is controlled by the
glyph-name-alist
property of the grobs Accidental
and
KeySignature
, respectively; e.g.:
\override Staff.Accidental.glyph-name-alist = #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: mensural notation, Pitch names, accidental, key signature.
Notation Reference: Altures, Alteracions accidentals, Alteracions accidentals automàtiques, Armadura de la tonalitat.
Internals Reference: KeySignature.
Annotational accidentals (musica ficta)
In European music from before about 1600, singers were expected to chromatically alter notes at their own initiative according to certain rules. This is called musica ficta. In modern transcriptions, these accidentals are usually printed over the note.
Support for such suggested accidentals is included, and can be
switched on by setting suggestAccidentals
to true.
\relative { fis' gis \set suggestAccidentals = ##t ais bis }
This will treat every subsequent accidental as
musica ficta until it is unset with
\set suggestAccidentals = ##f
. A more practical way is to
use \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t
, which can even be
defined as a convenient shorthand:
ficta = { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t } \score { \relative \new MensuralVoice { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t bes'4 a2 g2 \ficta fis8 \ficta e! fis2 g1 } }
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: Accidental_engraver, AccidentalSuggestion.
White mensural ligatures
There is limited support for white mensural ligatures.
To engrave white mensural ligatures, in the layout block, replace
the Ligature_bracket_engraver
with the
Mensural_ligature_engraver
in the Voice
context:
\layout { \context { \Voice \remove "Ligature_bracket_engraver" \consists "Mensural_ligature_engraver" } }
There is no additional input language to describe the shape of a white mensural ligature. The shape is rather determined solely from the pitch and duration of the enclosed notes. While this approach may take a new user a while to get accustomed to, it has the great advantage that the full musical information of the ligature is known internally. This is not only required for correct MIDI output, but also allows for automatic transcription of the ligatures.
At certain places two consecutive notes can be represented either as
two squares or as an oblique parallelogram (flexa shape). In such
cases the default is the two squares, but a flexa can be required by
setting the ligature-flexa
property of the second note
head. The length of a flexa can be set by the note head property
flexa-width
.
For example,
\score { \relative { \set Score.timing = ##f \set Score.defaultBarType = "-" \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'mensural \clef "petrucci-g" \[ c''\maxima g \] \[ d'\longa \override NoteHead.ligature-flexa = ##t \once \override NoteHead.flexa-width = #3.2 c\breve f e d \] \[ c\maxima d\longa \] \[ e1 a, g\breve \] } \layout { \context { \Voice \remove "Ligature_bracket_engraver" \consists "Mensural_ligature_engraver" } } }
Without replacing Ligature_bracket_engraver
with
Mensural_ligature_engraver
, the same music looks as follows:
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: ligature.
Notation Reference: Gregorian square neume ligatures, Ligatures.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Horizontal spacing of ligatures may be poor. Accidentals may collide with previous notes.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < White mensural ligatures ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation ] | [ Gregorian chant contexts > ] |
2.9.4 Typesetting Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant contexts | ||
Gregorian clefs | ||
Gregorian accidentals and key signatures | ||
Divisiones | ||
Gregorian articulation signs | ||
Augmentum dots (morae) | ||
Gregorian square neume ligatures |
When typesetting a piece in Gregorian chant notation, the
Vaticana_ligature_engraver
automatically selects the
proper note heads, so there is no need to explicitly set the note
head style. Still, the note head style can be set, e.g., to
vaticana_punctum
to produce punctum neumes. Similarly, the
Mensural_ligature_engraver
automatically assembles
mensural ligatures.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: ligature.
Notation Reference: White mensural ligatures, Ligatures.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Typesetting Gregorian chant ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Gregorian chant ] | [ Gregorian clefs > ] |
Gregorian chant contexts
The predefined VaticanaVoice
and
VaticanaStaff
can be used to engrave a piece of
Gregorian chant in the style of the Editio Vaticana. These contexts
initialize all relevant context properties and grob properties to
proper values, so you can immediately go ahead entering the chant, as
the following excerpt demonstrates:
\include "gregorian.ly" \score { << \new VaticanaVoice = "cantus" { \[ c'\melisma c' \flexa a \] \[ a \flexa \deminutum g\melismaEnd \] f \divisioMinima \[ f\melisma \pes a c' c' \pes d'\melismaEnd \] c' \divisioMinima \break \[ c'\melisma c' \flexa a \] \[ a \flexa \deminutum g\melismaEnd \] f \divisioMinima } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "cantus" { San- ctus, San- ctus, San- ctus } >> }
Gregorian clefs
The following table shows all Gregorian clefs that are supported via
the \clef
command. Some of the clefs use the same glyph,
but differ only with respect to the line they are printed on. In
such cases, a trailing number in the name is used to enumerate
these clefs, numbered from the lowest to the highest line. Still,
you can manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an arbitrary
line, as described in Clau. The note printed to the right
side of each clef in the example column denotes the c'
with
respect to that clef.
Description | Supported Clefs | Example |
Editio Vaticana style do clef | vaticana-do1 , vaticana-do2 ,vaticana-do3 | |
Editio Vaticana style fa clef | vaticana-fa1 , vaticana-fa2 | |
Editio Medicaea style do clef | medicaea-do1 , medicaea-do2 ,medicaea-do3 | |
Editio Medicaea style fa clef | medicaea-fa1 , medicaea-fa2 | |
hufnagel style do clef | hufnagel-do1 , hufnagel-do2 ,hufnagel-do3 | |
hufnagel style fa clef | hufnagel-fa1 , hufnagel-fa2 | |
hufnagel style combined do/fa clef | hufnagel-do-fa |
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: clef.
Notation Reference: Clau.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Gregorian clefs ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Gregorian chant ] | [ Divisiones > ] |
Gregorian accidentals and key signatures
Accidentals for the three different Gregorian styles are available:
As shown, not all accidentals are supported by each style. When trying to access an unsupported accidental, LilyPond will switch to a different style.
The style for accidentals and key signatures is controlled by the
glyph-name-alist
property of the grobs Accidental
and
KeySignature
, respectively; e.g.:
\override Staff.Accidental.glyph-name-alist = #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: accidental, key signature.
Notation Reference: Altures, Alteracions accidentals, Alteracions accidentals automàtiques, Armadura de la tonalitat.
Internals Reference: KeySignature.
Divisiones
There are no rests in Gregorian chant notation; instead, it uses Divisiones.
A divisio (plural: divisiones; Latin word for ‘division’) is a staff context symbol that is used to indicate the phrase and section structure of Gregorian music. The musical meaning of divisio minima, divisio maior, and divisio maxima can be characterized as short, medium, and long pause, somewhat like the breath marks from Marques de respiració. The finalis sign not only marks the end of a chant, but is also frequently used within a single antiphonal/responsorial chant to mark the end of each section.
To use divisiones, include the file ‘gregorian.ly’. It
contains definitions that you can apply by just inserting
\divisioMinima
, \divisioMaior
, \divisioMaxima
,
and \finalis
at proper places in the input. Some editions use
virgula or caesura instead of divisio minima.
Therefore, ‘gregorian.ly’ also defines \virgula
and
\caesura
Instruccions predefinides
\virgula
,
\caesura
,
\divisioMinima
,
\divisioMaior
,
\divisioMaxima
,
\finalis
.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: caesura, divisio.
Notation Reference: Marques de respiració.
Installed Files: ‘ly/gregorian.ly’.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Divisiones ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Gregorian chant ] | [ Augmentum dots (morae) > ] |
Gregorian articulation signs
In addition to the standard articulation signs described in section Articulacions i ornaments, articulation signs specifically designed for use with notation in Editio Vaticana style are provided.
\include "gregorian.ly" \score { \new VaticanaVoice { \override TextScript.font-family = #'typewriter \override TextScript.font-shape = #'upright \override Script.padding = #-0.1 a\ictus_"ictus " \bar "" \break a\circulus_"circulus " \bar "" \break a\semicirculus_"semicirculus " \bar "" \break a\accentus_"accentus " \bar "" \break \[ a_"episema" \episemInitium \pes b \flexa a b \episemFinis \flexa a \] } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Articulacions i ornaments.
Snippets: Ancient notation.
Internals Reference: Episema, EpisemaEvent, Episema_engraver, Script, ScriptEvent, Script_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the corresponding note heads.
Augmentum dots (morae)
Augmentum dots, also called morae, are added with the music
function \augmentum
. Note that \augmentum
is
implemented as a unary music function rather than as head prefix. It
applies to the immediately following music expression only. That is,
\augmentum \virga c
will have no visible effect. Instead, say
\virga \augmentum c
or \augmentum {\virga c}
. Also
note that you can say \augmentum {a g}
as a shortcut for
\augmentum a \augmentum g
.
\include "gregorian.ly" \score { \new VaticanaVoice { \[ \augmentum a \flexa \augmentum g \] \augmentum g } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Marques de respiració.
Internals Reference: BreathingSign.
Snippets: Ancient notation.
Gregorian square neume ligatures
There is limited support for Gregorian square neumes notation (following the style of the Editio Vaticana). Core ligatures can already be typeset, but essential issues for serious typesetting are still lacking, such as (among others) horizontal alignment of multiple ligatures, lyrics alignment, and proper handling of accidentals.
The support for Gregorian neumes is enabled by \include
ing
‘gregorian.ly’ at the beginning of the file. This makes available
a number of extra commands to produce the neume symbols used in
plainchant notation.
Note heads can be modified and/or joined.
- The shape of
the note head can be modified by prefixing the note name
with any of the following commands:
\virga
,\stropha
,\inclinatum
,\auctum
,\descendens
,\ascendens
,\oriscus
,\quilisma
,\deminutum
,\cavum
,\linea
. - Ligatures, properly speaking (i.e., notes joined together), are
produced by placing one of the joining commands
\pes
or\flexa
, for upwards and downwards movement, respectively, between the notes to be joined.
A note name without any qualifiers will produce a punctum.
All other neumes, including the single-note neumes with a
different shape such as the virga, are in principle
considered as ligatures and should therefore be placed
between \[…\]
.
Single-note neumes:
- The punctum is the basic note shape (in the
Vaticana style: a square with some curvation for
typographical finesse). In addition to the regular
punctum, there is also the oblique punctum
inclinatum, produced with the prefix
\inclinatum
. The regular punctum can be modified with\cavum
, which produces a hollow note, and\linea
, which draws vertical lines on either side of the note. - The virga has a descending stem on the right side. It is
produced by the modifier
\virga
.
Ligatures
Unlike most other neumes notation systems, the typographical
appearance of ligatures is not directly dictated by the input
commands, but follows certain conventions dependent on musical
meaning. For example, a three-note ligature with the musical shape
low-high-low, such as \[ a \pes b \flexa g \]
, produces a
Torculus consisting of three Punctum heads, while the shape
high-low-high, such as \[ a \flexa g \pes b \]
, produces a
Porrectus with a curved flexa shape and only a single Punctum
head. There is no command to explicitly typeset the curved flexa
shape; the decision of when to typeset a curved flexa shape is
based on the musical input. The idea of this approach is to
separate the musical aspects of the input from the notation style
of the output. This way, the same input can be reused to typeset
the same music in a different style of Gregorian chant notation.
Liquescent neumes
Another main category of notes in Gregorian chant is the so-called liquescent neumes. They are used under certain circumstances at the end of a syllable which ends in a ‘liquescent’ letter, i.e., the sounding consonants that can hold a tone (the nasals, l, r, v, j, and their diphthong equivalents). Thus, the liquescent neumes are never used alone (although some of them can be produced), and they always fall at the end of a ligature.
Liquescent neumes are represented graphically in two different,
more or less interchangeable ways: with a smaller note or by
‘twisting’ the main note upwards or downwards. The first is
produced by making a regular pes
or flexa
and
modifying the shape of the second note:
\[ a \pes \deminutum b \]
, the second by modifying the shape
of a single-note neume with \auctum
and one of the direction
markers \descendens
or \ascendens
, e.g.,
\[ \auctum \descendens a \]
.
Special signs
A third category of signs is made up of a small number of signs
with a special meaning (which, incidentally, in most cases is only
vaguely known): the quilisma, the oriscus, and the
strophicus. These are all produced by prefixing a note name
with the corresponding modifier, \quilisma
,
\oriscus
, or \stropha
.
Virtually, within the ligature delimiters \[
and \]
,
any number of heads may be accumulated to form a single ligature,
and head prefixes like \pes
, \flexa
, \virga
,
\inclinatum
, etc., may be mixed in as desired. The use of
the set of rules that underlies the construction of the ligatures
in the above table is accordingly extrapolated. This way,
infinitely many different ligatures can be created.
Note that the use of these signs in the music itself follows certain rules, which are not checked by LilyPond. E.g., the quilisma is always the middle note of an ascending ligature, and usually falls on a half-tone step, but it is perfectly possible, although incorrect, to make a single-note quilisma.
In addition to the note signs, ‘gregorian.ly’ also defines the
commands \versus
, \responsum
, \ij
,
\iij
, \IJ
, and \IIJ
, that will produce the
corresponding characters, e.g., for use in lyrics, as section
markers, etc. These commands use special Unicode characters and
will only work if a font is used which supports them.
The following table shows a limited, but still representative pool
of Gregorian ligatures, together with the code fragments that
produce the ligatures. The table is based on the extended neumes
table of the 2nd volume of the Antiphonale Romanum
(Liber Hymnarius), published 1983 by the monks of Solesmes.
The first column gives the name of the ligature, with the main form in
boldface and the liquescent forms in italics. The third column
shows the code fragment that produces this ligature, using
g
, a
, and b
as example pitches.
Single-note neums
Basic and Liquescent forms | Output | LilyPond code |
Punctum | \[ b \] | |
\[ \cavum b \] | ||
\[ \linea b \] | ||
Punctum Auctum Ascendens | \[ \auctum \ascendens b \] | |
Punctum Auctum Descendens | \[ \auctum \descendens b \] | |
Punctum inclinatum | \[ \inclinatum b \] | |
Punctum Inclinatum Auctum | \[ \inclinatum \auctum b \] | |
Punctum Inclinatum Parvum | \[ \inclinatum \deminutum b \] | |
Virga |
Two-note ligatures
Clivis vel Flexa | \[ b \flexa g \] | |
Clivis Aucta Descendens | \[ b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \] | |
Clivis Aucta Ascendens | \[ b \flexa \auctum \ascendens g \] | |
Cephalicus | \[ b \flexa \deminutum g \] | |
Podatus/Pes | \[ g \pes b \] | |
Pes Auctus Descendens | \[ g \pes \auctum \descendens b \] | |
Pes Auctus Ascendens | \[ g \pes \auctum \ascendens b \] | |
Epiphonus | \[ g \pes \deminutum b \] | |
Pes Initio Debilis | \[ \deminutum g \pes b \] | |
Pes Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis | \[ \deminutum g \pes \auctum \descendens b \] |
Multi-note ligatures
Torculus | \[ a \pes b \flexa g \] | |
Torculus Auctus Descendens | \[ a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \] | |
Torculus Deminutus | \[ a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \] | |
Torculus Initio Debilis | \[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa g \] | |
Torculus Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis | \[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \] | |
Torculus Deminutus Initio Debilis | \[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \] | |
Porrectus | \[ a \flexa g \pes b \] | |
Porrectus Auctus Descendens | \[ a \flexa g \pes \auctum \descendens b \] | |
Porrectus Deminutus | \[ a \flexa g \pes \deminutum b \] | |
Climacus | \[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum g \] | |
Climacus Auctus | \[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \auctum g \] | |
Climacus Deminutus | \[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \deminutum g \] | |
Scandicus | \[ g \pes a \virga b \] | |
Scandicus Auctus Descendens | \[ g \pes a \pes \auctum \descendens b \] | |
Scandicus Deminutus | \[ g \pes a \pes \deminutum b \] |
Special Signs
Quilisma | \[ g \pes \quilisma a \pes b \] | |
Quilisma Pes Auctus Descendens | \[ \quilisma g \pes \auctum \descendens b \] | |
Oriscus | \[ \oriscus b \] | |
Pes Quassus | \[ \oriscus g \pes \virga b \] | |
Pes Quassus Auctus Descendens | \[ \oriscus g \pes \auctum \descendens b \] | |
Salicus | \[ g \oriscus a \pes \virga b \] | |
Salicus Auctus Descendens | \[ g \oriscus a \pes \auctum \descendens b \] | |
(Apo)stropha | \[ \stropha b \] | |
Stropha Aucta | \[ \stropha \auctum b \] | |
Bistropha | \[ \stropha b \stropha b \] | |
Tristropha | \[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha b \] | |
Trigonus | \[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha a \] |
Instruccions predefinides
The following head prefixes are supported:
\virga
,
\stropha
,
\inclinatum
,
\auctum
,
\descendens
,
\ascendens
,
\oriscus
,
\quilisma
,
\deminutum
,
\cavum
,
\linea
.
Head prefixes can be accumulated, though restrictions apply. For
example, either \descendens
or \ascendens
can be applied
to a head, but not both to the same head.
Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the \pes
and
\flexa
infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
respectively.
Use the unary music function \augmentum
to add augmentum dots.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: ligature.
Notation Reference: Gregorian square neume ligatures, White mensural ligatures, Ligatures.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
When an \augmentum
dot appears at the end of the last staff
within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
workaround, add an additional skip note (e.g., s8
) as last note
of the staff.
\augmentum
should be implemented as a head prefix rather than a
unary music function, such that \augmentum
can be intermixed
with head prefixes in arbitrary order.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Gregorian square neume ligatures ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation ] | [ Kievan contexts > ] |
2.9.5 Typesetting Kievan square notation
Kievan contexts | ||
Kievan clefs | ||
Kievan notes | ||
Kievan accidentals | ||
Kievan bar line | ||
Kievan melismata |
Kievan contexts
As with Mensural and Gregorian notation, the predefined
KievanVoice
and KievanStaff
contexts can be used
to engrave a piece in square notation. These contexts initialize
all relevant context properties and grob properties to proper
values, so you can immediately go ahead entering the chant:
% Font settings for Cyrillic \paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:roman "Linux Libertine O,serif" )) } \score { << \new KievanVoice = "melody" \relative c' { \cadenzaOn c4 c c c c2 b\longa \bar "k" } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Го -- спо -- ди по -- ми -- луй. } >> }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: kievan notation.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
LilyPond supports Kievan notation of the Synodal style, as used in the corpus of chantbooks printed by the Russian Holy Synod in the 1910’s and recently reprinted by the Moscow Patriarchate Publishing House. LilyPond does not support the older (less common) forms of Kievan notation that were used in Galicia to notate Rusyn plainchant.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Kievan contexts ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Kievan square notation ] | [ Kievan notes > ] |
Kievan clefs
There is only one clef used in Kievan notation (the Tse-fa-ut Clef).
It is used to indicate the position of c
:
\clef "kievan-do" \kievanOn c'
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: kievan notation, clef.
Notation Reference: Clau.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Kievan clefs ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Kievan square notation ] | [ Kievan accidentals > ] |
Kievan notes
For Kievan square notation, the appropriate note head style needs
to be chosen and the flags and stems need to be turned off.
This is accomplished by calling the \kievanOn
function,
which sets the appropriate properties of the note head, stems,
and flags. Once Kievan note heads are not needed, these
properties can be reverted by calling the \kievanOff
function.
The Kievan final note, which usually comes at the end of a piece
of music, may be selected by setting the duration to
\longa
. The Kievan recitative mark, used to indicate
the chanting of several syllables on one note, may be selected by
setting the duration to \breve
. The following example
demonstrates the various Kievan note heads:
\autoBeamOff \cadenzaOn \kievanOn b'1 b'2 b'4 b'8 b'\breve b'\longa \kievanOff b'2
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: kievan notation, note head.
Notation Reference: Note head styles.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
LilyPond automatically determines if the stem up or stem down
form of a note is drawn. When setting chant in square notation,
however, it is customary to have the stems point in the same
direction within a single melisma. This can be done manually by
setting the direction
property of the Stem
object.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Kievan notes ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Kievan square notation ] | [ Kievan bar line > ] |
Kievan accidentals
The kievan
style for accidentals is selected with the
glyph-name-alist
property of the grob Accidental
.
The kievan
style provides a sharp and a flat sign
different from the default style. There is no natural sign
in Kievan notation. The sharp sign is not used in Synodal music
but may occur in earlier manuscripts. It has been included
primarily for the sake of compatibility.
\clef "kievan-do" \override Accidental.glyph-name-alist = #alteration-kievan-glyph-name-alist bes' dis'
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: kievan notation, accidental.
Notation Reference: Alteracions accidentals, Alteracions accidentals automàtiques, The Emmentaler font
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Kievan accidentals ] | [ Amunt : Typesetting Kievan square notation ] | [ Kievan melismata > ] |
Kievan bar line
A decorative figure is commonly placed at the end of a piece of
Kievan notation, which may be called the Kievan final bar line.
It can be invoked as \bar "k"
.
\kievanOn \clef "kievan-do" c' \bar "k"
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Compassos, The Emmentaler font
Kievan melismata
Notes within a Kievan melisma are usually placed close to each other
and the melismata separated by whitespace. This is done to allow
the chanter to quickly identify the melodic structures of Znamenny
chant. In LilyPond, melismata are treated as ligatures and the
spacing is implemented by the Kievan_ligature_engraver
.
When the KievanVoice
and KievanStaff
contexts are used,
the Kievan_ligature_engraver
is enabled by default. In other
contexts, it can be invoked by replacing the Ligature_bracket_engraver
with the Kievan_ligature_engraver
in the layout block:
\layout { \context { \Voice \remove "Ligature_bracket_engraver" \consists "Kievan_ligature_engraver" } }
The spacing between the notes within a Kievan ligature can be controlled
by setting the padding
property of the KievanLigature
.
The following example demonstrates the use of Kievan ligatures:
% Font settings for Cyrillic \paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:roman "Linux Libertine O,serif" )) } \score { << \new KievanVoice = "melody" \relative c' { \cadenzaOn e2 \[ e4( d4 ) \] \[ c4( d e d ) \] e1 \bar "k" } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Га -- врі -- и -- лу } >> }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: ligature.
Notation Reference: White mensural ligatures, Gregorian square neume ligatures, Ligatures.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Horizontal spacing of ligatures is poor.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Kievan melismata ] | [ Amunt : Ancient notation ] | [ Incipits > ] |
2.9.6 Working with ancient music—scenarios and solutions
Incipits | ||
Mensurstriche layout | ||
Transcribing Gregorian chant | ||
Ancient and modern from one source | ||
Editorial markings |
Working with ancient music frequently involves particular tasks which differ considerably from the modern notation for which LilyPond is designed. In the rest of this section, a number of typical scenarios are outlined, with suggestions of solutions. These involve:
- how to make incipits (i.e., prefatory material to indicate what the original has looked like) to modern transcriptions of mensural music;
- how to achieve the Mensurstriche layout frequently used for modern transcriptions of polyphonic music;
- how to transcribe Gregorian chant in modern notation;
- how to generate both ancient and modern notation from the same source.
Incipits
It is customary when transcribing mensural music into modern notation to place
an indication of how the initial rests and note or notes of the original version
appeared - including the original clefs. This is called an incipit. The
\incipit
command uses the indent
of the main staff to set the
width occupied by the incipit, and incipit-width
to set the width of the
incipit staff.
\score { \new Staff << \new Voice = Tenor { \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Tenor" \override Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \incipit { \clef "mensural-c4" \key f \major r\breve r1 c'1 } \clef "treble_8" \key f \major R1 r2 c'2 | a4. c'8 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Tenor { Cyn -- thia your } >> \layout { indent = 5\cm incipit-width = 3\cm } }
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Note that instrumentName must be set in the music for the incipit to be
produced. If no instrument name is required then use
\set Staff.instrumentName = #""
.
Mensurstriche layout
Mensurstriche (‘mensuration lines’) is the accepted term for bar lines that are drawn between the staves of a system but not through the staves themselves. It is a common way to preserve the rhythmic appearance of the original, i.e., not having to break syncopated notes at bar lines, while still providing the orientation aids that bar lines give.
The mensurstriche-layout where the bar lines do not show on the staves
but between staves can be achieved with a StaffGroup
instead of
a ChoirStaff
. The bar line on staves is blanked out using
\hide
.
global = { \hide Staff.BarLine s1 s % the final bar line is not interrupted \undo \hide Staff.BarLine \bar "|." } \new StaffGroup \relative c'' { << \new Staff { << \global { c1 c } >> } \new Staff { << \global { c c } >> } >> }
Transcribing Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant can be transcribed into modern notation with a number of simple tweaks.
Stems. Stems can be left out altogether by \remove
-ing
the Stem_engraver
from the Voice context:
\layout { … \context { \Voice \remove "Stem_engraver" } }
Timing. For unmetered chant, there are several alternatives.
The Time_signature_engraver can be removed from the Staff context without any negative side effects. The alternative, to make it transparent, will leave an empty space in the score, since the invisible signature will still take up space.
In many cases, \set Score.timing = ##f
will give good
results. Another alternative is to use \cadenzaOn
and
\cadenzaOff
.
To remove the bar lines, the radical approach is to \remove
the Bar_engraver from the Staff context. Again, one may want to
use \hide BarLine
instead, if an
occasional barline is wanted.
A common type of transcription is recitativic chant where the repeated notes are indicated with a single breve. The text to the recitation tone can be dealt with in two different ways: either set as a single, left-aligned syllable:
\include "gregorian.ly" chant = \relative { \clef "G_8" c'\breve c4 b4 a c2 c4 \divisioMaior c\breve c4 c f, f \finalis } verba = \lyricmode { \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #-1 "Noctem quietam et" fi -- nem per -- fec -- tum \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #-1 "concedat nobis Dominus" om -- ni -- po -- tens. } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice = "melody" \chant \new Lyrics = "one" \lyricsto melody \verba >> \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \context { \Voice \remove "Stem_engraver" } } }
This works fine, as long as the text doesn’t span a line break. If that is the case, an alternative is to add hidden notes to the score, as below.
In some transcription styles, stems are used
occasionally, for example to indicate the transition from a
single-tone recitative to a fixed melodic gesture. In these cases,
one can use either \hide Stem
or
\override Stem.length = #0
instead of \remove
-ing
the Stem_engraver
and restore the stem
when needed with the corresponding \undo \hide Stem
.
\include "gregorian.ly" chant = \relative { \clef "G_8" \set Score.timing = ##f \hide Stem c'\breve \hide NoteHead c c c c c \undo \hide NoteHead \undo \hide Stem \stemUp c4 b4 a \hide Stem c2 c4 \divisioMaior c\breve \hide NoteHead c c c c c c c \undo \hide NoteHead c4 c f, f \finalis } verba = \lyricmode { No -- ctem qui -- e -- tam et fi -- nem per -- fec -- tum con -- ce -- dat no -- bis Do -- mi -- nus om -- ni -- po -- tens. } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice = "melody" \chant \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" \verba >> \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \hide BarLine } } }
Another common situation is transcription of neumatic or
melismatic chants, i.e., chants with a varying number of notes
to each syllable. In this case, one would want to set the
syllable groups clearly apart, usually also the subdivisions of a
longer melisma. One way to achieve this is to use a fixed
\time
, e.g., 1/4, and let each syllable or note group fill
one of these measures, with the help of tuplets or shorter
durations. If the bar lines and all other rhythmical indications
are made transparent, and the space around the bar lines is
increased, this will give a fairly good representation in modern
notation of the original.
To avoid that syllables of different width (such as “-ri” and
“-rum”) spread the syllable note groups unevenly apart, the
'X-extent
property of the LyricText
object may be
set to a fixed value. Another, more cumbersome way would be to
add the syllables as \markup
elements. If further
adjustments are necessary, this can be easily done with
s
‘notes’.
spiritus = \relative { \time 1/4 \override Lyrics.LyricText.X-extent = #'(0 . 3) d'4 \tuplet 3/2 { f8 a g } g a a4 g f8 e d4 f8 g g8 d f g a g f4 g8 a a4 s \tuplet 3/2 { g8 f d } e f g a g4 } spirLyr = \lyricmode { Spi -- ri -- _ _ tus _ Do -- mi -- ni _ re -- ple -- _ vit _ or -- _ bem _ ter -- ra -- _ rum, al -- _ _ le -- _ lu -- _ ia. } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice = "chant" \spiritus \new Lyrics = "one" \lyricsto "chant" \spirLyr >> \layout { \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \override BarLine.X-extent = #'(-1 . 1) \hide Stem \hide Beam \hide BarLine \hide TupletNumber } } }
Ancient and modern from one source
Using tags to produce mensural and modern music from the same source
By using tags, it’s possible to use the same music to produce both
mensural and modern music. In this snippet, a function menrest
is introduced, allowing mensural rests to be pitched as in the
original, but with modern rests in the standard staff position. Tags
are used to produce different types of bar line at the end of the
music, but tags can also be used where other differences are needed:
for example using “whole measure rests” (R1, R\breve etc.) in
modern music, but normal rests (r1, r\breve, etc.) in the mensural
version. Note that converting mensural music to its modern equivalent
is usually referred to as transcription
.
menrest = #(define-music-function (note) (ly:music?) #{ \tag #'mens $(make-music 'RestEvent note) \tag #'mod $(make-music 'RestEvent note 'pitch '()) #}) MensStyle = { \autoBeamOff \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci \override Score.BarNumber.transparent = ##t \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up } finalis = { \once \override BreathingSign.stencil = #ly:breathing-sign::finalis \once \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #0 \once \override BreathingSign.minimum-X-extent = #'(-1.0 . 0.0) \once \override BreathingSign.minimum-Y-extent = #'(-2.5 . 2.5) \breathe } Music = \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \key f \major \time 4/4 g1 d'2 \menrest bes4 bes2 a2 r4 g4 fis2. \tag #'mens { \finalis } \tag #'mod { \bar "||" } } MenLyr = \lyricmode { So farre, deere life, deare life } ModLyr = \lyricmode { So far, dear life, dear life } \score { \keepWithTag #'mens { << \new MensuralStaff { \new MensuralVoice = Cantus \clef "mensural-c1" \MensStyle \Music } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Cantus \MenLyr >> } } \score { \keepWithTag #'mod { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice = Sop \with { \remove "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Completion_heads_engraver" \remove "Rest_engraver" \consists "Completion_rest_engraver" } { \shiftDurations #1 #0 { \autoBeamOff \Music } } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Sop \ModLyr >> } }
Editorial markings
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[ < Editorial markings ] | [ Amunt : Specialist notation ] | [ Common notation for non-Western music > ] |
2.10 World music
The purpose of this section is to highlight musical notation issues that are relevant to traditions outside the Western tradition.
2.10.1 Common notation for non-Western music | ||
2.10.2 Arabic music | ||
2.10.3 Turkish classical music |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < World music ] | [ Amunt : World music ] | [ Extending notation and tuning systems > ] |
2.10.1 Common notation for non-Western music
This section discusses how to enter and print music scores that do not belong to the Western classical tradition, also referred to as Common Practice Period.
Extending notation and tuning systems |
Extending notation and tuning systems
Standard classical notation (also known as Common Practice Period notation) is commonly used in all sorts of music, not limited to ‘classical’ Western music. This notation is discussed in Escriptura de notes, and the various note names that may be used are explained in Noms de les notes en altes llengües.
However, many types of non-Western music (and some types of Western folk and traditional music) employ alternative or extended tuning systems that do not fit readily into standard classical notation.
In some cases standard notation is still used, with the pitch differences being implicit. For example, Arabic music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being determined by context. Italian note names are typically used, while the init file ‘arabic.ly’ provides a suitable set of macros and definitions extending the standard notation. For more details, see Arabic music.
Other types of music require extended or unique notations. Turkish classical music or Ottoman music, for example, employs melodic forms known as makamlar, whose intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone. Standard Western staff notes are still used, but with special accidentals unique to Turkish music, that are defined in the file ‘makam.ly’. For further information on Turkish classical music and makamlar, see Turkish classical music.
To locate init files such as ‘arabic.ly’ or ‘makam.ly’ on your system, see Other sources of information.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Makam example
Makam is a type of melody from Turkey using 1/9th-tone microtonal alterations. Consult the initialization file ‘ly/makam.ly’ for details of pitch names and alterations.
% Initialize makam settings \include "makam.ly" \relative c' { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,(- KOMA)) (3 . ,BAKIYE)) c4 cc db fk gbm4 gfc gfb efk fk4 db cc c }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: Common Practice Period, makamlar.
Learning Manual: Other sources of information.
Notation Reference: Escriptura de notes, Noms de les notes en altes llengües, Arabic music, Turkish classical music.
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[ < Extending notation and tuning systems ] | [ Amunt : World music ] | [ References for Arabic music > ] |
2.10.2 Arabic music
This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating Arabic music.
References for Arabic music | ||
Arabic note names | ||
Arabic key signatures | ||
Arabic time signatures | ||
Arabic music example | ||
Further reading for Arabic music |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Arabic music ] | [ Amunt : Arabic music ] | [ Arabic note names > ] |
References for Arabic music
Arabic music so far has been mainly an oral tradition. When music is transcribed, it is usually in a sketch format, on which performers are expected to improvise significantly. Increasingly, Western notation, with a few variations, is adopted in order to communicate and preserve Arabic music.
Some elements of Western musical notation such as the transcription of chords or independent parts, are not required to typeset the more traditional Arabic pieces. There are however some different issues, such as the need to indicate medium intervals that are somewhere between a semi-tone and a tone, in addition to the minor and major intervals that are used in Western music. There is also the need to group and indicate a large number of different maqams (modes) that are part of Arabic music.
In general, Arabic music notation does not attempt to precisely indicate microtonal elements that are present in musical practice.
Several issues that are relevant to Arabic music are covered elsewhere:
- Note names and accidentals (including quarter tones) can be tailored as discussed in Common notation for non-Western music.
- Additional key signatures can also be tailored as described in Armadura de la tonalitat.
- Complex time signatures may require that notes be grouped manually as described in Barres manuals.
- Takasim which are rhythmically free improvisations may be written down omitting bar lines as described in Música sense compassos.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Common notation for non-Western music, Armadura de la tonalitat, Barres manuals.
Snippets: World music.
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[ < References for Arabic music ] | [ Amunt : Arabic music ] | [ Arabic key signatures > ] |
Arabic note names
The more traditional Arabic note names can be quite long and are
not suitable for the purpose of music writing, so they are not
used. English note names are not very familiar in Arabic music
education, so Italian or Solfege note names (do, re, mi, fa,
sol, la, si
) are used instead; modifiers (accidentals) can also
be used. Italian note names and accidentals are explained in
Noms de les notes en altes llengües; the use of standard
Western notation to notate non-Western music is discussed in
Common notation for non-Western music.
For example, this is how the Arabic rast scale can be notated:
\include "arabic.ly" \relative { do' re misb fa sol la sisb do sisb la sol fa misb re do }
The symbol for semi-flat does not match the symbol which is used
in Arabic notation. The \dwn
symbol defined in
‘arabic.ly’ may be used preceding a flat symbol as a work
around if it is important to use the specific Arabic semi-flat
symbol. The appearance of the semi-flat symbol in the key
signature cannot be altered by using this method.
\include "arabic.ly" \relative { \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f dod' dob dosd \dwn dob dobsb dodsd do do }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Noms de les notes en altes llengües, Common notation for non-Western music.
Snippets: World music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Arabic note names ] | [ Amunt : Arabic music ] | [ Arabic time signatures > ] |
Arabic key signatures
In addition to the minor and major key signatures, the following key signatures are defined in ‘arabic.ly’: bayati, rast, sikah, iraq, and kurd. These key signatures define a small number of maqam groups rather than the large number of maqams that are in common use.
In general, a maqam uses the key signature of its group, or a neighbouring group, and varying accidentals are marked throughout the music.
For example to indicate the key signature of a maqam muhayer piece:
\key re \bayati
Here re is the default pitch of the muhayer maqam, and bayati is the name of the base maqam in the group.
While the key signature indicates the group, it is common for the title to indicate the more specific maqam, so in this example, the name of maqam muhayer should appear in the title.
Other maqams in the same bayati group, as shown in the table below: (bayati, hussaini, saba, and ushaq) can be indicated in the same way. These are all variations of the base and most common maqam in the group, which is bayati. They usually differ from the base maqam in their upper tetrachords, or certain flow details that don’t change their fundamental nature, as siblings.
The other maqam in the same group (Nawa) is related to bayati by modulation which is indicated in the table in parenthesis for those maqams that are modulations of their base maqam. Arabic maqams admit of only limited modulations, due to the nature of Arabic musical instruments. Nawa can be indicated as follows:
\key sol \bayati
In Arabic music, the same term such as bayati that is used to indicate a maqam group, is also a maqam which is usually the most important in the group, and can also be thought of as a base maqam.
Here is one suggested grouping that maps the more common maqams to key signatures:
maqam group | key | finalis | Other maqmas in group (finalis) |
---|---|---|---|
ajam | major | sib | jaharka (fa) |
bayati | bayati | re | hussaini, muhayer, saba, ushaq, nawa (sol) |
hijaz | kurd | re | shahnaz, shad arban (sol), hijazkar (do) |
iraq | iraq | sisb | - |
kurd | kurd | re | hijazkar kurd (do) |
nahawand | minor | do | busalik (re), farah faza (sol) |
nakriz | minor | do | nawa athar, hisar (re) |
rast | rast | do | mahur, yakah (sol) |
sikah | sikah | misb | huzam |
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Non-traditional key signatures
The commonly used \key
command sets the keyAlterations
property, in the Staff
context.
To create non-standard key signatures, set this property directly. The format of this command is a list:
\set Staff.keyAlterations = #`(((octave . step) . alter) ((octave
. step) . alter) ...)
where, for each element in the list,
octave
specifies the octave (0 being the octave from middle C to
the B above), step
specifies the note within the octave (0 means
C and 6 means B), and alter
is ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP
etc. (Note the leading comma.)
Alternatively, for each item in the list, using the more concise format
(step . alter)
specifies that the same alteration should hold in
all octaves.
For microtonal scales where a “sharp” is not 100 cents, alter
refers to the alteration as a proportion of a 200-cent whole tone.
Here is an example of a possible key signature for generating a whole-tone scale:
\relative { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,FLAT) (5 . ,FLAT) (3 . ,SHARP)) c'4 d e fis aes4 bes c2 }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: maqam, bayati, rast, sikah, iraq, kurd.
Notation Reference: Armadura de la tonalitat.
Learning Manual: Pitches and key signatures.
Internals Reference: KeySignature.
Snippets: World music, Pitches.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Arabic key signatures ] | [ Amunt : Arabic music ] | [ Arabic music example > ] |
Arabic time signatures
Some Arabic and Turkish music classical forms such as Semai use unusual time signatures such as 10/8. This may lead to an automatic grouping of notes that is quite different from existing typeset music, where notes may not be grouped on the beat, but in a manner that is difficult to match by adjusting automatic beaming. The alternative is to switch off automatic beaming and beam the notes manually. Even if a match to existing typeset music is not required, it may still be desirable to adjust the automatic beaming behaviour and/or use compound time signatures.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Arabic improvisation
For improvisations or taqasim which are temporarily free, the time
signature can be omitted and \cadenzaOn
can be used. Adjusting
the accidental style might be required, since the absence of bar lines
will cause the accidental to be marked only once. Here is an example
of what could be the start of a hijaz improvisation:
\include "arabic.ly" \relative sol' { \key re \kurd \accidentalStyle forget \cadenzaOn sol4 sol sol sol fad mib sol1 fad8 mib re4. r8 mib1 fad sol }
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: semai, taqasim.
Notation Reference: Barres manuals, Barres automàtiques, Música sense compassos, Alteracions accidentals automàtiques, Establir el comportament de les barres automàtiques, Indicació de compàs.
Snippets: World music.
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[ < Arabic time signatures ] | [ Amunt : Arabic music ] | [ Further reading for Arabic music > ] |
Arabic music example
Here is a template that also uses the start of a Turkish Semai that is familiar in Arabic music education in order to illustrate some of the peculiarities of Arabic music notation, such as medium intervals and unusual modes that are discussed in this section.
\include "arabic.ly" \score { \relative { \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f \key re \bayati \time 10/8 re'4 re'8 re16 [misb re do] sisb [la sisb do] re4 r8 re16 [misb do re] sisb [do] la [sisb sol8] la [sisb] do [re] misb fa4 fa16 [misb] misb8. [re16] re8 [misb] re [do] sisb do4 sisb8 misb16 [re do sisb] la [do sisb la] la4 r8 } \header { title = "Semai Muhayer" composer = "Jamil Bek" } }
Vegeu també
Snippets: World music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Arabic music example ] | [ Amunt : Arabic music ] | [ Turkish classical music > ] |
Further reading for Arabic music
-
The music of the Arabs by Habib Hassan Touma [Amadeus Press, 1996],
contains a discussion of maqams and their method of groupings.
There are also various web sites that explain maqams and some provide audio examples such as :
There are some variations in the details of how maqams are grouped, despite agreement on the criteria of grouping maqams that are related through common lower tetra chords, or through modulation.
-
There is not a complete consistency, sometimes even in the same
text on how key signatures for particular maqams should be
specified. It is common, however, to use a key signature per
group, rather than a different key signature for each different
maqam.
Method books by the following authors for the Oud, the Arabic lute, contain examples of mainly Turkish and Arabic compositions.
- Charbel Rouhana
- George Farah
- Ibrahim Ali Darwish Al-masri
2.10.3 Turkish classical music
This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating Turkish classical music.
References for Turkish classical music | ||
Turkish note names |
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Turkish classical music ] | [ Amunt : Turkish classical music ] | [ Turkish note names > ] |
References for Turkish classical music
Turkish classical music developed in the Ottoman Empire in a period roughly contemporaneous with classical music in Europe, and has continued on into the 20th and 21st centuries as a vibrant and distinct tradition with its own compositional forms, theory and performance styles. Among its striking features is the use of microtonal intervals based on ‘commas’ of 1/9 of a tone, from which are constructed the melodic forms known as makam (plural makamlar).
Some issues relevant to Turkish classical music are covered elsewhere:
- Special note names and accidentals are explained in Common notation for non-Western music.
Turkish note names
Pitches in Turkish classical music traditionally have unique names, and the basis of pitch on 1/9-tone divisions means makamlar employ a completely different set of intervals from Western scales and modes: koma (1/9 of a tone), eksik bakiye (3/9), bakiye (4/9), kücük mücenneb (5/9), büyük mücenneb (8/9), tanîni (a whole tone) and artık ikili (12/9 or 13/9 of a tone).
From a modern notational point of view it is convenient to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, …) with special accidentals that raise or lower notes by intervals of 1/9, 4/9, 5/9 and 8/9 of a tone. These accidentals are defined in the file ‘makam.ly’.
The following table lists:
- the name of these special accidentals,
- the accidental suffix that must be added to notes,
- and their pitch alteration as a fraction of one whole tone.
Accidental name
suffix
pitch alteration
büyük mücenneb (sharp)
-bm
+8/9
kücük mücenneb (sharp)
-k
+5/9
bakiye (sharp)
-b
+4/9
koma (sharp)
-c
+1/9
koma (flat)
-fc
-1/9
bakiye (flat)
-fb
-4/9
kücük mücenneb (flat)
-fk
-5/9
büyük mücenneb (flat)
-fbm
-8/9
For a more general explanation of non-Western music notation, see Common notation for non-Western music.
Vegeu també
Music Glossary: makam, makamlar.
Notation Reference: Common notation for non-Western music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Turkish note names ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Input structure > ] |
3. General input and output
This section deals with general LilyPond input and output issues, rather than specific notation.
3.1 Input structure | ||
3.2 Titles and headers | ||
3.3 Working with input files | ||
3.4 Controlling output | ||
3.5 Creating MIDI output | ||
3.6 Extracting musical information |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < General input and output ] | [ Amunt : General input and output ] | [ Structure of a score > ] |
3.1 Input structure
The main format of input for LilyPond are text files. By convention, these files end with ‘.ly’.
3.1.1 Structure of a score | ||
3.1.2 Multiple scores in a book | ||
3.1.3 Multiple output files from one input file | ||
3.1.4 Output file names | ||
3.1.5 File structure |
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[ < Input structure ] | [ Amunt : Input structure ] | [ Multiple scores in a book > ] |
3.1.1 Structure of a score
A \score
block must contain a single music expression
delimited by curly brackets:
\score { … }
Nota: There must be only one outer music expression in
a score
block, and it must be surrounded by
curly brackets.
This single music expression may be of any size, and may contain other music expressions to any complexity. All of these examples are music expressions:
{ c'4 c' c' c' }
{ { c'4 c' c' c' } { d'4 d' d' d' } }
<< \new Staff { c'4 c' c' c' } \new Staff { d'4 d' d' d' } >>
{ \new GrandStaff << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \flute } \new Staff { \oboe } >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \violinI } \new Staff { \violinII } >> >> }
Comments are one exception to this general rule. (For others see
File structure.) Both single-line comments and comments
delimited by %{ … %}
may be placed anywhere within an
input file. They may be placed inside or outside a \score
block, and inside or outside the single music expression within a
\score
block.
Remember that even in a file containing only a \score
block, it
is implicitly enclosed in a \book block. A \book block in a source
file produces at least one output file, and by default the name of the
output file produced is derived from the name of the input file, so
‘fandangoforelephants.ly’ will produce
‘fandangoforelephants.pdf’.
(For more details about \book
blocks, see
Multiple scores in a book,
Multiple output files from one input file File structure.)
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Working on input files, Music expressions explained, Score is a (single) compound musical expression.
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[ < Structure of a score ] | [ Amunt : Input structure ] | [ Multiple output files from one input file > ] |
3.1.2 Multiple scores in a book
A document may contain multiple pieces of music and text. Examples
of these are an etude book, or an orchestral part with multiple
movements. Each movement is entered with a \score
block,
\score { …music… }
and texts are entered with a \markup
block,
\markup { …text… }
All the movements and texts which appear in the same ‘.ly’ file will normally be typeset in the form of a single output file.
\score { … } \markup { … } \score { … }
One important exception is within lilypond-book documents,
where you explicitly have to add a \book
block, otherwise only
the first \score
or \markup
will appear in the output.
The header for each piece of music can be put inside the \score
block. The piece
name from the header will be printed before
each movement. The title for the entire book can be put inside the
\book
, but if it is not present, the \header
which is at
the top of the file is inserted.
\header { title = "Eight miniatures" composer = "Igor Stravinsky" } \score { … \header { piece = "Romanze" } } \markup { …text of second verse… } \markup { …text of third verse… } \score { … \header { piece = "Menuetto" } }
Pieces of music may be grouped into book parts using \bookpart
blocks. Book parts are separated by a page break, and can start with a
title, like the book itself, by specifying a \header
block.
\bookpart { \header { title = "Book title" subtitle = "First part" } \score { … } … } \bookpart { \header { subtitle = "Second part" } \score { … } … }
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Multiple scores in a book ] | [ Amunt : Input structure ] | [ Output file names > ] |
3.1.3 Multiple output files from one input file
If you want multiple output files from the same ‘.ly’ file,
then you can add multiple \book
blocks, where each
such \book block will result in a separate output file.
If you do not specify any \book
block in the
input file, LilyPond will implicitly treat the whole
file as a single \book block, see
File structure.
When producing multiple files from a single source file, LilyPond
ensures that none of the output files from any \book
block
overwrites the output file produced by a preceding \book
from
the same input file.
It does this by adding a suffix to the output name for each
\book
which uses the default output file name derived from the
input source file.
The default behaviour is to append a version-number suffix for each name which may clash, so
\book { \score { … } \paper { … } } \book { \score { … } \paper { … } } \book { \score { … } \paper { … } }
in source file ‘eightminiatures.ly’ will produce
- ‘eightminiatures.pdf’,
- ‘eightminiatures-1.pdf’ and
- ‘eightminiatures-2.pdf’.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Multiple output files from one input file ] | [ Amunt : Input structure ] | [ File structure > ] |
3.1.4 Output file names
LilyPond provides facilities to allow you to control what file names are used by the various back-ends when producing output files.
In the previous section, we saw how LilyPond prevents name-clashes when
producing several outputs from a single source file. You also have the
ability to specify your own suffixes for each \book
block, so
for example you can produce files called
‘eightminiatures-Romanze.pdf’, ‘eightminiatures-Menuetto.pdf’
and ‘eightminiatures-Nocturne.pdf’ by adding a
\bookOutputSuffix
declaration inside each \book
block.
\book { \bookOutputSuffix "Romanze" \score { … } \paper { … } } \book { \bookOutputSuffix "Menuetto" \score { … } \paper { … } } \book { \bookOutputSuffix "Nocturne" \score { … } \paper { … } }
You can also specify a different output filename for book
block,
by using \bookOutputName
declarations
\book { \bookOutputName "Romanze" \score { … } \paper { … } } \book { \bookOutputName "Menuetto" \score { … } \paper { … } } \book { \bookOutputName "Nocturne" \score { … } \paper { … } }
The file above will produce these output files:
- ‘Romanze.pdf’,
- ‘Menuetto.pdf’ and
- ‘Nocturne.pdf’.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Output file names ] | [ Amunt : Input structure ] | [ Titles and headers > ] |
3.1.5 File structure
A ‘.ly’ file may contain any number of toplevel expressions, where a toplevel expression is one of the following:
-
An output definition, such as
\paper
,\midi
, and\layout
. Such a definition at the toplevel changes the default book-wide settings. If more than one such definition of the same type is entered at the top level the definitions are combined, but in conflicting situations the later definitions take precedence. For details of how this affects the\layout
block see The\layout
block. -
A direct scheme expression, such as
#(set-default-paper-size "a7" 'landscape)
or#(ly:set-option 'point-and-click #f)
. -
A
\header
block. This sets the global (i.e., the top of file) header block. This is the block containing the default settings of titling fields like composer, title, etc., for all books within the file (see Titles explained). -
A
\score
block. This score will be collected with other toplevel scores, and combined as a single\book
. This behavior can be changed by setting the variabletoplevel-score-handler
at toplevel. (The default handler is defined in the file ‘../scm/lily-library.scm’ and set in the file ‘../ly/declarations-init.ly’.) -
A
\book
block logically combines multiple movements (i.e., multiple\score
blocks) in one document. If there are a number of\score
s, one output file will be created for each\book
block, in which all corresponding movements are concatenated. The only reason to explicitly specify\book
blocks in a ‘.ly’ file is if you wish to create multiple output files from a single input file. One exception is within lilypond-book documents, where you explicitly have to add a\book
block if you want more than a single\score
or\markup
in the same example. This behavior can be changed by setting the variabletoplevel-book-handler
at toplevel. The default handler is defined in the init file ‘../scm/lily.scm’. -
A
\bookpart
block. A book may be divided into several parts, using\bookpart
blocks, in order to ease the page breaking, or to use different\paper
settings in different parts. -
A compound music expression, such as
{ c'4 d' e'2 }
This will add the piece in a
\score
and format it in a single book together with all other toplevel\score
s and music expressions. In other words, a file containing only the above music expression will be translated into\book { \score { \new Staff { \new Voice { { c'4 d' e'2 } } } \layout { } } \paper { } \header { } }
This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
toplevel-music-handler
at toplevel. The default handler is defined in the init file ‘../scm/lily.scm’. -
A markup text, a verse for example
\markup { 2. The first line verse two. }
Markup texts are rendered above, between or below the scores or music expressions, wherever they appear.
-
A variable, such as
foo = { c4 d e d }
This can be used later on in the file by entering
\foo
. The name of a variable should have alphabetic characters only; no numbers, underscores or dashes.
The following example shows three things that may be entered at toplevel
\layout { % Don't justify the output ragged-right = ##t } \header { title = "Do-re-mi" } { c'4 d' e2 }
At any point in a file, any of the following lexical instructions can be entered:
-
\version
-
\include
-
\sourcefilename
-
\sourcefileline
-
A single-line comment, introduced by a leading
%
sign. -
A multi-line comment delimited by
%{ … %}
.
Whitespace between items in the input stream is generally ignored, and may be freely omitted or extended to enhance readability. However, whitespace should always be used in the following circumstances to avoid errors:
- Around every opening and closing curly bracket.
- After every command or variable, i.e., every item that
begins with a
\
sign. - After every item that is to be interpreted as a Scheme
expression, i.e., every item that begins with a
#
sign. - To separate all elements of a Scheme expression.
- In
lyricmode
before and after\set
and\override
commands.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: How LilyPond input files work.
Notation Reference:
Titles explained,
The \layout
block.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < File structure ] | [ Amunt : General input and output ] | [ Creating titles headers and footers > ] |
3.2 Titles and headers
Almost all printed music includes a title and the composer’s name; some pieces include a lot more information.
3.2.1 Creating titles headers and footers | ||
3.2.2 Custom titles headers and footers | ||
3.2.3 Creating output file metadata | ||
3.2.4 Creating footnotes | ||
3.2.5 Reference to page numbers | ||
3.2.6 Table of contents |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Titles and headers ] | [ Amunt : Titles and headers ] | [ Titles explained > ] |
3.2.1 Creating titles headers and footers
Titles explained | ||
Default layout of bookpart and score titles | ||
Default layout of headers and footers |
Titles explained
Each \book
block in a single input file produces a separate
output file, see File structure. Within each output file
three types of titling areas are provided: Book Titles at the
beginning of each book, Bookpart Titles at the beginning of
each bookpart and Score Titles at the beginning of each score.
Values of titling fields such as title
and composer
are set in \header
blocks. (For the syntax of \header
blocks and a complete list of the fields available by default see
Default layout of bookpart and score titles). Book Titles,
Bookpart Titles and Score Titles can all contain the same fields,
although by default the fields in Score Titles are limited to
piece
and opus
.
\header
blocks may be placed in four different places to form
a descending hierarchy of \header
blocks:
-
At the top of the input file, before all
\book
,\bookpart
, and\score
blocks. -
Within a
\book
block but outside all the\bookpart
and\score
blocks within that book. -
Within a
\bookpart
block but outside all\score
blocks within that bookpart. -
After the music expression in a
\score
block.
The values of the fields filter down this hierarchy, with the values set higher in the hierarchy persisting unless they are over-ridden by a value set lower in the hierarchy, so:
-
A Book Title is derived from fields set at the top of the input file,
modified by fields set in the
\book
block. The resulting fields are used to print the Book Title for that book, providing that there is other material which generates a page at the start of the book, before the first bookpart. A single\pageBreak
will suffice. -
A Bookpart Title is derived from fields set at the top of the input
file, modified by fields set in the
\book
block, and further modified by fields set in the\bookpart
block. The resulting values are used to print the Bookpart Title for that bookpart. -
A Score Title is derived from fields set at the top of the input
file, modified by fields set in the
\book
block, further modified by fields set in the\bookpart
block and finally modified by fields set in the\score
block. The resulting values are used to print the Score Title for that score. Note, though, that onlypiece
andopus
fields are printed by default in Score Titles unless the\paper
variable,print-all-headers
, is set to#t
.
Nota: Remember when placing a \header
block inside a
\score
block, that the music expression must come before the
\header
block.
It is not necessary to provide \header
blocks in all four
places: any or even all of them may be omitted. Similarly, simple
input files may omit the \book
and \bookpart
blocks,
leaving them to be created implicitly.
If the book has only a single score, the \header
block should
normally be placed at the top of the file so that just a Bookpart
Title is produced, making all the titling fields available for use.
If the book has multiple scores a number of different arrangements
of \header
blocks are possible, corresponding to the various
types of musical publications. For example, if the publication
contains several pieces by the same composer a \header
block
placed at the top of the file specifying the book title and the
composer with \header
blocks in each \score
block
specifying the piece
and/or opus
would be most
suitable, as here:
\header { title = "SUITE I." composer = "J. S. Bach." } \score { \new Staff \relative { \clef bass \key g \major \repeat unfold 2 { g,16( d' b') a b d, b' d, } | \repeat unfold 2 { g,16( e' c') b c e, c' e, } | } \header { piece = "Prélude." } } \score { \new Staff \relative { \clef bass \key g \major \partial 16 b16 | <g, d' b'~>4 b'16 a( g fis) g( d e fis) g( a b c) | d16( b g fis) g( e d c) b(c d e) fis( g a b) | } \header { piece = "Allemande." } }
More complicated arrangements are possible. For example, text
fields from the \header
block in a book can be displayed in
all Score Titles, with some fields over-ridden and some manually
suppressed:
\book { \paper { print-all-headers = ##t } \header { title = "DAS WOHLTEMPERIRTE CLAVIER" subtitle = "TEIL I" % Do not display the default LilyPond footer for this book tagline = ##f } \markup { \vspace #1 } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { s1 } \new Staff { \clef "bass" s1 } >> \header { title = "PRAELUDIUM I" opus = "BWV 846" % Do not display the subtitle for this score subtitle = ##f } } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { s1 } \new Staff { \clef "bass" s1 } >> \header { title = "FUGA I" subsubtitle = "A 4 VOCI" opus = "BWV 846" % Do not display the subtitle for this score subtitle = ##f } } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: File structure, Default layout of bookpart and score titles, Custom layout for titles.
Default layout of bookpart and score titles
This example demonstrates all printed \header
variables:
\book { \header { % The following fields are centered dedication = "Dedication" title = "Title" subtitle = "Subtitle" subsubtitle = "Subsubtitle" % The following fields are evenly spread on one line % the field "instrument" also appears on following pages instrument = \markup \with-color #green "Instrument" poet = "Poet" composer = "Composer" % The following fields are placed at opposite ends of the same line meter = "Meter" arranger = "Arranger" % The following fields are centered at the bottom tagline = "The tagline goes at the bottom of the last page" copyright = "The copyright goes at the bottom of the first page" } \score { { s1 } \header { % The following fields are placed at opposite ends of the same line piece = "Piece 1" opus = "Opus 1" } } \score { { s1 } \header { % The following fields are placed at opposite ends of the same line piece = "Piece 2 on the same page" opus = "Opus 2" } } \pageBreak \score { { s1 } \header { % The following fields are placed at opposite ends of the same line piece = "Piece 3 on a new page" opus = "Opus 3" } } }
Note that
- The instrument name will be repeated on every page.
-
Only
piece
andopus
are printed in a\score
when the paper variableprint-all-headers
is set to##f
(the default). -
Text fields left unset in a
\header
block are replaced with\null
markups so that the space is not wasted. -
The default settings for
scoreTitleMarkup
place thepiece
andopus
text fields at opposite ends of the same line.
To change the default layout see Custom layout for titles.
If a \book
block starts immediately with a \bookpart
block, no Book Title will be printed, as there is no page on which
to print it. If a Book Title is required, begin the \book
block with some markup material or a \pageBreak
command.
Use the breakbefore
variable inside a \header
block
that is itself in a \score
block, to make the higher-level
\header
block titles appear on the first page on their own, with
the music (defined in the \score
block) starting on the next.
\book { \header { title = "This is my Title" subtitle = "This is my Subtitle" copyright = "This is the bottom of the first page" } \score { \repeat unfold 4 { e'' e'' e'' e'' } \header { piece = "This is the Music" breakbefore = ##t } } }
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: How LilyPond input files work,
Notation Reference: Custom layout for titles, File structure.
Installed Files: ‘ly/titling-init.ly’.
Default layout of headers and footers
Headers and footers are lines of text appearing at
the top and bottom of pages, separate from the main text of a book.
They are controlled by the following \paper
variables:
-
oddHeaderMarkup
-
evenHeaderMarkup
-
oddFooterMarkup
-
evenFooterMarkup
These markup variables can only access text fields from top-level
\header
blocks (which apply to all scores in the book) and are
defined in ‘ly/titling-init.ly’. By default:
- page numbers are automatically placed on the top far left (if even) or top far right (if odd), starting from the second page.
-
the
instrument
text field is placed in the center of every page, starting from the second page. -
the
copyright
text is centered on the bottom of the first page. -
the
tagline
is centered on the bottom of the last page, and below thecopyright
text if there is only a single page.
The default LilyPond footer text can be changed by adding a
tagline
in the top-level \header
block.
\book { \header { tagline = "... music notation for Everyone" } \score { \relative { c'4 d e f } } }
To remove the default LilyPond footer text, the tagline
can be
set to ##f
.
3.2.2 Custom titles headers and footers
Custom text formatting for titles | ||
Custom layout for titles | ||
Custom layout for headers and footers |
Custom text formatting for titles
Standard \markup
commands can be used to customize any header,
footer and title text within the \header
block.
\score { { s1 } \header { piece = \markup { \fontsize #4 \bold "PRAELUDIUM I" } opus = \markup { \italic "BWV 846" } } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Formatting text.
Custom layout for titles
\markup
commands in the \header
block are useful for
simple text formatting, but they do not allow precise control over the
placement of titles. To customize the placement of the text fields,
change either or both of the following \paper
variables:
-
bookTitleMarkup
-
scoreTitleMarkup
The placement of titles when using the default values of these
\markup
variables is shown in the examples in
Default layout of bookpart and score titles.
The default settings for scoreTitleMarkup
as defined in
‘ly/titling-init.ly’ are:
scoreTitleMarkup = \markup { \column { \on-the-fly \print-all-headers { \bookTitleMarkup \hspace #1 } \fill-line { \fromproperty #'header:piece \fromproperty #'header:opus } } }
This places the piece
and opus
text fields at opposite
ends of the same line:
\score { { s1 } \header { piece = "PRAELUDIUM I" opus = "BWV 846" } }
This example redefines scoreTitleMarkup
so that the piece
text field is centered and in a large, bold font.
\book { \paper { indent = 0\mm scoreTitleMarkup = \markup { \fill-line { \null \fontsize #4 \bold \fromproperty #'header:piece \fromproperty #'header:opus } } } \header { tagline = ##f } \score { { s1 } \header { piece = "PRAELUDIUM I" opus = "BWV 846" } } }
Text fields not normally effective in score \header
blocks
can be printed in the Score Title area if print-all-headers
is
placed inside the \paper
block. A disadvantage of using this
method is that text fields that are intended specifically for the
Bookpart Title area need to be manually suppressed in every
\score
block. See Titles explained.
To avoid this, add the desired text field to the scoreTitleMarkup
definition. In the following example, the composer
text field
(normally associated with bookTitleMarkup
) is added to
scoreTitleMarkup
, allowing each score to list a different
composer:
\book { \paper { indent = 0\mm scoreTitleMarkup = \markup { \fill-line { \null \fontsize #4 \bold \fromproperty #'header:piece \fromproperty #'header:composer } } } \header { tagline = ##f } \score { { s1 } \header { piece = "MENUET" composer = "Christian Petzold" } } \score { { s1 } \header { piece = "RONDEAU" composer = "François Couperin" } } }
It is also possible to create your own custom text fields, and refer to them in the markup definition.
\book { \paper { indent = 0\mm scoreTitleMarkup = \markup { \fill-line { \null \override #`(direction . ,UP) { \dir-column { \center-align \fontsize #-1 \bold \fromproperty #'header:mycustomtext %% User-defined field \center-align \fontsize #4 \bold \fromproperty #'header:piece } } \fromproperty #'header:opus } } } \header { tagline = ##f } \score { { s1 } \header { piece = "FUGA I" mycustomtext = "A 4 VOCI" %% User-defined field opus = "BWV 846" } } }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Titles explained.
Custom layout for headers and footers
\markup
commands in the \header
block are useful for
simple text formatting, but they do not allow precise control over the
placement of headers and footers. To customize the placement of
the text fields, use either or both of the following \paper
variables:
-
oddHeaderMarkup
-
evenHeaderMarkup
-
oddFooterMarkup
-
evenFooterMarkup
The \markup
command \on-the-fly
can be used to add
markup conditionally to header and footer text defined within the
\paper
block, using the following syntax:
variable = \markup { … \on-the-fly \procedure markup … }
The procedure is called each time the \markup
command
in which it appears is evaluated. The procedure should test
for a particular condition and interpret (i.e., print) the
markup argument if and only if the condition is true.
A number of ready-made procedures for testing various conditions are provided:
Procedure name
Condition tested
print-page-number-check-first
should this page number be printed?
create-page-number-stencil
print-page-numbers true?
print-all-headers
print-all-headers true?
first-page
first page in the book?
not-first-page
not first page in the book?
(on-page nmbr)
page number = nmbr?
last-page
last page in the book?
part-first-page
first page in the book part?
not-part-first-page
not first page in the book part?
part-last-page
last page in the book part?
not-single-page
pages in book part > 1?
The following example centers page numbers at the bottom of every
page. First, the default settings for oddHeaderMarkup
and
evenHeaderMarkup
are removed by defining each as a null
markup. Then, oddFooterMarkup
is redefined with the page
number centered. Finally, evenFooterMarkup
is given the
same layout by defining it as \oddFooterMarkup
:
\book { \paper { print-page-number = ##t print-first-page-number = ##t oddHeaderMarkup = \markup \null evenHeaderMarkup = \markup \null oddFooterMarkup = \markup { \fill-line { \on-the-fly \print-page-number-check-first \fromproperty #'page:page-number-string } } evenFooterMarkup = \oddFooterMarkup } \score { \new Staff { s1 \break s1 \break s1 } } }
Several \on-the-fly
conditions can be combined with an
‘and’ operation, for example,
\on-the-fly \first-page \on-the-fly \last-page{ \markup … \fromproperty #'header: … }
determines if the output is a single page.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Titles explained, Default layout of bookpart and score titles.
Installed Files: ‘../ly/titling-init.ly’.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Custom layout for headers and footers ] | [ Amunt : Titles and headers ] | [ Creating footnotes > ] |
3.2.3 Creating output file metadata
In addition to being shown in the printed output, \header
variables
are also used to set metadata for output files. For example, with PDF
files, this metadata could be displayed by PDF readers as the
properties
of the PDF file. For each type of output file, only the
\header
definitions of blocks that define separate files of that
type, and blocks higher in the block hierarchy, will be consulted.
Therefore, for PDF files, only the \book
level and the top level
\header
definitions affect the document-wide PDF metadata, whereas
for MIDI files, all headers above or at the \score
level are used.
For example, setting the title
property of the header
block
to ‘Symphony I’ will also give this title to the PDF document, and use
it as the sequence name of the MIDI file.
\header{ title = "Symphony I" }
If you want to set the title of the printed output to one value, but have the
title property of the PDF to have a different value, you can use
pdftitle
, as below.
\header{ title = "Symphony I" pdftitle = "Symphony I by Beethoven" }
The variables title
, subject
, keywords
,
subtitle
, composer
, arranger
, poet
, author
and copyright
all set PDF properties and can all be prefixed with
‘pdf’ to set a PDF property to a value different from the printed output.
The PDF property Creator
is automatically set to ‘LilyPond’ plus
the current LilyPond version, and CreationDate
and ModDate
are
both set to the current date and time. ModDate
can be overridden by
setting the header variable moddate
(or pdfmoddate
) to a
valid PDF date string.
The title
variable sets also the sequence name for MIDI. The
midititle
variable can be used to set the sequence name
independently of the value used for typeset output.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Creating output file metadata ] | [ Amunt : Titles and headers ] | [ Footnotes in music expressions > ] |
3.2.4 Creating footnotes
Footnotes may be used in many different situations. In all cases, a ‘footnote mark’ is placed as a reference in text or music, and the corresponding ‘footnote text’ appears at the bottom of the same page.
Footnotes within music expressions and footnotes in stand-alone text outside music expressions are created in different ways.
Footnotes in music expressions | ||
Footnotes in stand-alone text |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Creating footnotes ] | [ Amunt : Creating footnotes ] | [ Footnotes in stand-alone text > ] |
Footnotes in music expressions
Music footnotes overview
Footnotes in music expressions fall into two categories:
- Event-based footnotes
are attached to a particular event. Examples for such events are single notes, articulations (like fingering indications, accents, dynamics), and post-events (like slurs and manual beams). The general form for event-based footnotes is as follows:
[direction] \footnote [mark] offset footnote music
- Time-based footnotes
are bound to a particular point of time in a musical context. Some commands like
\time
and\clef
don’t actually use events for creating objects like time signatures and clefs. Neither does a chord create an event of its own: its stem or flag is created at the end of a time step (nominally through one of the note events inside). Exactly which of a chord’s multiple note events will be deemed the root cause of a stem or flag is undefined. So for annotating those, time-based footnotes are preferable as well.A time-based footnote allows such layout objects to be annotated without referring to an event. The general form for Time-based footnotes is:
\footnote [mark] offset footnote [Context].GrobName
The elements for both forms are:
- direction
If (and only if) the
\footnote
is being applied to a post-event or articulation, it must be preceded with a direction indicator (-, _, ^
) in order to attach music (with a footnote mark) to the preceding note or rest.- mark
is a markup or string specifying the footnote mark which is used for marking both the reference point and the footnote itself at the bottom of the page. It may be omitted (or equivalently replaced with
\default
) in which case a number in sequence will be generated automatically. Such numerical sequences restart on each page containing a footnote.- offset
is a number pair such as ‘#(2 . 1)’ specifying the X and Y offsets in units of staff-spaces from the boundary of the object where the mark should be placed. Positive values of the offsets are taken from the right/top edge, negative values from the left/bottom edge and zero implies the mark is centered on the edge.
- Context
is the context in which the grob being footnoted is created. It may be omitted if the grob is in a bottom context, e.g., a
Voice
context.- GrobName
specifies a type of grob to mark (like ‘Flag’). If it is specified, the footnote is not attached to a music expression in particular, but rather to all grobs of the type specified which occur at that moment of musical time.
- footnote
is the markup or string specifying the footnote text to use at the bottom of the page.
- music
is the music event or post-event or articulation that is being annotated.
Event-based footnotes
A footnote may be attached to a layout object directly caused by the event corresponding to music with the syntax:
\footnote [mark] offset footnote music
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c'' { \footnote #'(-1 . 3) "A note" a4 a4 \footnote #'(2 . 2) "A rest" r4 a4 } }
Marking a whole chord with an event-based footnote is not possible: a chord, even one containing just a single note, does not produce an actual event of its own. However, individual notes inside of the chord can be marked:
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c'' { \footnote #'(2 . 3) "Does not work" <a-3>2 <\footnote #'(-2 . -3) "Does work" a-3>4 <a-3 \footnote #'(3 . 1/2) "Also works" c-5>4 } }
If the footnote is to be attached to a post-event or articulation
the \footnote
command must be preceded by a direction
indicator, -, _, ^
, and followed by the post-event or
articulation to be annotated as the music argument. In this
form the \footnote
can be considered to be simply a copy of
its last argument with a footnote mark attached to it. The syntax
is:
direction \footnote [mark] offset footnote music
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative { a'4_\footnote #'(0 . -1) "A slur forced down" ( b8^\footnote #'(1 . 0.5) "A manual beam forced up" [ b8 ] c4 ) c-\footnote #'(1 . 1) "Tenuto" -- } }
Time-based footnotes
If the layout object being footmarked is indirectly caused by
an event (like an Accidental
or Stem
caused by a
NoteHead
event), the GrobName of the layout object
is required after the footnote text instead of music:
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c'' { \footnote #'(-1 . -3) "A flat" Accidental aes4 c \footnote #'(-1 . 0.5) "Another flat" Accidental ees \footnote #'(1 . -2) "A stem" Stem aes } }
Note, however, that when a GrobName is specified, a footnote will be attached to all grobs of that type at the current time step:
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c' { \footnote #'(-1 . 3) "A flat" Accidental <ees ges bes>4 \footnote #'(2 . 0.5) "Articulation" Script c'->-. } }
A note inside of a chord can be given an individual (event-based)
footnote. A ‘NoteHead’ is the only grob directly caused
from a chord note, so an event-based footnote command is
only suitable for adding a footnote to the ‘NoteHead’
within a chord. All other chord note grobs are indirectly caused.
The \footnote
command itself offers no syntax for
specifying both a particular grob type as well as a
particular event to attach to. However, one can use a time-based
\footnote
command for specifying the grob type, and then
prefix this command with \single
in order to have it
applied to just the following event:
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c'' { < \footnote #'(1 . -2) "An A" a \single \footnote #'(-1 . -1) "A sharp" Accidental cis \single \footnote #'(0.5 . 0.5) "A flat" Accidental ees fis >2 } }
Nota: When footnotes are attached to several musical elements at the same musical moment, as they are in the example above, the footnotes are numbered from the higher to the lower elements as they appear in the printed output, not in the order in which they are written in the input stream.
Layout objects like clefs and key-change signatures are mostly caused as a consequence of changed properties rather than actual events. Others, like bar lines and bar numbers, are a direct consequence of timing. For this reason, footnotes on such objects have to be based on their musical timing. Time-based footnotes are also preferable when marking features like stems and beams on chords: while such per-chord features are nominally assigned to one event inside the chord, relying on a particular choice would be imprudent.
The layout object in question must always be explicitly specified for time-based footnotes, and the appropriate context must be specified if the grob is created in a context other than the bottom context.
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c'' { r1 | \footnote #'(-0.5 . -1) "Meter change" Staff.TimeSignature \time 3/4 \footnote #'(1 . -1) "Chord stem" Stem <c e g>4 q q \footnote #'(-0.5 . 1) "Bar line" Staff.BarLine q q \footnote #'(0.5 . -1) "Key change" Staff.KeySignature \key c \minor q } }
Custom marks can be used as alternatives to numerical marks, and the annotation line joining the marked object to the mark can be suppressed:
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \relative c' { \footnote "*" #'(0.5 . -2) \markup { \italic "* The first note" } a'4 b8 \footnote \markup { \super "$" } #'(0.5 . 1) \markup { \super "$" \italic " The second note" } e c4 \once \override Score.FootnoteItem.annotation-line = ##f b-\footnote \markup \tiny "+" #'(0.1 . 0.1) \markup { \super "+" \italic " Editorial" } \p } }
More examples of custom marks are shown in Footnotes in stand-alone text.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Footnotes in music expressions ] | [ Amunt : Creating footnotes ] | [ Reference to page numbers > ] |
Footnotes in stand-alone text
These are for use in markup outside of music expressions. They do not have a line drawn to their point of reference: their marks simply follow the referenced markup. Marks can be inserted automatically, in which case they are numerical. Alternatively, custom marks can be provided manually.
Footnotes to stand-alone text with automatic and custom marks are created in different ways.
Footnotes in stand-alone text with automatic marks
The syntax of a footnote in stand-alone text with automatic marks is
\markup { … \auto-footnote text footnote … }
The elements are:
- text
is the markup or string to be marked.
- footnote
is the markup or string specifying the footnote text to use at the bottom of the page.
For example:
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \markup { "A simple" \auto-footnote "tune" \italic " By me" "is shown below. It is a" \auto-footnote "recent" \italic " Aug 2012" "composition." } \relative { a'4 b8 e c4 d } }
Footnotes in stand-alone text with custom marks
The syntax of a footnote in stand-alone text with custom marks is
\markup { … \footnote mark footnote … }
The elements are:
- mark
is a markup or string specifying the footnote mark which is used for marking the reference point. Note that this mark is not inserted automatically before the footnote itself.
- footnote
is the markup or string specifying the footnote text to use at the bottom of the page, preceded by the mark.
Any easy-to-type character such as * or + may be used as a mark, as shown in Footnotes in music expressions. Alteratively, ASCII aliases may be used (see ASCII aliases):
\book { \paper { #(include-special-characters) } \header { tagline = ##f } \markup { "A simple tune" \footnote "*" \italic "* By me" "is shown below. It is a recent" \footnote \super † \concat { \super † \italic " Aug 2012" } "composition." } \relative { a'4 b8 e c4 d } }
Unicode character codes may also be used to specify marks (see Unicode):
\book { \header { tagline = ##f } \markup { "A simple tune" \footnote \super \char##x00a7 \concat { \super \char##x00a7 \italic " By me" } "is shown below. It is a recent" \footnote \super \char##x00b6 \concat { \super \char##x00b6 \italic " Aug 2012" } "composition." } \relative { a'4 b8 e c4 d } }
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Objects and interfaces.
Notation Reference: ASCII aliases, Balloon help, List of special characters, Text marks, Text scripts, Unicode.
Internals Reference: FootnoteEvent, FootnoteItem, FootnoteSpanner, Footnote_engraver.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Multiple footnotes for the same page can only be stacked, one above the other; they cannot be printed on the same line.
Footnotes cannot be attached to MultiMeasureRests
or
automatic beams or lyrics.
Footnote marks may collide with staves, \markup
objects, other
footnote marks and annotation lines.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Footnotes in stand-alone text ] | [ Amunt : Titles and headers ] | [ Table of contents > ] |
3.2.5 Reference to page numbers
A particular place of a score can be marked using the \label
command, either at top-level or inside music. This label can then be
referred to in a markup, to get the number of the page where the marked
point is placed, using the \page-ref
markup command.
\header { tagline = ##f } \book { \label #'firstScore \score { { c'1 \pageBreak \mark A \label #'markA c'1 } } \markup { The first score begins on page \page-ref #'firstScore "0" "?" } \markup { Mark A is on page \page-ref #'markA "0" "?" } }
The \page-ref
markup command takes three arguments:
- the label, a scheme symbol, eg.
#'firstScore
; - a markup that will be used as a gauge to estimate the dimensions of the markup;
- a markup that will be used in place of the page number if the label is not known;
The reason why a gauge is needed is that, at the time markups are interpreted, the page breaking has not yet occurred, so the page numbers are not yet known. To work around this issue, the actual markup interpretation is delayed to a later time; however, the dimensions of the markup have to be known before, so a gauge is used to decide these dimensions. If the book has between 10 and 99 pages, it may be "00", ie. a two digit number.
Instruccions predefinides
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Reference to page numbers ] | [ Amunt : Titles and headers ] | [ Working with input files > ] |
3.2.6 Table of contents
A table of contents is included using the
\markuplist \table-of-contents
command. The elements which
should appear in the table of contents are entered with the
\tocItem
command, which may be used either at top-level, or
inside a music expression.
\markuplist \table-of-contents \pageBreak \tocItem \markup "First score" \score { { c'4 % ... \tocItem \markup "Some particular point in the first score" d'4 % ... } } \tocItem \markup "Second score" \score { { e'4 % ... } }
Markups used for formatting the table of contents are defined in the
\paper
block. There are two ‘pre-defined’ markups already
available;
-
tocTitleMarkup
Used for formatting the title of the table of contents.
tocTitleMarkup = \markup \huge \column { \fill-line { \null "Table of Contents" \null } \null }
-
tocItemMarkup
Used for formatting the elements within the table of contents.
tocItemMarkup = \markup \fill-line { \fromproperty #'toc:text \fromproperty #'toc:page }
Both of these variables can be changed.
Here is an example changing the table of contents’ title into French;
\paper { tocTitleMarkup = \markup \huge \column { \fill-line { \null "Table des matières" \null } \hspace #1 }
Here is an example changing the font-size of the elements in the table of contents;
tocItemMarkup = \markup \large \fill-line { \fromproperty #'toc:text \fromproperty #'toc:page }
Note how the element text and page numbers are referred to in the
tocItemMarkup
definition.
The \tocItemWithDotsMarkup
command can be included within the
tocItemMarkup
to fill the line, between a table of contents item
and its corresponding page number, with dots;
\header { tagline = ##f } \paper { tocItemMarkup = \tocItemWithDotsMarkup } \book { \markuplist \table-of-contents \tocItem \markup { Allegro } \tocItem \markup { Largo } \markup \null }
Custom commands with their own markups can also be defined to build a more complex table of contents. In the following example, a new style is defined for entering act names in a table of contents of an opera;
A new markup variable (called tocActMarkup
) is defined in the
\paper
block;
\paper { tocActMarkup = \markup \large \column { \hspace #1 \fill-line { \null \italic \fromproperty #'toc:text \null } \hspace #1 } }
A custom music function (tocAct
) is then created – which uses
the new tocActMarkup
markup definition.
tocAct = #(define-music-function (text) (markup?) (add-toc-item! 'tocActMarkup text))
A LilyPond input file, using these customer definitions, could look something like this;
Here is an example of the \fill-with-pattern
command used within
the context of a table of contents;
\paper { tocItemMarkup = \markup { \fill-line { \override #'(line-width . 70) \fill-with-pattern #1.5 #CENTER . \fromproperty #'toc:text \fromproperty #'toc:page } } }
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/toc-init.ly’.
Instruccions predefinides
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Table of contents ] | [ Amunt : General input and output ] | [ Including LilyPond files > ] |
3.3 Working with input files
3.3.1 Including LilyPond files | ||
3.3.2 Different editions from one source | ||
3.3.3 Special characters |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Working with input files ] | [ Amunt : Working with input files ] | [ Different editions from one source > ] |
3.3.1 Including LilyPond files
A large project may be split up into separate files. To refer to another file, use
\include "otherfile.ly"
The line \include "otherfile.ly"
is equivalent to pasting the
contents of ‘otherfile.ly’ into the current file at the place
where the \include
appears. For example, in a large
project you might write separate files for each instrument part
and create a “full score” file which brings together the
individual instrument files. Normally the included file will
define a number of variables which then become available
for use in the full score file. Tagged sections can be
marked in included files to assist in making them usable in
different places in a score, see Different editions from one source.
Files in the current working directory may be referenced by
specifying just the file name after the \include
command.
Files in other locations may be included by giving either a full
path reference or a relative path reference (but use the UNIX
forward slash, /, rather than the DOS/Windows back slash, \, as the
directory separator.) For example, if ‘stuff.ly’ is located
one directory higher than the current working directory, use
\include "../stuff.ly"
or if the included orchestral parts files are all located in a subdirectory called ‘parts’ within the current directory, use
\include "parts/VI.ly" \include "parts/VII.ly" … etc
Files which are to be included can also contain \include
statements of their own. By default, these second-level
\include
statements are not interpreted until they have
been brought into the main file, so the file names they specify
must all be relative to the directory containing the main file,
not the directory containing the included file. However,
this behavior can be changed globally by passing the option
‘-drelative-includes’ option at the command line
(or by adding #(ly:set-option 'relative-includes #t)
at the top of the main input file).
When relative-includes
is set to #t
, the path for each
\include
command will be taken relative to the file containing
that command. This behavior is recommended and it will become the
default behavior in a future version of lilypond.
Files relative to the main directory and files relative to some other
directory may both be \include
d by setting
relative-includes
to #t
or #f
at appropriate
places in the files. For example, if a general library, libA, has
been created which itself uses sub-files which are \include
d
by the entry file of that library, those \include
statements
will need to be preceded by
#(ly:set-option #relative-includes #t)
so they are interpreted
correctly when brought into the main .ly
file, like this:
libA/ libA.ly A1.ly A2.ly …
then the entry file, libA.ly
, will contain
#(ly:set-option 'relative-includes #t) \include "A1.ly" \include "A2.ly" … % return to default setting #(ly:set-option 'relative-includes #f)
Any ‘.ly’ file can then include the entire library simply with
\include "~/libA/libA.ly"
More complex file structures may be devised by switching at appropriate places.
Files can also be included from a directory in a search path specified as an option when invoking LilyPond from the command line. The included files are then specified using just their file name. For example, to compile ‘main.ly’ which includes files located in a subdirectory called ‘parts’ by this method, cd to the directory containing ‘main.ly’ and enter
lilypond --include=parts main.ly
and in main.ly write
\include "VI.ly" \include "VII.ly" … etc
Files which are to be included in many scores may be placed in
the LilyPond directory ‘../ly’. (The location of this
directory is installation-dependent - see
Other sources of information). These files can then
be included simply by naming them on an \include
statement.
This is how the language-dependent files like ‘english.ly’ are
included.
LilyPond includes a number of files by default when you start
the program. These includes are not apparent to the user, but the
files may be identified by running lilypond --verbose
from
the command line. This will display a list of paths and files that
LilyPond uses, along with much other information. Alternatively,
the more important of these files are discussed in
Other sources of information. These files may be
edited, but changes to them will be lost on installing a new
version of LilyPond.
Some simple examples of using \include
are shown in
Scores and parts.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Other sources of information, Scores and parts.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
If an included file is given a name which is the same as one in LilyPond’s installation files, LilyPond’s file from the installation files takes precedence.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Including LilyPond files ] | [ Amunt : Working with input files ] | [ Using variables > ] |
3.3.2 Different editions from one source
Several methods can be used to generate different versions of a score from the same music source. Variables are perhaps the most useful for combining lengthy sections of music and/or annotation. Tags are more useful for selecting one section from several alternative shorter sections of music, and can also be used for splicing pieces of music together at different points.
Whichever method is used, separating the notation from the structure of the score will make it easier to change the structure while leaving the notation untouched.
Using variables | ||
Using tags | ||
Using global settings |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Different editions from one source ] | [ Amunt : Different editions from one source ] | [ Using tags > ] |
Using variables
If sections of the music are defined in variables they can be reused in different parts of the score, see pieces with variables Organizing pieces with variables. For example, an a cappella vocal score frequently includes a piano reduction of the parts for rehearsal purposes which is identical to the vocal music, so the music need be entered only once. Music from two variables may be combined on one staff, see Combinació automàtica de les parts. Here is an example:
sopranoMusic = \relative { a'4 b c b8( a) } altoMusic = \relative { e'4 e e f } tenorMusic = \relative { c'4 b e d8( c) } bassMusic = \relative { a4 gis a d, } allLyrics = \lyricmode { King of glo -- ry } << \new Staff = "Soprano" \sopranoMusic \new Lyrics \allLyrics \new Staff = "Alto" \altoMusic \new Lyrics \allLyrics \new Staff = "Tenor" { \clef "treble_8" \tenorMusic } \new Lyrics \allLyrics \new Staff = "Bass" { \clef "bass" \bassMusic } \new Lyrics \allLyrics \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "RH" { \partcombine \sopranoMusic \altoMusic } \new Staff = "LH" { \clef "bass" \partcombine \tenorMusic \bassMusic } >> >>
Separate scores showing just the vocal parts or just the piano part can be produced by changing just the structural statements, leaving the musical notation unchanged.
For lengthy scores, the variable definitions may be placed in separate files which are then included, see Including LilyPond files.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Using variables ] | [ Amunt : Different editions from one source ] | [ Using global settings > ] |
Using tags
The \tag #'partA
command marks a music expression
with the name partA.
Expressions tagged in this way can be selected or filtered out by
name later, using either \keepWithTag #'name
or
\removeWithTag #'name
. The result of applying these filters
to tagged music is as follows:
Filter | Result |
---|---|
Tagged music preceded by \keepWithTag #'name or
\keepWithTag #'(name1 name2…) | Untagged music and music tagged with any of the given tag names is included; music tagged with any other tag name is excluded. |
Tagged music preceded by \removeWithTag #'name or
\removeWithTag #'(name1 name2…) | Untagged music and music not tagged with any of the given tag names is included; music tagged with any of the given tag names is excluded. |
Tagged music not preceded by either \keepWithTag or
\removeWithTag | All tagged and untagged music is included. |
The arguments of the \tag
, \keepWithTag
and
\removeWithTag
commands should be a symbol or list of
symbols (such as #'score
or #'(violinI violinII
),
followed by a music expression. If and only if the symbols
are valid LilyPond identifiers (alphabetic characters only, no
numbers, underscores, or dashes) which cannot be confused with notes,
the #'
may be omitted and, as a shorthand, a list of symbols
can use the dot separator: i.e., \tag #'(violinI violinII)
can
be written \tag violinI.violinII
. The same applies to
\keepWithTag
and \removeWithTag
.
In the following example, we see two versions of a piece of music, one showing trills with the usual notation, and one with trills explicitly expanded:
music = \relative { g'8. c32 d \tag #'trills { d8.\trill } \tag #'expand { \repeat unfold 3 { e32 d } } c32 d } \score { \keepWithTag #'trills \music } \score { \keepWithTag #'expand \music }
Alternatively, it is sometimes easier to exclude sections of music:
music = \relative { g'8. c32 d \tag #'trills { d8.\trill } \tag #'expand {\repeat unfold 3 { e32 d } } c32 d } \score { \removeWithTag #'expand \music } \score { \removeWithTag #'trills \music }
Tagged filtering can be applied to articulations, texts, etc., by prepending
-\tag #'your-tag
to an articulation. For example, this would define a note with a conditional fingering indication and a note with a conditional annotation:
c1-\tag #'finger ^4 c1-\tag #'warn ^"Watch!"
Multiple tags may be placed on expressions with multiple
\tag
entries, or by combining multiple tags into one symbol
list:
music = \relative c'' { \tag #'a \tag #'both { a4 a a a } \tag #'(b both) { b4 b b b } } << \keepWithTag #'a \music \keepWithTag #'b \music \keepWithTag #'both \music >>
Multiple \removeWithTag
filters may be applied to a single
music expression to remove several differently named tagged
sections. Alternatively, you can use a single \removeWithTag
with a list of tags.
music = \relative c'' { \tag #'A { a4 a a a } \tag #'B { b4 b b b } \tag #'C { c4 c c c } \tag #'D { d4 d d d } } \new Voice { \removeWithTag #'B \removeWithTag #'C \music \removeWithTag #'(B C) \music }
Using two or more \keepWithTag
filters on a single music
expression will cause all of the tagged sections to be removed.
The first filter will remove all except the one named and any subsequent
filters will remove the rest. Using one \keepWithTag
command
with a list of multiple tags will only remove tagged sections that are
not specified in that list.
music = \relative c'' { \tag #'violinI { a4 a a a } \tag #'violinII { b4 b b b } \tag #'viola { c4 c c c } \tag #'cello { d4 d d d } } \new Staff { \keepWithTag #'(violinI violinII) \music }
will print \tag
s violinI and violinII but not
viola or cello.
While \keepWithTag
is convenient when dealing with one set
of alternatives, the removal of music tagged with unrelated tags
is problematic when using them for more than one purpose. In that case
‘groups’ of tags can be declared:
\tagGroup #'(violinI violinII viola cello)
Now all the different tags belong to a single ‘tag group’. Note that individual tags cannot be members of more than one tag group.
\keepWithTag #'violinI …
will now only show music tagged from violinI
’s tag group and any
music tagged with one of the other tags will removed.
music = \relative { \tagGroup #'(violinI violinII viola cello) \tag #'violinI { c''4^"violinI" c c c } \tag #'violinII { a2 a } \tag #'viola { e8 e e2. } \tag #'cello { d'2 d4 d } R1^"untagged" } \new Voice { \keepWithTag #'violinI \music }
When using the \keepWithTag
command, only tags from the tag
groups of the tags given in the command are visible.
Sometimes you want to splice some music at a particular place in an
existing music expression. You can use \pushToTag
and
\appendToTag
for adding material at the front or end of the
elements
of an existing music construct. Not every music
construct has elements
, but sequential and simultaneous music are
safe bets:
music = { \tag #'here { \tag #'here <<c''>> } } { \pushToTag #'here c' \pushToTag #'here e' \pushToTag #'here g' \music \appendToTag #'here c' \appendToTag #'here e' \appendToTag #'here g' \music }
Both commands get a tag, the material to splice in at every occurence of the tag, and the tagged expression.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Organizing pieces with variables.
Notation Reference: Combinació automàtica de les parts, Including LilyPond files.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Calling \relative
on a music expression obtained by filtering
music through \keepWithTag
or \removeWithTag
might cause
the octave relations to change, as only the pitches actually
remaining in the filtered expression will be considered. Applying
\relative
first, before \keepWithTag
or
\removeWithTag
, avoids this danger as \relative
then
acts on all the pitches as-input.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Using tags ] | [ Amunt : Different editions from one source ] | [ Special characters > ] |
Using global settings
Global settings can be included from a separate file:
lilypond -dinclude-settings=MY_SETTINGS.ly MY_SCORE.ly
Groups of settings such as page size, font or type face can be stored in separate files. This allows different editions from the same score as well as standard settings to be applied to many scores, simply by specifying the proper settings file.
This technique also works well with the use of style sheets, as discussed in Style sheets.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Organizing pieces with variables, Style sheets.
Notation Reference: Including LilyPond files.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Using global settings ] | [ Amunt : Working with input files ] | [ Text encoding > ] |
3.3.3 Special characters
Text encoding | ||
Unicode | ||
ASCII aliases |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Special characters ] | [ Amunt : Special characters ] | [ Unicode > ] |
Text encoding
LilyPond uses the character repertoire defined by the Unicode consortium and ISO/IEC 10646. This defines a unique name and code point for the character sets used in virtually all modern languages and many others too. Unicode can be implemented using several different encodings. LilyPond uses the UTF-8 encoding (UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format) which represents all common Latin characters in one byte, and represents other characters using a variable length format of up to four bytes.
The actual appearance of the characters is determined by the glyphs defined in the particular fonts available - a font defines the mapping of a subset of the Unicode code points to glyphs. LilyPond uses the Pango library to layout and render multi-lingual texts.
LilyPond does not perform any input-encoding conversions. This means that any text, be it title, lyric text, or musical instruction containing non-ASCII characters, must be encoded in UTF-8. The easiest way to enter such text is by using a Unicode-aware editor and saving the file with UTF-8 encoding. Most popular modern editors have UTF-8 support, for example, vim, Emacs, jEdit, and Gedit do. All MS Windows systems later than NT use Unicode as their native character encoding, so even Notepad can edit and save a file in UTF-8 format. A more functional alternative for Windows is BabelPad.
If a LilyPond input file containing a non-ASCII character is not saved in UTF-8 format the error message
FT_Get_Glyph_Name () error: invalid argument
will be generated.
Here is an example showing Cyrillic, Hebrew and Portuguese text:
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Text encoding ] | [ Amunt : Special characters ] | [ ASCII aliases > ] |
Unicode
To enter a single character for which the Unicode code point is
known but which is not available in the editor being used, use
either \char ##xhhhh
or \char #dddd
within a
\markup
block, where hhhh
is the hexadecimal code for
the character required and dddd
is the corresponding decimal
value. Leading zeroes may be omitted, but it is usual to specify
all four characters in the hexadecimal representation. (Note that
the UTF-8 encoding of the code point should not be used
after \char
, as UTF-8 encodings contain extra bits indicating
the number of octets.) Unicode code charts and a character name
index giving the code point in hexadecimal for any character can be
found on the Unicode Consortium website,
http://www.unicode.org/.
For example, \char ##x03BE
and \char #958
would both
enter the Unicode U+03BE character, which has the Unicode name
“Greek Small Letter Xi”.
Any Unicode code point may be entered in this way and if all special characters are entered in this format it is not necessary to save the input file in UTF-8 format. Of course, a font containing all such encoded characters must be installed and available to LilyPond.
The following example shows Unicode hexadecimal values being entered in four places – in a rehearsal mark, as articulation text, in lyrics and as stand-alone text below the score:
\score { \relative { c''1 \mark \markup { \char ##x03EE } c1_\markup { \tiny { \char ##x03B1 " to " \char ##x03C9 } } } \addlyrics { O \markup { \concat { Ph \char ##x0153 be! } } } } \markup { "Copyright 2008--2015" \char ##x00A9 }
To enter the copyright sign in the copyright notice use:
\header { copyright = \markup { \char ##x00A9 "2008" } }
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Unicode ] | [ Amunt : Special characters ] | [ Controlling output > ] |
ASCII aliases
A list of ASCII aliases for special characters can be included:
\paper { #(include-special-characters) } \markup "&flqq; – &OE;uvre incomplète… &frqq;" \score { \new Staff { \repeat unfold 9 a'4 } \addlyrics { This is al -- so wor -- kin'~in ly -- rics: –_&OE;… } } \markup \column { "The replacement can be disabled:" "– &OE; …" \override #'(replacement-alist . ()) "– &OE; …" }
You can also make your own aliases, either globally:
\paper { #(add-text-replacements! '(("100" . "hundred") ("dpi" . "dots per inch"))) } \markup "A 100 dpi."
or locally:
\markup \replace #'(("100" . "hundred") ("dpi" . "dots per inch")) "A 100 dpi."
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: List of special characters.
Installed Files: ‘ly/text-replacements.ly’.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < ASCII aliases ] | [ Amunt : General input and output ] | [ Extracting fragments of music > ] |
3.4 Controlling output
3.4.1 Extracting fragments of music | ||
3.4.2 Skipping corrected music | ||
3.4.3 Alternative output formats | ||
3.4.4 Replacing the notation font |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Controlling output ] | [ Amunt : Controlling output ] | [ Skipping corrected music > ] |
3.4.1 Extracting fragments of music
It is possible to output one or more fragments of a score by defining
the explicit location of the music to be extracted within the
\layout
block of the input file using the clip-regions
function, and then running LilyPond with the ‘-dclip-systems’
option;
\layout { clip-regions = #(list (cons (make-rhythmic-location 5 1 2) (make-rhythmic-location 7 3 4))) }
This example will extract a single fragment of the input file
starting after a half-note duration in fifth measure
(5 1 2
) and ending after the third quarter-note in the
seventh measure (7 3 4
).
Additional fragments can be extracted by adding more pairs of
make-rhythmic-location
entries to the clip-regions
list in
the \layout
block.
By default, each music fragment will be output as a separate EPS
file, but other formats such as PDF
or PNG
can also be
created if required. The extracted music is output as if had been
literally ‘cut’ from the original printed score so if a fragment runs
over one or more lines, a separate output file for each line will be
generated.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
The \layout
block.
Application Usage: Command-line usage.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Extracting fragments of music ] | [ Amunt : Controlling output ] | [ Alternative output formats > ] |
3.4.2 Skipping corrected music
When entering or copying music, usually only the music near the end (where you are adding notes) is interesting to view and correct. To speed up this correction process, it is possible to skip typesetting of all but the last few measures. This is achieved by putting
showLastLength = R1*5 \score { … }
in your source file. This will render only the last 5 measures
(assuming 4/4 time signature) of every \score
in the input
file. For longer pieces, rendering only a small part is often an order
of magnitude quicker than rendering it completely. When working on the
beginning of a score you have already typeset (e.g., to add a new part),
the showFirstLength
property may be useful as well.
Skipping parts of a score can be controlled in a more fine-grained
fashion with the property Score.skipTypesetting
. When it is
set, no typesetting is performed at all.
This property is also used to control output to the MIDI file. Note that it skips all events, including tempo and instrument changes. You have been warned.
\relative c' { c1 \set Score.skipTypesetting = ##t \tempo 4 = 80 c4 c c c \set Score.skipTypesetting = ##f d4 d d d }
In polyphonic music, Score.skipTypesetting
will affect all
voices and staves, saving even more time.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Skipping corrected music ] | [ Amunt : Controlling output ] | [ Replacing the notation font > ] |
3.4.3 Alternative output formats
The default output formats for the printed score are Portable Document Format (PDF) and PostScript (PS). Portable Network Graphics (PNG), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) output is available through the command line option, see Basic command line options for LilyPond.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Alternative output formats ] | [ Amunt : Controlling output ] | [ Creating MIDI output > ] |
3.4.4 Replacing the notation font
Gonville is an alternative set of glyphs to Feta – part of the Emmentaler font – and used in LilyPond. They can be downloaded from:
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/gonville/
Here are a few sample bars of music set in Gonville:
Here are a few sample bars of music set in LilyPond’s Feta glyphs:
Installation Instructions
Download and extract the font files. Copy the ‘gonville-11.otf’, ‘gonville-13.otf’, ‘gonville-14.otf’, ‘gonville-16.otf’, ‘gonville-18.otf’, ‘gonville-20.otf’, ‘gonville-23.otf’, ‘gonville-26.otf’, and ‘gonville-brace.otf’ files to ‘…/share/lilypond/current/fonts/otf’ or ‘…/share/lilypond/X.Y.Z/fonts/otf’. If you have ‘gonville-*.svg’ and ‘gonville-*.woff’ files, copy them to ‘…/share/lilypond/current/fonts/svg’ or ‘…/share/lilypond/X.Y.Z/fonts/svg’. For more information, see Other sources of information.
Note: ‘gonville-*.otf’ files are
for ps
and eps
backend (for PDF and PostScript outputs).
‘gonville-*.svg’ files are
for svg
backend without svg-woff
option.
‘gonville-*.woff’ files are
for svg
backend with svg-woff
option.
For more information, see
Advanced command line options for LilyPond.
The following syntax changes the notation font (general and brace) to the Gonville font.
\paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:music "gonville" #:brace "gonville" )) }
Note: Each call to set-global-fonts
completely resets both the main
notation and text fonts. If any category is left unspecified, then the default
font will be used for that category.
Each call to set-global-fonts
changes the fonts for each \book
that follows it, whether created explicitly or implicitly. This means that each
\book
can have its own set of main fonts by calling
set-global-fonts
before it.
For more information, see Entire document fonts.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Other sources of information.
Notation Reference: The Emmentaler font, Entire document fonts.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Gonville cannot be used to typeset ‘Ancient Music’ notation and it is likely newer glyphs in later releases of LilyPond may not exist in the Gonville font family. Please refer to the author’s website for more information on these and other specifics, including licensing of Gonville.
Other notation fonts
If you have other notation fonts like ‘fontname-*.otf’, ‘fontname-*.svg’, and ‘fontname-*.woff’, you can use them in the same way as Gonville.
That is, copy the ‘fontname-*.otf’ files to ‘…/share/lilypond/current/fonts/otf’ or ‘…/share/lilypond/X.Y.Z/fonts/otf’. If you have ‘fontname-*.svg’ and ‘fontname-*.woff’ files, copy them to ‘…/share/lilypond/current/fonts/svg’ or ‘…/share/lilypond/X.Y.Z/fonts/svg’.
Note: At the moment, LilyPond expects the font file names to have the following suffixes, all of which must be present in the above installation folder(s) to work properly: ‘-11’, ‘-13’, ‘-14’, ‘-16’, ‘-18’, ‘-20’, ‘-23’, ‘-26’, ‘-brace’. For example, ‘emmentaler-11.otf’, ‘emmentaler-20.svg’, and ‘emmentaler-brace.woff’ etc.
The following syntax changes the notation font (general and brace) to the fontname font.
\paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:music "fontname" ; font filename without suffix and extension #:brace "fontname" ; font filename without suffix and extension )) }
Note: For music
and brace
categories,
specify the font filename without the suffix and extension.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Replacing the notation font ] | [ Amunt : General input and output ] | [ Supported notation for MIDI > ] |
3.5 Creating MIDI output
LilyPond can produce files that conform to the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) standard and so allow for the checking of the music output aurally (with the help of an application or device that understands MIDI). Listening to MIDI output may also help in spotting errors such as notes that have been entered incorrectly or are missing accidentals and so on.
MIDI files do not contain sound (like AAC, MP3 or Vorbis files) but require additional software to produce sound from them.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Creating MIDI output ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ Unsupported notation for MIDI > ] |
3.5.1 Supported notation for MIDI
The following musical notation can be used with LilyPond’s default capabilities to produce MIDI output;
- Breath marks
- Chords entered as chord names
- Crescendi, decrescendi over multiple notes. The volume is altered linearly between the two extremes
- Dynamic markings from
ppppp
tofffff
, includingmp
,mf
andsf
- Microtones but not microtonal chords. A MIDI player that supports pitch bending will also be required.
- Lyrics
- Pitches
- Rhythms entered as note durations, including tuplets
- ‘Simple’ articulations; staccato, staccatissimo, accent, marcato and portato
- Tempo changes using the
\tempo
function - Ties
- Tremolos that are not entered with a
‘
:
[number]’ value
Panning, balance, expression, reverb and chorus effects can also be controlled by setting context properties, see Context properties for MIDI effects.
When combined with the ‘articulate’ script the following, additional musical notation can be output to MIDI;
- Appoggiaturas. These are made to take half the value of the note
following (without taking dots into account). For example;
\appoggiatura c8 d2.
The c will take the value of a crotchet.
- Ornaments (i.e., mordents, trills and turns et al.)
- Rallentando, accelerando, ritardando and a tempo
- Slurs, including phrasing slurs
- Tenuto
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Supported notation for MIDI ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ The MIDI block > ] |
3.5.2 Unsupported notation for MIDI
The following items of musical notation cannot be output to MIDI;
- Articulations other than staccato, staccatissimo, accent, marcato and portato
- Crescendi and decrescendi over a single note
- Fermata
- Figured bass
- Glissandi
- Falls and doits
- Microtonal chords
- Rhythms entered as annotations, e.g., swing
- Tempo changes without
\tempo
(e.g., entered as annotations) - Tremolos that are entered with a ‘
:
[number]’ value
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Unsupported notation for MIDI ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ Controlling MIDI dynamics > ] |
3.5.3 The MIDI block
To create a MIDI output file from a LilyPond input file, insert a
\midi
block, which can be empty, within the \score
block;
\score { … music … \layout { } \midi { } }
Nota: A \score
block that, as well as the music, contains
only a \midi
block (i.e., without the \layout
block), will only produce MIDI output files. No notation will be
printed.
The default output file extension (.midi
) can be changed by using
the -dmidi-extension
option with the lilypond
command:
lilypond -dmidi-extension=mid MyFile.ly
Alternatively, add the following Scheme expression before the start of
either the \book
, \bookpart
or \score
blocks. See
File structure.
#(ly:set-option 'midi-extension "mid")
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: File structure, Creating output file metadata.
Installed Files: ‘scm/midi.scm’.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
There are fifteen MIDI channels available and one additional channel (#10) for drums. Staves are assigned to channels in sequence, so a score that contains more than fifteen staves will result in the extra staves sharing (but not overwriting) the same MIDI channel. This may be a problem if the sharing staves have conflicting, channel-based, MIDI properties – such as different MIDI instruments – set.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < The MIDI block ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ Dynamic marks in MIDI > ] |
3.5.4 Controlling MIDI dynamics
It is possible to control the overall MIDI volume, the relative volume of dynamic markings and the relative volume of different instruments.
Dynamic marks translate automatically into volume levels in the available MIDI volume range whereas crescendi and decrescendi vary the volume linearly between their two extremes. It is possible to control the relative volume of dynamic markings, and the overall volume levels of different instruments.
Dynamic marks in MIDI | ||
Setting MIDI volume | ||
Setting MIDI block properties |
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Controlling MIDI dynamics ] | [ Amunt : Controlling MIDI dynamics ] | [ Setting MIDI volume > ] |
Dynamic marks in MIDI
Only the dynamic markings from ppppp
to fffff
, including
mp
, mf
and sf
have values assigned to them. This
value is then applied to the value of the overall MIDI volume range to
obtain the final volume included in the MIDI output for that particular
dynamic marking. The default fractions range from 0.25 for
ppppp to 0.95 for fffff. The complete set of
dynamic marks and their associated fractions can be found in
‘scm/midi.scm’.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Creating custom dynamics in MIDI output
The following example shows how to create a dynamic marking, not included in the default list, and assign it a specific value so that it can be used to affect MIDI output.
The dynamic mark \rfz
is assigned a value of 0.9
.
#(define (myDynamics dynamic) (if (equal? dynamic "rfz") 0.9 (default-dynamic-absolute-volume dynamic))) \score { \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \set Score.dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction = #myDynamics \new Voice { \relative { a'4\pp b c-\rfz } } } \layout {} \midi {} }
Installed Files: ‘ly/script-init.ly’ ‘scm/midi.scm’.
Snippets: MIDI.
Internals Reference: Dynamic_performer.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Dynamic marks in MIDI ] | [ Amunt : Controlling MIDI dynamics ] | [ Setting MIDI block properties > ] |
Setting MIDI volume
The minimum and maximum overall volume of MIDI dynamic markings is
controlled by setting the properties midiMinimumVolume
and
midiMaximumVolume
at the Score
level. These properties
have an effect only at the start of a voice and on dynamic marks. The
fraction corresponding to each dynamic mark is modified with this
formula
midiMinimumVolume + (midiMaximumVolume - midiMinimumVolume) * fraction
In the following example the dynamic range of the overall MIDI
volume is limited to the range 0.2
- 0.5
.
\score { << \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" … music … } \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet" … music … } >> \midi { \context { \Score midiMinimumVolume = #0.2 midiMaximumVolume = #0.5 } } }
Simple MIDI instrument equalization can be achieved by setting
midiMinimumVolume
and midiMaximumVolume
properties within
the Staff
context.
\score { \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.9 … music … } \midi { } }
For scores with multiple staves and multiple MIDI instruments, the relative volumes of each instrument can be set individually;
\score { << \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.9 … music … } \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.3 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.6 … music … } >> \midi { } }
In this example the volume of the clarinet is reduced relative to the volume of the flute.
If these volumes properties are not set then LilyPond still applies a ‘small degree’ of equalization to certain instruments. See ‘scm/midi.scm’.
Installed Files: ‘scm/midi.scm’.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Score layout.
Internals Reference: Dynamic_performer.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Replacing default MIDI instrument equalization
The default MIDI instrument equalizer can be replaced by
setting the instrumentEqualizer
property in the Score
context to a user-defined Scheme procedure that uses a MIDI instrument
name as its argument along with a pair of fractions indicating the
minimum and maximum volumes respectively to be applied to that
specific instrument.
The following example sets the minimum and maximum volumes for flute and clarinet respectively.
#(define my-instrument-equalizer-alist '()) #(set! my-instrument-equalizer-alist (append '( ("flute" . (0.7 . 0.9)) ("clarinet" . (0.3 . 0.6))) my-instrument-equalizer-alist)) #(define (my-instrument-equalizer s) (let ((entry (assoc s my-instrument-equalizer-alist))) (if entry (cdr entry)))) \score { << \new Staff { \key g \major \time 2/2 \set Score.instrumentEqualizer = #my-instrument-equalizer \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" \new Voice \relative { r2 g''\mp g fis~ 4 g8 fis e2~ 4 d8 cis d2 } } \new Staff { \key g \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \new Voice \relative { b'1\p a2. b8 a g2. fis8 e fis2 r } } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Changes in the MIDI volume take place only on starting a note, so crescendi and decrescendi cannot affect the volume of a single note.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Setting MIDI volume ] | [ Amunt : Controlling MIDI dynamics ] | [ Using MIDI instruments > ] |
Setting MIDI block properties
The \midi
block can contain context rearrangements, new context
definitions or code that sets the values of certain properties.
\score { … music … \midi { \tempo 4 = 72 } }
Here the tempo is set to 72 quarter-note beats per minute. The tempo
mark in the \midi
block will not appear in the printed score.
Although any other \tempo
indications specified within the
\score
block will also be reflected in the MIDI output.
In a \midi
block the \tempo
command is setting properties
during the interpretation of the music and in the context of output
definitions; so it is interpreted as if it were a context
modification.
Context definitions follow the same syntax as those in a \layout
block;
\score { … music … \midi { \context { \Voice \remove "Dynamic_performer" } } }
This example removes the effect of dynamics from the MIDI output. Note: LilyPond’s translation modules used for sound are called ‘performers’.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Other sources of information.
Notation Reference: Expressions, Score layout.
Installed Files: ‘ly/performer-init.ly’.
Snippets: MIDI.
Internals Reference: Dynamic_performer.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Some MIDI players do not always correctly handle tempo changes in the midi output.
Changes to the midiInstrument
, as well as some MIDI options, at
the beginning of a staff may appear twice in the MIDI output.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Setting MIDI block properties ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ Using repeats with MIDI > ] |
3.5.5 Using MIDI instruments
MIDI instruments are set using the midiInstrument
property within
a Staff
context.
\score { \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"glockenspiel" … music … } \midi { } }
or
\score { \new Staff \with {midiInstrument = #"cello"} { … music … } \midi { } }
If the instrument name does not match any of the instruments listed in
the ‘MIDI instruments’ section, the acoustic grand
instrument
will be used instead. See MIDI instruments.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Other sources of information.
Notation Reference: MIDI instruments, Score layout.
Installed Files: ‘scm/midi.scm’.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Percussion instruments that are notated in a DrumStaff
context will be output, correctly, to MIDI channel 10 but some
pitched, percussion instruments like the xylophone, marimba, vibraphone
or timpani, are treated as “normal” instruments so the music for
these should be entered in a Staff
(not DrumStaff
) context
to obtain correct MIDI output. A full list of
channel 10 drum-kits
entries can be found in ‘scm/midi.scm’.
See
Other sources of information.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Using MIDI instruments ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ MIDI channel mapping > ] |
3.5.6 Using repeats with MIDI
Repeats can be represented in the MIDI output by applying the
\unfoldRepeats
command.
\score { \unfoldRepeats { \repeat tremolo 8 { c'32 e' } \repeat percent 2 { c''8 d'' } \repeat volta 2 { c'4 d' e' f' } \alternative { { g' a' a' g' } { f' e' d' c' } } } \midi { } }
In order to restrict the effect of \unfoldRepeats
to the MIDI
output only, while also generating printable scores, it is necessary to
make two \score
blocks; one for MIDI (with unfolded
repeats) and one for the notation (with volta, tremolo, and percent
repeats);
\score { … music … \layout { } } \score { \unfoldRepeats { … music … } \midi { } }
When using multiple voices, each of the voices must contain completely unfolded repeats for correct MIDI output.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Repeticions.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Using repeats with MIDI ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ Context properties for MIDI effects > ] |
3.5.7 MIDI channel mapping
When generating a MIDI file from a score, LilyPond will automatically assign every note in the score to a MIDI channel, the one on which it should be played when it is sent to a MIDI device. A MIDI channel has a number of controls available to select, for example, the instrument to be used to play the notes on that channel, or to request the MIDI device to apply various effects to the sound produced on the channel. At all times, every control on a MIDI channel can have only a single value assigned to it (which can be modified, however, for example, to switch to another instrument in the middle of a score).
The MIDI standard supports only 16 channels per MIDI device. This limit on the number of channels also limits the number of different instruments which can be played at the same time.
LilyPond creates separate MIDI tracks for each staff, (or discrete
instrument or voice, depending on the value of
Score.midiChannelMapping
), and also for each lyrics context.
There is no limit to the number of tracks.
To work around the limited number of MIDI channels, LilyPond supports
a number of different modes for MIDI channel allocation, selected using
the Score.midiChannelMapping
context property. In each case,
if more MIDI channels than the limit are required, the allocated
channel numbers wrap around back to 0, possibly causing the incorrect
assignment of instruments to some notes. This context property can be
set to one of the following values:
-
'staff
-
Allocate a separate MIDI channel to each staff in the score (this is the default). All notes in all voices contained within each staff will share the MIDI channel of their enclosing staff, and all are encoded in the same MIDI track.
The limit of 16 channels is applied to the total number of staff and lyrics contexts, even though MIDI lyrics do not take up a MIDI channel.
-
'instrument
-
Allocate a separate MIDI channel to each distinct MIDI instrument specified in the score. This means that all the notes played with the same MIDI instrument will share the same MIDI channel (and track), even if the notes come from different voices or staves.
In this case the lyrics contexts do not count towards the MIDI channel limit of 16 (as they will not be assigned to a MIDI instrument), so this setting may allow a better allocation of MIDI channels when the number of staves and lyrics contexts in a score exceeds 16.
-
'voice
-
Allocate a separate MIDI channel to each voice in the score that has a unique name among the voices in its enclosing staff. Voices in different staves are always assigned separate MIDI channels, but any two voices contained within the same staff will share the same MIDI channel if they have the same name. Because
midiInstrument
and the several MIDI controls for effects are properties of the staff context, they cannot be set separately for each voice. The first voice will be played with the instrument and effects specified for the staff, and voices with a different name from the first will be assigned the default instrument and effects.Note: different instruments and/or effects can be assigned to several voices on the same staff by moving the
Staff_performer
from theStaff
to theVoice
context, and leavingmidiChannelMapping
to default to'staff
or set to'instrument
; see the snippet below.
For example, the default MIDI channel mapping of a score can be changed
to the 'instrument
setting as shown:
\score { ...music... \midi { \context { \Score midiChannelMapping = #'instrument } } }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Changing MIDI output to one channel per voice
When outputting MIDI, the default behavior is for each staff to represent one MIDI channel, with all the voices on a staff amalgamated. This minimizes the risk of running out of MIDI channels, since there are only 16 available per track.
However, by moving the Staff_performer
to the Voice
context, each voice on a staff can have its own MIDI channel, as is
demonstrated by the following example: despite being on the same staff,
two MIDI channels are created, each with a different
midiInstrument
.
\score { \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c''' { \set midiInstrument = #"flute" \voiceOne \key g \major \time 2/2 r2 g-"Flute" ~ g fis ~ fis4 g8 fis e2 ~ e4 d8 cis d2 } \new Voice \relative c'' { \set midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \voiceTwo b1-"Clarinet" a2. b8 a g2. fis8 e fis2 r } >> \layout { } \midi { \context { \Staff \remove "Staff_performer" } \context { \Voice \consists "Staff_performer" } \tempo 2 = 72 } }
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < MIDI channel mapping ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ Enhancing MIDI output > ] |
3.5.8 Context properties for MIDI effects
The following context properties can be used to apply various MIDI
effects to notes played on the MIDI channel associated with the
current staff, MIDI instrument or voice (depending on the value of the
Score.midiChannelMapping
context property and the context in
which the Staff_performer
is located; see
MIDI channel mapping).
Changing these context properties will affect all notes played on the channel after the change, however some of the effects may even apply also to notes which are already playing (depending on the implementation of the MIDI output device).
The following context properties are supported:
-
Staff.midiPanPosition
-
The pan position controls how the sound on a MIDI channel is distributed between left and right stereo outputs. The context property accepts a number between -1.0 (
#LEFT
) and 1.0 (#RIGHT
); the value -1.0 will put all sound power to the left stereo output (keeping the right output silent), the value 0.0 (#CENTER
) will distribute the sound evenly between the left and right stereo outputs, and the value 1.0 will move all sound to the right stereo output. Values between -1.0 and 1.0 can be used to obtain mixed distributions between left and right stereo outputs. -
Staff.midiBalance
-
The stereo balance of a MIDI channel. Similarly to the pan position, this context property accepts a number between -1.0 (
#LEFT
) and 1.0 (#RIGHT
). It varies the relative volume sent to the two stereo speakers without affecting the distribution of the stereo signals. -
Staff.midiExpression
-
Expression level (as a fraction of the maximum available level) to apply to a MIDI channel. A MIDI device combines the MIDI channel’s expression level with a voice’s current dynamic level (controlled using constructs such as
\p
or\ff
) to obtain the total volume of each note within the voice. The expression control could be used, for example, to implement crescendo or decrescendo effects over single sustained notes (not supported automatically by LilyPond).The expression level ranges from 0.0 (no expression, meaning zero volume) to 1.0 (full expression).
-
Staff.midiReverbLevel
-
Reverb level (as a fraction of the maximum available level) to apply to a MIDI channel. This property accepts numbers between 0.0 (no reverb) and 1.0 (full effect).
-
Staff.midiChorusLevel
-
Chorus level (as a fraction of the maximum available level) to apply to a MIDI channel. This property accepts numbers between 0.0 (no chorus effect) and 1.0 (full effect).
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
As MIDI files do not contain any actual audio data, changes in these context properties translate only to requests for changing MIDI channel controls in the outputted MIDI files. Whether a particular MIDI device (such as a software MIDI player) can actually handle any of these requests in a MIDI file is entirely up to the implementation of the device: a device may choose to ignore some or all of these requests. Also, how a MIDI device will interpret different values for these controls (generally, the MIDI standard fixes the behavior only at the endpoints of the value range available for each control), and whether a change in the value of a control will affect notes already playing on that MIDI channel or not, is also specific to the MIDI device implementation.
When generating MIDI files, LilyPond will simply transform the fractional values within each range linearly into values in a corresponding (7-bit, or 14-bit for MIDI channel controls which support fine resolution) integer range (0-127 or 0-32767, respectively), rounding fractional values towards the nearest integer away from zero. The converted integer values are stored as-is in the generated MIDI file. Please consult the documentation of your MIDI device for information about how the device interprets these values.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Context properties for MIDI effects ] | [ Amunt : Creating MIDI output ] | [ The articulate script > ] |
3.5.9 Enhancing MIDI output
The ‘articulate’ script |
The default MIDI output is basic but can be improved by setting MIDI
instruments, \midi
block properties and/or using the
‘articulate’ script.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Enhancing MIDI output ] | [ Amunt : Enhancing MIDI output ] | [ Extracting musical information > ] |
The ‘articulate’ script
To use the ‘articulate’ script add the appropriate \include
command at the top of the input file;
\include "articulate.ly"
The script creates MIDI output into appropriately ‘time-scaled’ notes to match many articulation and tempo indications. Engraved output however, will also be altered to literally match the MIDI output.
\score { \articulate << … music … >> \midi { } }
The \articulate
command enables abbreviatures (such as trills and
turns) to be processed. A full list of supported items can be found in
the script itself. See ‘ly/articulate.ly’.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Other sources of information.
Notation Reference: Score layout.
Installed Files: ‘ly/articulate.ly’.
Nota: The ‘articulate’ script may shorten chords, which might
not be appropriate for some types of instrument, such as organ music.
Notes that do not have any articulations attached to them may also be
shortened; so to allow for this, restrict the use of the
articulate
function to shorter segments of music, or modify the
values of the variables defined in the ‘articulate’ script to
compensate for the note-shortening behavior.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < The articulate script ] | [ Amunt : General input and output ] | [ Displaying LilyPond notation > ] |
3.6 Extracting musical information
In addition to creating graphical output and MIDI, LilyPond can display musical information as text.
3.6.1 Displaying LilyPond notation | ||
3.6.2 Displaying scheme music expressions | ||
3.6.3 Saving music events to a file |
3.6.1 Displaying LilyPond notation
Displaying a music expression in LilyPond notation can be
done with the music function \displayLilyMusic
. To see the
output, you will typically want to call LilyPond using the command
line. For example,
{ \displayLilyMusic \transpose c a, { c4 e g a bes } }
will display
{ a,4 cis4 e4 fis4 g4 }
By default, LilyPond will print these messages to the console
along with all the other LilyPond compilation messages. To split
up these messages and save the results of \displayLilyMusic
,
redirect the output to a file.
lilypond file.ly >display.txt
Note that LilyPond does not just display the music expression, but
also interprets it (since \displayLilyMusic
returns it in
addition to displaying it). Just insert \displayLilyMusic
into
the existing music in order to get information about it.
To interpret and display a music section in the console but, at the same
time, remove it from the output file use the \void
command.
{ \void \displayLilyMusic \transpose c a, { c4 e g a bes } c1 }
3.6.2 Displaying scheme music expressions
See Displaying music expressions.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Spacing issues >> ] | ||
[ < Displaying scheme music expressions ] | [ Amunt : Extracting musical information ] | [ Spacing issues > ] |
3.6.3 Saving music events to a file
Music events can be saved to a file on a per-staff basis by including a file in your main score.
\include "event-listener.ly"
This will create file(s) called ‘FILENAME-STAFFNAME.notes’ or ‘FILENAME-unnamed-staff.notes’ for each staff. Note that if you have multiple unnamed staves, the events for all staves will be mixed together in the same file. The output looks like this:
0.000 note 57 4 p-c 2 12 0.000 dynamic f 0.250 note 62 4 p-c 7 12 0.500 note 66 8 p-c 9 12 0.625 note 69 8 p-c 14 12 0.750 rest 4 0.750 breathe
The syntax is a tab-delimited line, with two fixed fields on each line followed by optional parameters.
time type …params…
This information can easily be read into other programs such as python scripts, and can be very useful for researchers wishing to perform musical analysis or playback experiments with LilyPond.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Not all lilypond music events are supported by ‘event-listener.ly’. It is intended to be a well-crafted “proof of concept”. If some events that you want to see are not included, copy ‘event-listener.ly’ into your lilypond directory and modify the file so that it outputs the information you want.
[ << General input and output ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Saving music events to a file ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Page layout > ] |
4. Spacing issues
The global paper layout is determined by three factors: the page layout, the line breaks, and the spacing. These all influence each other. The choice of spacing determines how densely each system of music is set. This influences where line breaks are chosen, and thus ultimately, how many pages a piece of music takes.
Globally speaking, this procedure happens in four steps: first, flexible distances (‘springs’) are chosen, based on durations. All possible line breaking combinations are tried, and a ‘badness’ score is calculated for each. Then the height of each possible system is estimated. Finally, a page breaking and line breaking combination is chosen so that neither the horizontal nor the vertical spacing is too cramped or stretched.
Two types of blocks can contain layout settings:
\paper {…}
and \layout {…}
. The
\paper
block contains page layout settings that are expected
to be the same for all scores in a book or bookpart, such as the
paper height, or whether to print page numbers, etc. See
Page layout. The \layout
block contains score layout
settings, such as the number of systems to use, or the space
between staff-groups, etc. See Score layout.
4.1 Page layout | ||
4.2 Score layout | ||
4.3 Breaks | ||
4.4 Vertical spacing | ||
4.5 Horizontal spacing | ||
4.6 Fitting music onto fewer pages |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Spacing issues ] | [ Amunt : Spacing issues ] | [ The paper block > ] |
4.1 Page layout
This section discusses page layout options for the \paper
block.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Page layout ] | [ Amunt : Page layout ] | [ Paper size and automatic scaling > ] |
4.1.1 The \paper
block
\paper
blocks may be placed in three different places to form
a descending hierarchy of \paper
blocks:
-
At the top of the input file, before all
\book
,\bookpart
, and\score
blocks. -
Within a
\book
block but outside all the\bookpart
and\score
blocks within that book. -
Within a
\bookpart
block but outside all\score
blocks within that bookpart.
A \paper
block cannot be placed within a \score
block.
The values of the fields filter down this hierarchy, with the values set higher in the hierarchy persisting unless they are over-ridden by a value set lower in the hierarchy.
Several \paper
blocks can appear at each of the levels, for
example as parts of several \include
d files. If so, the
fields at each level are merged, with values encountered last taking
precedence if duplicated fields appear.
Settings that can appear in a \paper
block include:
-
the
set-paper-size
scheme function, -
\paper
variables used for customizing page layout, and - markup definitions used for customizing the layout of headers, footers, and titles.
The set-paper-size
function is discussed in the next
section, Paper size and automatic scaling. The
\paper
variables that deal with page layout are discussed
in later sections. The markup definitions that deal with headers,
footers, and titles are discussed in
Custom titles headers and footers.
Most \paper
variables will only work in a \paper
block. The few that will also work in a \layout
block are
listed in The \layout
block.
Except when specified otherwise, all \paper
variables that
correspond to distances on the page are measured in millimeters,
unless a different unit is specified by the user. For example,
the following declaration sets top-margin
to ten
millimeters:
\paper { top-margin = 10 }
To set it to 0.5
inches, use the \in
unit suffix:
\paper { top-margin = 0.5\in }
The available unit suffixes are \mm
, \cm
,
\in
, and \pt
. These units are simple values for
converting from millimeters; they are defined in
‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’. For the sake of clarity, when
using millimeters, the \mm
is typically included in the
code, even though it is not technically necessary.
It is also possible to define \paper
values using Scheme.
The Scheme equivalent of the above example is:
\paper { #(define top-margin (* 0.5 in)) }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
Paper size and automatic scaling,
Custom titles headers and footers,
The \layout
block.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < The paper block ] | [ Amunt : Page layout ] | [ Setting the paper size > ] |
4.1.2 Paper size and automatic scaling
Setting the paper size | ||
Automatic scaling to paper size |
Setting the paper size
‘A4’ is the default value when no explicit paper size is set. However, there are two functions that can be used to change it:
-
set-default-paper-size
-
#(set-default-paper-size "quarto")
which must always be placed at the toplevel scope, and
-
set-paper-size
-
\paper { #(set-paper-size "tabloid") }
which must always be placed in a
\paper
block.
If the set-default-paper-size
function is used in the toplevel
scope, it must come before any \paper
block.
set-default-paper-size
sets the paper size for all pages,
whereas set-paper-size
only sets the paper size for the pages
that the \paper
block applies to. For example, if the
\paper
block is at the top of the file, then it will apply the
paper size to all pages. If the \paper
block is inside a
\book
, then the paper size will only apply to that book.
When the set-paper-size
function is used, it must be
placed before any other functions used within the same
\paper
block. See Automatic scaling to paper size.
Paper sizes are defined in ‘scm/paper.scm’, and while it is possible to add custom sizes, they will be overwritten on subsequent software updates. The available paper sizes are listed in Predefined paper sizes.
The following command can be used in the file to add a custom paper size
which can then be used with set-default-paper-size
or
set-paper-size
as appropriate,
#(set! paper-alist (cons '("my size" . (cons (* 15 in) (* 3 in))) paper-alist)) \paper { #(set-paper-size "my size") }
The units in
(inches), cm
(centimeters) and mm
(millimeters) can all be used.
If the symbol 'landscape
is added to the paper size function,
pages will be rotated by 90 degrees, and wider line widths will be set
accordingly.
#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
Swapping the paper dimensions without having the print rotated (like when printing to postcard size, or creating graphics for inclusion rather than a standalone document) can be achieved by appending ‘landscape’ to the name of the paper size itself:
#(set-default-paper-size "a6landscape")
When the paper size ends with an explicit ‘landscape’ or
‘portrait’, the presence of a 'landscape
symbol only
affects print orientation, not the paper dimensions used for layout.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Automatic scaling to paper size, Predefined paper sizes.
Installed Files: ‘scm/paper.scm’.
Automatic scaling to paper size
If the paper size is changed with one of the scheme functions
(set-default-paper-size
or set-paper-size
), the
values of several \paper
variables are automatically scaled
to the new size. To bypass the automatic scaling for a particular
variable, set the variable after setting the paper size. Note
that the automatic scaling is not triggered by setting the
paper-height
or paper-width
variables, even though
paper-width
can influence other values (this is separate
from scaling and is discussed below). The
set-default-paper-size
and set-paper-size
functions
are described in Setting the paper size.
The vertical dimensions affected by automatic scaling are
top-margin
and bottom-margin
(see
Fixed vertical spacing \paper
variables).
The horizontal
dimensions affected by automatic scaling are left-margin
,
right-margin
, inner-margin
, outer-margin
,
binding-offset
, indent
, and short-indent
(see
Horizontal spacing \paper
variables).
The default values for these dimensions are set in
‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’, using internal variables named
top-margin-default
, bottom-margin-default
, etc.
These are the values that result at the default paper size
a4
. For reference, with a4
paper the
paper-height
is 297\mm
and the paper-width
is
210\mm
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
Fixed vertical spacing \paper
variables,
Horizontal spacing \paper
variables.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’, ‘scm/paper.scm’.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Automatic scaling to paper size ] | [ Amunt : Page layout ] | [ Flexible vertical spacing paper variables > ] |
4.1.3 Fixed vertical spacing \paper
variables
Nota: Some \paper
dimensions are automatically
scaled to the paper size, which may lead to unexpected behavior.
See Automatic scaling to paper size.
Default values (before scaling) are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
-
paper-height
-
The height of the page, unset by default. Note that the automatic scaling of some vertical dimensions is not affected by this.
-
top-margin
-
The margin between the top of the page and the top of the printable area. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly.
-
bottom-margin
-
The margin between the bottom of the printable area and the bottom of the page. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly.
-
ragged-bottom
-
If this is set to true, systems will be set at their natural spacing, neither compressed nor stretched vertically to fit the page.
-
ragged-last-bottom
-
If this is set to false, then the last page, and the last page in each section created with a
\bookpart
block, will be vertically justified in the same way as the earlier pages.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Automatic scaling to paper size.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
Snippets: Spacing.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The titles (from the \header
block) are treated as a
system, so ragged-bottom
and ragged-last-bottom
will
add space between the titles and the first system of the score.
Explicitly defined paper-sizes will override any user-defined top or bottom margin settings.
4.1.4 Flexible vertical spacing \paper
variables
In most cases, it is preferable for the vertical distances between
certain items (such as margins, titles, systems, and separate
scores) to be flexible, so that they stretch and compress nicely
according to each situation. A number of \paper
variables
(listed below) are available to fine-tune the stretching behavior
of these dimensions.
Note that the \paper
variables discussed in this section do
not control the spacing of staves within individual systems.
Within-system spacing is controlled by grob properties, with
settings typically entered inside a \score
or
\layout
block, and not inside a \paper
block. See
Flexible vertical spacing within systems.
Structure of flexible vertical spacing alists | ||
List of flexible vertical spacing \paper variables |
Structure of flexible vertical spacing alists
Each of the flexible vertical spacing \paper
variables is
an alist (association list) containing four keys:
-
basic-distance
– the vertical distance, measured in staff-spaces, between the reference points of the two items, when no collisions would result, and no stretching or compressing is in effect. The reference point of a (title or top-level) markup is its highest point, and the reference point of a system is the vertical center of the nearestStaffSymbol
– even if a non-staff line (such as aLyrics
context) is in the way. Values forbasic-distance
that are less than eitherpadding
orminimum-distance
are not meaningful, since the resulting distance will never be less than eitherpadding
orminimum-distance
. -
minimum-distance
– the smallest allowable vertical distance, measured in staff-spaces, between the reference points of the two items, when compressing is in effect. Values forminimum-distance
that are less thanpadding
are not meaningful, since the resulting distance will never be less thanpadding.
-
padding
– the minimum required amount of unobstructed vertical whitespace between the bounding boxes (or skylines) of the two items, measured in staff-spaces. -
stretchability
– a unitless measure of the dimension’s relative propensity to stretch. If zero, the distance will not stretch (unless collisions would result). When positive, the significance of a particular dimension’sstretchability
value lies only in its relation to thestretchability
values of the other dimensions. For example, if one dimension has twice thestretchability
of another, it will stretch twice as easily. Values should be non-negative and finite. The value+inf.0
triggers aprogramming_error
and is ignored, but1.0e7
can be used for an almost infinitely stretchable spring. If unset, the default value is set tobasic-distance
. Note that the dimension’s propensity to compress cannot be directly set by the user and is equal to (basic-distance
-minimum-distance
).
If a page has a ragged bottom, the resulting distance is the largest of:
-
basic-distance
, -
minimum-distance
, and -
padding
plus the smallest distance necessary to eliminate collisions.
For multi-page scores with a ragged bottom on the last page, the last page uses the same spacing as the preceding page, provided there is enough space for that.
Specific methods for modifying alists are discussed in Modifying alists. The following example demonstrates the two ways these alists can be modified. The first declaration updates one key-value individually, and the second completely redefines the variable:
\paper { system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #8 score-system-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 12) (minimum-distance . 6) (padding . 1) (stretchability . 12)) }
List of flexible vertical spacing \paper
variables
The names of these variables follow the format
upper-lower-spacing
, where upper
and lower
are the items to be spaced. Each distance
is measured between the reference points of the two items (see the
description of the alist structure above). Note that in these
variable names, the term ‘markup
’ refers to both
title markups (bookTitleMarkup
or
scoreTitleMarkup
) and top-level markups (see
File structure). All distances are measured in
staff-spaces.
Default settings are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
-
markup-system-spacing
-
the distance between a (title or top-level) markup and the system that follows it.
-
score-markup-spacing
-
the distance between the last system of a score and the (title or top-level) markup that follows it.
-
score-system-spacing
-
the distance between the last system of a score and the first system of the score that follows it, when no (title or top-level) markup exists between them.
-
system-system-spacing
-
the distance between two systems in the same score.
-
markup-markup-spacing
-
the distance between two (title or top-level) markups.
-
last-bottom-spacing
-
the distance from the last system or top-level markup on a page to the bottom of the printable area (i.e., the top of the bottom margin).
-
top-system-spacing
-
the distance from the top of the printable area (i.e., the bottom of the top margin) to the first system on a page, when there is no (title or top-level) markup between the two.
-
top-markup-spacing
-
the distance from the top of the printable area (i.e., the bottom of the top margin) to the first (title or top-level) markup on a page, when there is no system between the two.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Flexible vertical spacing within systems.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
Snippets: Spacing.
4.1.5 Horizontal spacing \paper
variables
Nota: Some \paper
dimensions are automatically
scaled to the paper size, which may lead to unexpected behavior.
See Automatic scaling to paper size.
\paper variables for widths and margins | ||
\paper variables for two-sided mode | ||
\paper variables for shifts and indents |
\paper
variables for widths and margins
Default values (before scaling) that are not listed here are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
-
paper-width
-
The width of the page, unset by default. While
paper-width
has no effect on the automatic scaling of some horizontal dimensions, it does influence theline-width
variable. If bothpaper-width
andline-width
are set, thenleft-margin
andright-margin
will also be updated. Also seecheck-consistency
. -
line-width
-
When specified in a
\paper
block this defines the horizontal extent available for the staff lines in un-indented systems. If left unspecified, the paper’sline-width
is determined from(paper-width - left-margin - right-margin)
. If the paper’sline-width
is specified, and bothleft-margin
andright-margin
are not, then the margins will be updated to center the systems on the page automatically. Also seecheck-consistency
.line-width
s for individual scores can be specified in the scores’\layout
blocks. These values control the width of the lines produced on a score-by-score basis. Ifline-width
is not specified for a score, it defaults to the paper’sline-width
. Setting a score’sline-width
has no effect on the paper margins. Staff lines, of a length determined by the score’sline-width
, are left-aligned within the paper area defined by the paper’sline-width
. If the score and paperline-width
s are equal, the staff lines will extend exactly from the left margin to the right margin, but if the score’sline-width
is greater than the paper’sline-width
the staff lines will run over into the right margin. -
left-margin
-
The margin between the left edge of the page and the start of the staff lines in unindented systems. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. If
left-margin
is unset, and bothline-width
andright-margin
are set, thenleft-margin
is set to(paper-width - line-width - right-margin)
. If onlyline-width
is set, then both margins are set to((paper-width - line-width) / 2)
, and the systems are consequently centered on the page. Also seecheck-consistency
. -
right-margin
-
The margin between the right edge of the page and the end of the staff lines in non-ragged systems. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. If
right-margin
is unset, and bothline-width
andleft-margin
are set, thenright-margin
is set to(paper-width - line-width - left-margin)
. If onlyline-width
is set, then both margins are set to((paper-width - line-width) / 2)
, and the systems are consequently centered on the page. Also seecheck-consistency
. -
check-consistency
-
If this is true (the default value), print a warning if
left-margin
,line-width
, andright-margin
do not exactly add up topaper-width
, and replace each of these (exceptpaper-width
) with their default values (scaled to the paper size if necessary). If set to false, ignore any inconsistencies and allow systems to run off the edge of the page. -
ragged-right
-
If set to true, systems will not fill the line width. Instead, systems end at their natural horizontal length. Default:
#t
for scores with only one system, and#f
for scores with two or more systems. This variable can also be set in a\layout
block. -
ragged-last
-
If set to true, the last system in the score will not fill the line width. Instead the last system ends at its natural horizontal length. Default:
#f
. This variable can also be set in a\layout
block.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Automatic scaling to paper size.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Explicitly defined paper-sizes will override any user-defined left or right margin settings.
\paper
variables for two-sided mode
Default values (before scaling) are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
-
two-sided
-
If set to true, use
inner-margin
,outer-margin
andbinding-offset
to determine margins depending on whether the page number is odd or even. This overridesleft-margin
andright-margin
. -
inner-margin
-
The margin all pages have at the inner side if they are part of a book. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. Works only with
two-sided
set to true. -
outer-margin
-
The margin all pages have at the outer side if they are part of a book. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. Works only with
two-sided
set to true. -
binding-offset
-
The amount
inner-margin
is increased to make sure nothing will be hidden by the binding. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. Works only withtwo-sided
set to true.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Automatic scaling to paper size.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < paper variables for two-sided mode ] | [ Amunt : Horizontal spacing paper variables ] | [ Other paper variables > ] |
\paper
variables for shifts and indents
Default values (before scaling) that are not listed here are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
-
horizontal-shift
-
The amount that all systems (including titles and system separators) are shifted to the right. Default:
0.0\mm
. -
indent
-
The level of indentation for the first system in a score. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. The space within
line-width
available for the first system is reduced by this amount.indent
may also be specified in\layout
blocks to set indents on a score-by-score basis. -
short-indent
-
The level of indentation for all systems in a score besides the first system. If the paper size is modified, this dimension’s default value is scaled accordingly. The space within
line-width
available for systems other than the first is reduced by this amount.short-indent
may also be specified in\layout
blocks to set short indents on a score-by-score basis.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Automatic scaling to paper size.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < paper variables for shifts and indents ] | [ Amunt : Page layout ] | [ paper variables for line breaking > ] |
4.1.6 Other \paper
variables
\paper variables for line breaking | ||
\paper variables for page breaking | ||
\paper variables for page numbering | ||
Miscellaneous \paper variables |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Other paper variables ] | [ Amunt : Other paper variables ] | [ paper variables for page breaking > ] |
\paper
variables for line breaking
-
max-systems-per-page
-
The maximum number of systems that will be placed on a page. This is currently supported only by the
ly:optimal-breaking
algorithm. Default: unset. -
min-systems-per-page
-
The minimum number of systems that will be placed on a page. This may cause pages to be overfilled if it is made too large. This is currently supported only by the
ly:optimal-breaking
algorithm. Default: unset. -
systems-per-page
-
The number of systems that should be placed on each page. This is currently supported only by the
ly:optimal-breaking
algorithm. Default: unset. -
system-count
-
The number of systems to be used for a score. Default: unset. This variable can also be set in a
\layout
block.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Line breaking.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < paper variables for line breaking ] | [ Amunt : Other paper variables ] | [ paper variables for page numbering > ] |
\paper
variables for page breaking
Default values not listed here are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’
-
page-breaking
-
The page-breaking algorithm to use. Choices are
ly:minimal-breaking
,ly:page-turn-breaking
,ly:one-page-breaking
,ly:one-line-breaking
,ly:one-line-auto-height-breaking
, andly:optimal-breaking
(the default). -
page-breaking-system-system-spacing
-
Tricks the page breaker into thinking that
system-system-spacing
is set to something different than it really is. For example, ifpage-breaking-system-system-spacing #'padding
is set to something substantially larger thansystem-system-spacing #'padding
, then the page-breaker will put fewer systems on each page. Default: unset. -
page-count
-
The number of pages to be used for a score, unset by default.
The following variables are effective only when page-breaking
is set to ly:page-turn-breaking
. Page breaks are then chosen
to minimize the number of page turns. Since page turns are required
on moving from an odd-numbered page to an even-numbered one, a
layout in which the last page is odd-numbered will usually be
favoured. Places where page turns are preferred can be indicated
manually by inserting \allowPageTurn
or automatically by
including the Page_turn_engraver
(see Optimal page turning).
If there are insufficient choices available for making suitable page turns, LilyPond may insert a blank page either within a score, between scores (if there are two or more scores), or by ending a score on an even-numbered page. The values of the following three variables may be increased to make these actions less likely.
The values are penalties, i.e., the higher the value the less likely will be the associated action relative to other choices.
-
blank-page-penalty
-
The penalty for having a blank page in the middle of a score. If
blank-page-penalty
is large andly:page-turn-breaking
is selected, then LilyPond will be less likely to insert a page in the middle of a score. Instead, it will space out the music further to fill the blank page and the following one. Default: 5. -
blank-last-page-penalty
-
The penalty for ending the score on an even-numbered page. If
blank-last-page-penalty
is large andly:page-turn-breaking
is selected, then LilyPond will be less likely to produce a score in which the last page is even-numbered. Instead, it will adjust the spacing in order to use one page more or one page less. Default: 0. -
blank-after-score-page-penalty
-
The penalty for having a blank page after the end of one score and before the next. By default, this is smaller than
blank-page-penalty
, so that blank pages after scores are inserted in preference to blank pages within a score. Default: 2.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Page breaking, Optimal page breaking, Optimal page turning, Minimal page breaking, One-page page breaking, One-line page breaking, One-line-auto-height page breaking.
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < paper variables for page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Other paper variables ] | [ Miscellaneous paper variables > ] |
\paper
variables for page numbering
Default values not listed here are defined in ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’
-
auto-first-page-number
-
The page breaking algorithm is affected by the first page number being odd or even. If set to true, the page breaking algorithm will decide whether to start with an odd or even number. This will result in the first page number remaining as is or being increased by one. Default:
#f
. -
first-page-number
-
The value of the page number on the first page.
-
print-first-page-number
-
If set to true, a page number is printed on the first page.
-
print-page-number
-
If set to false, page numbers are not printed.
-
page-number-type
-
The type of numerals used for page numbers. Choices include
roman-lower
,roman-upper
andarabic
. Default:'arabic
.
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/paper-defaults-init.ly’.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Odd page numbers are always on the right. If you want the music to start on page 1 there must be a blank page on the back of the cover page so that page 1 is on the right hand side.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < paper variables for page numbering ] | [ Amunt : Other paper variables ] | [ Score layout > ] |
Miscellaneous \paper
variables
-
page-spacing-weight
-
The relative importance of page (vertical) spacing and line (horizontal) spacing. High values will make page spacing more important. Default:
10
. -
print-all-headers
-
If set to true, this will print all headers for each
\score
in the output. Normally only thepiece
andopus
header variables are printed. Default:#f
. -
system-separator-markup
-
A markup object that is inserted between systems, often used for orchestral scores. Default: unset. The
\slashSeparator
markup, defined in ‘ly/titling-init.ly’, is provided as a sensible default, for example:#(set-default-paper-size "a8") \book { \paper { system-separator-markup = \slashSeparator } \header { tagline = ##f } \score { \relative { c''1 \break c1 \break c1 } } }
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/titling-init.ly’.
Snippets: Spacing.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The default page header puts the page number and the instrument
field from the \header
block on a line.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Miscellaneous paper variables ] | [ Amunt : Spacing issues ] | [ The layout block > ] |
4.2 Score layout
This section discusses score layout options for the \layout
block.
4.2.1 The \layout block | ||
4.2.2 Setting the staff size |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Score layout ] | [ Amunt : Score layout ] | [ Setting the staff size > ] |
4.2.1 The \layout
block
While the \paper
block contains settings that relate to the
page formatting of the whole document, the \layout
block
contains settings for score-specific layout. To set score layout
options globally, enter them in a toplevel \layout
block.
To set layout options for an individual score, enter them in a
\layout
block inside the \score
block, after the
music. Settings that can appear in a \layout
block
include:
- the
layout-set-staff-size
scheme function, - context modifications in
\context
blocks, and -
\paper
variables that affect score layout.
The layout-set-staff-size
function is discussed in the next
section, Setting the staff size. Context modifications are
discussed in a separate chapter; see
Modifying context plug-ins and
Changing context default settings.
The \paper
variables that can appear in a \layout
block, with default values taken from the \paper
block are:
-
line-width
,ragged-right
andragged-last
(see\paper
variables for widths and margins) -
indent
andshort-indent
(see\paper
variables for shifts and indents) -
system-count
(see\paper
variables for line breaking)
Here is an example \layout
block:
\layout { indent = 2\cm \context { \StaffGroup \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #8 } \context { \Voice \override TextScript.padding = #1 \override Glissando.thickness = #3 } }
Multiple \layout
blocks can be entered as toplevel expressions.
This can, for example, be useful if different settings are stored in
separate files and included optionally. Internally, when
a \layout
block is evaluated, a copy of the current
\layout
configuration is made, then any changes defined within
the block are applied and the result is saved as the new current
configuration. From the user’s perspective the \layout
blocks
are combined, but in conflicting situations (when the same property
is changed in different blocks) the later definitions take precedence.
For example, if this block:
\layout { \context { \Voice \override TextScript.color = #magenta \override Glissando.thickness = #1.5 } }
is placed after the one from the preceding example the 'padding
and 'color
overrides for TextScript
are combined, but
the later 'thickness
override for Glissando
replaces
(or hides) the earlier one.
\layout
blocks may be assigned to variables for reuse later,
but the way this works is slightly but significantly different from
writing them literally.
If a variable is defined like this:
layoutVariable = \layout { \context { \Voice \override NoteHead.font-size = #4 } }
it will hold the current \layout
configuration with the
NoteHead.font-size
override added, but this combination
is not saved as the new current configuration. Be aware
that the ‘current configuration’ is read when the variable is
defined and not when it is used, so the content of the variable
is dependent on its position in the source.
The variable can then be used inside another \layout
block,
for example:
\layout { \layoutVariable \context { \Voice \override NoteHead.color = #red } }
A \layout
block containing a variable, as in the example above,
does not copy the current configuration but instead uses the
content of \layoutVariable
as the base configuration for the
further additions. This means that any changes defined between the
definition and the use of the variable are lost.
If layoutVariable
is defined (or \include
d) immediately
before being used, its content is just the current configuration plus
the overrides defined within it. So in the example above showing the
use of \layoutVariable
the final \layout
block would
consist of:
TextScript.padding = #1 TextScript.color = #magenta Glissando.thickness = #1.5 NoteHead.font-size = #4 NoteHead.color = #red
plus the indent
and the StaffGrouper
overrides.
But if the variable had already been defined before the first
\layout
block the current configuration would now contain
only
NoteHead.font-size = #4 % (written in the variable definition) NoteHead.color = #red % (added after the use of the variable)
If carefully planned, \layout
variables can be a valuable tool
to structure the layout design of sources, and also to reset the
\layout
configuration to a known state.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Changing context default settings.
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < The layout block ] | [ Amunt : Score layout ] | [ Breaks > ] |
4.2.2 Setting the staff size
The default staff size is 20 points, which corresponds to a staff height of 7.03mm (one point is equal to 100/7227 of an inch, or 2540/7227 mm). The staff size may be changed in three ways:
-
To set the staff size globally for all scores in a file (or in a
\book
block, to be precise), useset-global-staff-size
:#(set-global-staff-size 14)
The above example sets the global default staff size to 14pt (4.92mm) and scales all fonts accordingly.
-
To set the staff size for a single score within a book, use
layout-set-staff-size
inside that score’s\layout
block:\score { … \layout { #(layout-set-staff-size 14) } }
-
To set the staff size for a single staff within a system, use the
\magnifyStaff
command. For example, traditionally engraved chamber music scores with piano often used 7mm piano staves while the other staves were typically between 3/5 and 5/7 as large (between 60% and 71%). To achieve the 5/7 proportion, use:\score { << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #5/7 } { … } \new PianoStaff { … } >> }
If you happen to know which
fontSize
you wish to use, you could use the following form:\score { << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #(magstep -3) } { … } \new PianoStaff { … } >> }
To emulate the look of traditional engraving, it is best to avoid reducing the thickness of the staff lines.
Automatic font weight at different sizes
The Emmentaler font provides the set of Feta musical glyphs in eight different sizes; each one tuned for a different staff size. The smaller the glyph size, the “heavier” it becomes, so as to match the relatively thicker staff lines. Recommended glyphs sizes are listed in the following table:
font name | staff height (pt) | staff height (mm) | use |
feta11 | 11.22 | 3.9 | pocket scores |
feta13 | 12.60 | 4.4 | |
feta14 | 14.14 | 5.0 | |
feta16 | 15.87 | 5.6 | |
feta18 | 17.82 | 6.3 | song books |
feta20 | 20 | 7.0 | standard parts |
feta23 | 22.45 | 7.9 | |
feta26 | 25.2 | 8.9 |
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Selecting notation font size, The Emmentaler font.
Snippets: Spacing.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
layout-set-staff-size
does not change the distance between the
staff lines.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Setting the staff size ] | [ Amunt : Spacing issues ] | [ Line breaking > ] |
4.3 Breaks
4.3.1 Line breaking | ||
4.3.2 Page breaking |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Breaks ] | [ Amunt : Breaks ] | [ Page breaking > ] |
4.3.1 Line breaking
Line breaks are normally determined automatically. They are chosen so that lines look neither cramped nor loose, and consecutive lines have similar density.
To manually force a line break at a bar line, use the
\break
command:
\relative c'' { c4 c c c | \break c4 c c c | }
By default, a \break
command inserted in the ‘middle’ of a
measure will be ignored (and a warning message will be output during the
compilation of the LilyPond file). Adding an invisible bar line
– ‘\bar ""’ – before the \break
command will force the
issue:
\relative c'' { c4 c c \bar "" \break c | c4 c c c | }
A \break
command that occurrs at a bar line will also ignored if
the previous measure ends in the middle of a note (e.g., when a tuplet
begins in one measure and ends in another). In this case remove the
Forbid_line_break_engraver
from the Voice
context and,
use a simultaneous music construction inserting the \break
at the
appropriate place in the second ‘voice’:
\new Voice \with { \remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" } \relative { << { c''2. \tuplet 3/2 { c4 c c } c2. | } { s1 | \break s1 | } >> }
Similarly, by default, line breaks are ignored when beams cross bar
lines. Use the \override Beam.breakable = ##t
command to force
this:
\relative c'' { \override Beam.breakable = ##t c2. c8[ c | \break c8 c] c2. | }
The \noBreak
command will prevent a line break at the bar line
where it is inserted.
Within a score, automatic line breaking is prevented within music
lying between \autoLineBreaksOff
and \autoLineBreaksOn
commands. If automatic page breaks should also be prevented, the
commands \autoBreaksOff
and \autoBreaksOn
should be
used. Manual breaks are unaffected by these commands. Note that
inhibiting automatic line breaks may cause music to run over the
right margin if it cannot all be contained within one line.
Automatic line breaks (but not page breaks) may be enabled at single
bar lines by using \once \autoLineBreaksOn
at a bar line.
This identifies a permitted rather than a forced line break.
The most basic settings influencing line spacing are indent
and line-width
. They are set in the \layout
block.
They control the indentation of the first line of music, and the
lengths of the lines.
If ragged-right
is set to true in the \layout
block,
then systems end at their natural horizontal length, instead of
being spread horizontally to fill the whole line. This is useful
for short fragments, and for checking how tight the natural
spacing is.
The option ragged-last
is similar to ragged-right
,
but affects only the last line of the piece.
\layout { indent = 0\mm line-width = 150\mm ragged-last = ##t }
For line breaks at regular intervals use \break
separated
by skips and repeated with \repeat
. For example, this
would cause the following 28 measures (assuming 4/4 time) to be
broken every 4 measures, and only there:
<< \repeat unfold 7 { s1 \noBreak s1 \noBreak s1 \noBreak s1 \break } { the actual music… } >>
Instruccions predefinides
\break
,
\noBreak
,
\autoBreaksOff
,
\autoBreaksOn
,
\autoLineBreaksOff
,
\autoLineBreaksOn
.
Fragments de codi seleccionats
Using an extra voice for breaks
Often it is easier to manage line and page-breaking information by
keeping it separate from the music by introducing an extra voice
containing only skips along with the \break
, pageBreak
and other layout information.
This pattern becomes especially helpful when overriding
line-break-system-details
and the other useful but long
properties of NonMusicalPaperColumnGrob
.
music = \relative c'' { c4 c c c } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice { s1 * 2 \break s1 * 3 \break s1 * 6 \break s1 * 5 \break } \new Voice { \repeat unfold 2 { \music } \repeat unfold 3 { \music } \repeat unfold 6 { \music } \repeat unfold 5 { \music } } >> }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
\paper
variables for line breaking
The \layout
block.
Snippets: Spacing.
Internals Reference: LineBreakEvent.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Placing \autoLineBreaksOff
or \autoBreaksOff
before
any music will cause error messages to appear. Always place these
commands after some music.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Line breaking ] | [ Amunt : Breaks ] | [ Manual page breaking > ] |
4.3.2 Page breaking
This section describes the different page breaking methods, and how to modify them.
Manual page breaking | ||
Optimal page breaking | ||
Minimal page breaking | ||
One-page page breaking | ||
One-line page breaking | ||
One-line-auto-height page breaking | ||
Optimal page turning |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ Optimal page breaking > ] |
Manual page breaking
The default page breaking may be overridden by inserting
\pageBreak
or \noPageBreak
commands. These commands
are analogous to \break
and \noBreak
. They should
be inserted at a bar line. These commands force and forbid a
page-break from happening at that bar line. Of course, the
\pageBreak
command also forces a line break.
The \pageBreak
and \noPageBreak
commands may also be
inserted at top-level, between scores and top-level markups.
Within a score, automatic page breaks are prevented within music
lying between \autoPageBreaksOff
and \autoPageBreaksOn
commands. Manual page breaks are unaffected by these commands.
There are also analogous settings to ragged-right
and
ragged-last
which have the same effect on vertical spacing.
If ragged-bottom
is set to #t
the systems will not
be justified vertically. When ragged-last-bottom
is set
to #t
, as it is by default, empty space is allowed at the
bottom of the final page (or the final page in each
\bookpart
). See
Fixed vertical spacing \paper
variables.
Page breaks are computed by the page-breaking
function.
LilyPond provides several algorithms for computing page breaks,
including ly:optimal-breaking
, ly:page-turn-breaking
and
ly:minimal-breaking
. The default is
ly:optimal-breaking
, but the value can be changed in the
\paper
block:
\paper { page-breaking = #ly:page-turn-breaking }
When a book has many scores and pages, the page breaking problem
may be difficult to solve, requiring large processing time and
memory. To ease the page breaking process, \bookpart
blocks are used to divide the book into several parts: the page
breaking occurs separately on each part. Different page breaking
functions may also be used in different book parts.
\bookpart { \header { subtitle = "Preface" } \paper { %% In a part consisting mostly of text, %% ly:minimal-breaking may be preferred page-breaking = #ly:minimal-breaking } \markup { … } … } \bookpart { %% In this part, consisting of music, the default optimal %% page breaking function is used. \header { subtitle = "First movement" } \score { … } … }
Instruccions predefinides
\pageBreak
,
\noPageBreak
,
\autoPageBreaksOn
,
\autoPageBreaksOff
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
\paper
variables for page breaking.
Snippets: Spacing.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The \once
prefix is ineffective with \autoPageBreaksOn
and \autoPageBreaksOff
. If auto page breaking is off and is
then turned on to permit a page break, it must remain on for a few
bars (the precise number of bars depends on the score) before being
turned off, else the opportunity to break the page will not be taken.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Manual page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ Minimal page breaking > ] |
Optimal page breaking
The ly:optimal-breaking
function is LilyPond’s default
method of determining page breaks. It attempts to find a page
breaking that minimizes cramping and stretching, both horizontally
and vertically. Unlike ly:page-turn-breaking
, it has no
concept of page turns.
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Optimal page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ One-page page breaking > ] |
Minimal page breaking
The ly:minimal-breaking
function performs minimal
computations to calculate the page breaking: it fills a page with
as many systems as possible before moving to the next one. Thus,
it may be preferred for scores with many pages, where the other
page breaking functions could be too slow or memory demanding, or
a lot of texts. It is enabled using:
\paper { page-breaking = #ly:minimal-breaking }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Minimal page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ One-line page breaking > ] |
One-page page breaking
The ly:one-page-breaking
function is a special-purpose
page breaking algorithm that automatically adjusts the page height to
fit the music, so that everything fits on a single page. The
paper-height
variable in the paper block is ignored, but other
settings work as usual. In particular, the spacing between the last
system (or top level markup) and the footer can be customized with
last-bottom-spacing
in the paper block. The width of the page
is left unmodified by default but can be set with paper-width
in the paper block.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
ly:one-page-breaking
is not currently compatible with
\bookpart
.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < One-page page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ One-line-auto-height page breaking > ] |
One-line page breaking
The ly:one-line-breaking
function is a special-purpose
page breaking algorithm that puts each score on its own page, and
on a single line. No titles or margins are typeset; only the score is
displayed.
The page width is adjusted so that the longest score fits on
one line. In particular, paper-width
, line-width
and indent
variables in the \paper
block are ignored,
although left-margin
and right-margin
are still honored.
The height of the page is left unmodified.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < One-line page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ Optimal page turning > ] |
One-line-auto-height page breaking
The ly:one-line-auto-height-breaking
function works just like
ly:one-line-breaking
except the page height is automatically
modified to fit the height of the music. Specifically, the
paper-height
variable in the \paper
block is set so that
it spans the height of the tallest score plus the top-margin
and
bottom-margin
.
Note that the top-system-spacing
setting will affect the
vertical position of the music. Set it to ##f
in a paper block
to simply place the music between the top and bottom margins.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < One-line-auto-height page breaking ] | [ Amunt : Page breaking ] | [ Vertical spacing > ] |
Optimal page turning
Often it is necessary to find a page breaking configuration so
that there is a rest at the end of every second page. This way,
the musician can turn the page without having to miss notes. The
ly:page-turn-breaking
function attempts to find a page
breaking minimizing cramping and stretching, but with the
additional restriction that it is only allowed to introduce page
turns in specified places.
There are two steps to using this page breaking function. First,
you must enable it in the \paper
block, as explained in
Page breaking. Then you must tell the function where you
would like to allow page breaks.
There are two ways to achieve the second step. First, you can
specify each potential page turn manually, by inserting
\allowPageTurn
into your input file at the appropriate
places.
If this is too tedious, you can add a Page_turn_engraver
to
a Staff or Voice context. The Page_turn_engraver
will scan
the context for sections without notes (note that it does not scan
for rests; it scans for the absence of notes. This is so that
single-staff polyphony with rests in one of the parts does not
throw off the Page_turn_engraver
). When it finds a
sufficiently long section without notes, the
Page_turn_engraver
will insert an \allowPageTurn
at
the final bar line in that section, unless there is a ‘special’
bar line (such as a double bar), in which case the
\allowPageTurn
will be inserted at the final ‘special’
bar line in the section.
The Page_turn_engraver
reads the context property
minimumPageTurnLength
to determine how long a note-free
section must be before a page turn is considered. The default
value for minimumPageTurnLength
is
(ly:make-moment 1/1)
. If you want to disable page turns,
set it to something ‘very large’.
\new Staff \with { \consists "Page_turn_engraver" } { a4 b c d | R1 | % a page turn will be allowed here a4 b c d | \set Staff.minimumPageTurnLength = #(ly:make-moment 5/2) R1 | % a page turn will not be allowed here a4 b r2 | R1*2 | % a page turn will be allowed here a1 }
When using volta repeats, the Page_turn_engraver
will only allow
a page turn during the repeat if there is enough time at the beginning
and end of the repeat to turn the page back. If the repeat is too
short then the Page_turn_engraver
can be used to disable
page turns by setting an appropriate value for the context property
minimumRepeatLengthForPageTurn
. In this case the
Page_turn_engraver
will only allows turns in repeats whose
duration is longer than the value specified.
The page turning commands, \pageTurn
, \noPageTurn
and
\allowPageTurn
, may also be used at top-level, in top-level
markups and between scores.
Instruccions predefinides
\pageTurn
,
\noPageTurn
,
\allowPageTurn
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
\paper
variables for line breaking.
Snippets: Spacing.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Use only one Page_turn_engraver
per score. If there are
more, they will interfere with each other.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Vertical spacing.
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Optimal page turning ] | [ Amunt : Spacing issues ] | [ Flexible vertical spacing within systems > ] |
4.4 Vertical spacing
Vertical spacing is controlled by three things: the amount of space available (i.e., paper size and margins), the amount of space between systems, and the amount of space between staves inside a system.
4.4.1 Flexible vertical spacing within systems | ||
4.4.2 Explicit staff and system positioning | ||
4.4.3 Vertical collision avoidance |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Vertical spacing ] | [ Amunt : Vertical spacing ] | [ Within-system spacing properties > ] |
4.4.1 Flexible vertical spacing within systems
Three separate mechanisms control the flexible vertical spacing within systems, one for each of the following categories:
- ungrouped staves,
-
grouped staves (staves within a staff-group such as
ChoirStaff
, etc.), and -
non-staff lines (such as
Lyrics
,ChordNames
, etc.).
The height of each system is determined in two steps. First, all of the staves are spaced according to the amount of space available. Then, the non-staff lines are distributed between the staves.
Note that the spacing mechanisms discussed in this section only
control the vertical spacing of staves and non-staff lines within
individual systems. The vertical spacing between separate
systems, scores, markups, and margins is controlled by
\paper
variables, which are discussed in
Flexible vertical spacing \paper
variables.
Within-system spacing properties | ||
Spacing of ungrouped staves | ||
Spacing of grouped staves | ||
Spacing of non-staff lines |
Within-system spacing properties
The within-system vertical spacing mechanisms are controlled by
two sets of grob properties. The first set is associated with the
VerticalAxisGroup
grob, which is created by all staves and
non-staff lines. The second set is associated with the
StaffGrouper
grob, which can be created by staff-groups,
but only if explicitly called. These properties are described
individually at the end of this section.
The names of these properties (except for staff-affinity
)
follow the format item1-item2-spacing
, where
item1
and item2
are the items to be
spaced. Note that item2
is not necessarily below
item1
; for example,
nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing
will measure upwards from the
non-staff line if staff-affinity
is UP
.
Each distance is measured between the reference points of
the two items. The reference point for a staff is the vertical
center of its StaffSymbol
(i.e., the middle line if
line-count
is odd; the middle space if line-count
is
even). The reference points for individual non-staff lines are
given in the following table:
Non-staff line | Reference point |
---|---|
ChordNames | baseline |
NoteNames | baseline |
Lyrics | baseline |
Dynamics | mid-height of ‘m’ |
FiguredBass | highest point |
FretBoards | top line |
In the following image, horizontal lines indicate the positions of these reference points:
Each of the vertical spacing grob properties (except
staff-affinity
) uses the same alist structure as the
\paper
spacing variables discussed in
Flexible vertical spacing \paper
variables.
Specific methods
for modifying alists are discussed in Modifying alists.
Grob properties should be adjusted with an \override
inside
a \score
or \layout
block, and not inside a
\paper
block.
The following example demonstrates the two ways these alists can be modified. The first declaration updates one key-value individually, and the second completely re-defines the property:
\new Staff \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } { … } \new Staff \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 10) (minimum-distance . 9) (padding . 1) (stretchability . 10)) } { … }
To change any spacing settings globally, put them in the
\layout
block:
\layout { \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } }
Standard settings for the vertical spacing grob properties are listed in VerticalAxisGroup and StaffGrouper. Default overrides for specific types of non-staff lines are listed in the relevant context descriptions in Contexts.
Properties of the VerticalAxisGroup
grob
VerticalAxisGroup
properties are typically adjusted with an
\override
at the Staff
level (or equivalent).
-
staff-staff-spacing
-
Used to determine the distance between the current staff and the staff just below it in the same system, even if one or more non-staff lines (such as
Lyrics
) are placed between the two staves. Does not apply to the bottom staff of a system.Initially, the
staff-staff-spacing
of aVerticalAxisGroup
is a Scheme function that applies the properties of theStaffGrouper
if the staff is part of a group, or thedefault-staff-staff-spacing
of the staff otherwise. This allows staves to be spaced differently when they are grouped. For uniform spacing regardless of grouping, this function may be replaced by a flexible-spacing alist, using the complete-redefinition form of override shown above. -
default-staff-staff-spacing
A flexible-spacing alist defining the
staff-staff-spacing
used for ungrouped staves, unlessstaff-staff-spacing
has been explicitly set with an\override
.-
staff-affinity
The direction of the staff to use for spacing the current non-staff line. Choices are
UP
,DOWN
, andCENTER
. IfCENTER
, the non-staff line will be placed equidistant between the two nearest staves on either side, unless collisions or other spacing constraints prevent this. Adjacent non-staff lines should have non-increasingstaff-affinity
from top to bottom, e.g., a non-staff line set toUP
should not immediately follow one that is set toDOWN
. Non-staff lines at the top of a system should useDOWN
; those at the bottom should useUP
. Settingstaff-affinity
for a staff causes it to be treated as a non-staff line. Settingstaff-affinity
to#f
causes a non-staff line to be treated as a staff. Settingstaff-affinity
toUP
,CENTER
, orDOWN
causes a staff to be spaced as a non-staff line.-
nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing
The distance between the current non-staff line and the nearest staff in the direction of
staff-affinity
, if there are no non-staff lines between the two, andstaff-affinity
is eitherUP
orDOWN
. Ifstaff-affinity
isCENTER
, thennonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing
is used for the nearest staves on both sides, even if other non-staff lines appear between the current one and either of the staves. This means that the placement of a non-staff line depends on both the surrounding staves and the surrounding non-staff lines. Setting thestretchability
of one of these types of spacing to a small value will make that spacing dominate. Setting thestretchability
to a large value will make that spacing have little effect.-
nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing
The distance between the current non-staff line and the next non-staff line in the direction of
staff-affinity
, if both are on the same side of the related staff, andstaff-affinity
is eitherUP
orDOWN
.-
nonstaff-unrelatedstaff-spacing
The distance between the current non-staff line and the staff in the opposite direction from
staff-affinity
, if there are no other non-staff lines between the two, andstaff-affinity
is eitherUP
orDOWN
. This can be used, for example, to require a minimum amount of padding between aLyrics
line and the staff to which it does not belong.
Properties of the StaffGrouper
grob
StaffGrouper
properties are typically adjusted with an
\override
at the StaffGroup
level (or equivalent).
-
staff-staff-spacing
The distance between consecutive staves within the current staff-group. The
staff-staff-spacing
property of an individual staff’sVerticalAxisGroup
grob can be overriden with different spacing settings for that staff.-
staffgroup-staff-spacing
The distance between the last staff of the current staff-group and the staff just below it in the same system, even if one or more non-staff lines (such as
Lyrics
) exist between the two staves. Does not apply to the bottom staff of a system. Thestaff-staff-spacing
property of an individual staff’sVerticalAxisGroup
grob can be overriden with different spacing settings for that staff.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
Flexible vertical spacing \paper
variables,
Modifying alists.
Installed Files: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’, ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’.
Internals Reference: Contexts, VerticalAxisGroup, StaffGrouper.
Spacing of ungrouped staves
Staves (such as Staff
, DrumStaff
,
TabStaff
, etc.) are contexts that can contain one or more
voice contexts, but cannot contain any other staves.
The following properties affect the spacing of ungrouped staves:
-
VerticalAxisGroup
properties:-
default-staff-staff-spacing
-
staff-staff-spacing
-
These grob properties are described individually above; see Within-system spacing properties.
Additional properties are involved for staves that are part of a staff-group; see Spacing of grouped staves.
The following example shows how the default-staff-staff-spacing
property can affect the spacing of ungrouped staves.
The same overrides applied to staff-staff-spacing
would
have the same effect, but would also apply in cases where the staves
are combined in a group or groups.
\layout { \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 8) (minimum-distance . 7) (padding . 1)) } } << % The very low note here needs more room than 'basic-distance % can provide, so the distance between this staff and the next % is determined by 'padding. \new Staff { b,2 r | } % Here, 'basic-distance provides enough room, and there is no % need to compress the space (towards 'minimum-distance) to make % room for anything else on the page, so the distance between % this staff and the next is determined by 'basic-distance. \new Staff { \clef bass g2 r | } % By setting 'padding to a negative value, staves can be made to % collide. The lowest acceptable value for 'basic-distance is 0. \new Staff \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 3.5) (padding . -10)) } { \clef bass g2 r | } \new Staff { \clef bass g2 r | } >>
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’.
Snippets: Spacing.
Internals Reference: VerticalAxisGroup.
Spacing of grouped staves
In orchestral and other large scores, it is common to place staves in groups. The space between groups is typically larger than the space between staves of the same group.
Staff-groups (such as StaffGroup
, ChoirStaff
,
etc.) are contexts that can contain one or more staves
simultaneously.
The following properties affect the spacing of staves inside staff-groups:
-
VerticalAxisGroup
properties:-
staff-staff-spacing
-
-
StaffGrouper
properties:-
staff-staff-spacing
-
staffgroup-staff-spacing
-
These grob properties are described individually above; see Within-system spacing properties.
The following example shows how properties of the
StaffGrouper
grob can affect the spacing of grouped staves:
\layout { \context { \Score \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.padding = #0 \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #1 } } << \new PianoStaff \with { \override StaffGrouper.staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #20 } << \new Staff { c'1 } \new Staff { c'1 } >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { c'1 } \new Staff { c'1 } >> >>
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’.
Snippets: Spacing.
Internals Reference: VerticalAxisGroup, StaffGrouper.
Spacing of non-staff lines
Non-staff lines (such as Lyrics
, ChordNames
,
etc.) are contexts whose layout objects are engraved like staves
(i.e., in horizontal lines within systems). Specifically,
non-staff lines are non-staff contexts that contain the
Axis_group_engraver.
The following properties affect the spacing of non-staff lines:
-
VerticalAxisGroup
properties:-
staff-affinity
-
nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing
-
nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing
-
nonstaff-unrelatedstaff-spacing
-
These grob properties are described individually above; see Within-system spacing properties.
The following example shows how the
nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing
property can affect the spacing
of consecutive non-staff lines. Here, by setting the
stretchability
key to a very high value, the lyrics are
able to stretch much more than usual:
\layout { \context { \Lyrics \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing.stretchability = #1000 } } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 30)) } { c'1 } \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #UP } \lyricmode { up } \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #CENTER } \lyricmode { center } \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \lyricmode { down } \new Staff { c'1 } >>
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’, ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’.
Snippets: Spacing.
Internals Reference: Contexts, VerticalAxisGroup.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Spacing of non-staff lines ] | [ Amunt : Vertical spacing ] | [ Vertical collision avoidance > ] |
4.4.2 Explicit staff and system positioning
One way to understand the flexible vertical spacing mechanisms explained above is as a collection of settings that control the amount of vertical padding between staves and systems.
It is possible to approach vertical spacing in a different way
using NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
.
While the flexible vertical spacing mechanisms specify vertical
padding, NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
can specify exact vertical positions on the page.
NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
accepts
an associative list of four different settings:
-
X-offset
-
Y-offset
-
extra-offset
-
alignment-distances
Grob overrides, including the overrides for NonMusicalPaperColumn
below, can occur in any of three different places in an input file:
- in the middle of note entry directly
- in a
\context
block - in the
\with
block
When we override NonMusicalPaperColumn
, we use the usual
\override
command in \context
blocks and in the
\with
block. On the other hand, when we override
NonMusicalPaperColumn
in the middle of note entry,
use the special \overrideProperty
command. Here are some
example NonMusicalPaperColumn
overrides with the special
\overrideProperty
command:
\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((X-offset . 20)) \overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 40)) \overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((X-offset . 20) (Y-offset . 40)) \overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((alignment-distances . (15))) \overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((X-offset . 20) (Y-offset . 40) (alignment-distances . (15)))
To understand how each of these different settings work, we begin by looking at an example that includes no overrides at all.
\header { tagline = ##f } \paper { left-margin = 0\mm } \book { \score { << \new Staff << \new Voice { s1*5 \break s1*5 \break s1*5 \break } \new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } } >> \new Staff { \repeat unfold 15 { d'4 d' d' d' } } >> } }
This score isolates both line-breaking and page-breaking information in a dedicated voice. This technique of creating a breaks voice will help keep layout separate from music entry as our example becomes more complicated. Also see Breaks.
By using explicit \break
commands, the music is divided into five
measures per line. Vertical spacing is from LilyPond’s own defaults but
the vertical startpoint of each system is set explicitly using the
Y-offset
pair in the line-break-system-details
attribute
of the NonMusicalPaperColumn
grob:
\header { tagline = ##f } \paper { left-margin = 0\mm } \book { \score { << \new Staff << \new Voice { \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 0)) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 40)) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 60)) s1*5 \break } \new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } } >> \new Staff { \repeat unfold 15 { d'4 d' d' d' } } >> } }
Note that line-break-system-details
takes an associative list of
potentially many values, but that we set only one value here. Note,
too, that the Y-offset
property here determines the exact vertical
position on the page at which each new system will render.
In contrast to the absolute positioning available through
Y-offset
and X-offset
, relative positioning is possible
with the extra-offset
property of
line-break-system-details
. Placement is relative to the
default layout or to the absolute positioning created by setting
X-offset
and Y-offset
. The property extra-offset
accepts a pair
consisting of displacements along the X-axis and
Y-axis.
\header { tagline = ##f } \paper { left-margin = 0\mm } \book { \score { << \new Staff << \new Voice { s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((extra-offset . (0 . 10))) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((extra-offset . (0 . 10))) s1*5 \break } \new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } } >> \new Staff { \repeat unfold 15 { d'4 d' d' d' } } >> } }
Now that we have set the vertical startpoint of each system
explicitly, we can also set the vertical distances between staves
within each system manually. We do this using the alignment-distances
subproperty of line-break-system-details
.
\header { tagline = ##f } \paper { left-margin = 0\mm } \book { \score { << \new Staff << \new Voice { \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 20) (alignment-distances . (10))) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 60) (alignment-distances . (15))) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 85) (alignment-distances . (20))) s1*5 \break } \new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } } >> \new Staff { \repeat unfold 15 { d'4 d' d' d' } } >> } }
Note that here we assign two different values to the
line-break-system-details
attribute of the
NonMusicalPaperColumn
grob. Though the
line-break-system-details
attribute alist accepts many
additional spacing parameters (including, for example, a corresponding
X-offset
pair), we need only set the Y-offset
and
alignment-distances
pairs to control the vertical startpoint of
every system and every staff. Finally, note that alignment-distances
specifies the vertical positioning of staves but not of staff groups.
\header { tagline = ##f } \paper { left-margin = 0\mm } \book { \score { << \new Staff << \new Voice { \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 0) (alignment-distances . (30 10))) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 60) (alignment-distances . (10 10))) s1*5 \break \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 100) (alignment-distances . (10 30))) s1*5 \break } \new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } } >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \repeat unfold 15 { d'4 d' d' d' } } \new Staff { \repeat unfold 15 { e'4 e' e' e' } } >> >> } }
Some points to consider:
- When using
alignment-distances
, lyrics and other non-staff lines do not count as a staff. - The units of the numbers passed to
X-offset
,Y-offset
,extra-offset
andalignment-distances
are interpreted as multiples of the distance between adjacent staff lines. Positive values move staves and lyrics up, negative values move staves and lyrics down. - Because the
NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
settings given here allow the positioning of staves and systems anywhere on the page, it is possible to violate paper or margin boundaries or even to print staves or systems on top of one another. Reasonable values passed to these different settings will avoid this.
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Explicit staff and system positioning ] | [ Amunt : Vertical spacing ] | [ Horizontal spacing > ] |
4.4.3 Vertical collision avoidance
Intuitively, there are some objects in musical notation that belong to the staff and there are other objects that should be placed outside the staff. Objects belonging outside the staff include things such as rehearsal marks, text and dynamic markings (from now on, these will be called outside-staff objects). LilyPond’s rule for the vertical placement of outside-staff objects is to place them as close to the staff as possible but not so close that they collide with another object.
LilyPond uses the outside-staff-priority
property to determine
whether a grob is an outside-staff object: if outside-staff-priority
is a number, the grob is an outside-staff object. In addition,
outside-staff-priority
tells LilyPond in which order the objects
should be placed.
First, LilyPond places all the objects that do not belong outside
the staff. Then it sorts the outside-staff objects according to their
outside-staff-priority
(in increasing order). One by one, LilyPond
takes the outside-staff objects and places them so that they do
not collide with any objects that have already been placed. That
is, if two outside-staff grobs are competing for the same space, the one
with the lower outside-staff-priority
will be placed closer to
the staff.
A listing of outside-staff-priorities may be found in The outside-staff-priority property.
\relative c'' { c4_"Text"\pp r2. \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = #1 c4_"Text"\pp % this time the text will be closer to the staff r2. % by setting outside-staff-priority to a non-number, % we disable the automatic collision avoidance \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override DynamicLineSpanner.outside-staff-priority = ##f c4_"Text"\pp % now they will collide }
The vertical padding around outside-staff objects
can be controlled with outside-staff-padding
.
\relative { \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-padding = #0 a'4-"outside-staff-padding = #0" \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-padding = #3 d-"outside-staff-padding = #3" c-"default outside-staff-padding" b-"default outside-staff-padding" R1 }
By default, outside-staff objects are placed so they avoid
a horizontal collision with previously-positioned grobs. This
can lead to situations in which objects are placed close to each
other horizontally.
As shown in the example below, setting outside-staff-horizontal-padding
increases the horizontal spacing required, and in this case moves the text up
to prevent it from getting too close to the ledger lines.
\relative { c''4^"Word" c c''2 R1 \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-horizontal-padding = #1 c,,4^"Word" c c''2 }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Vertical collision avoidance ] | [ Amunt : Spacing issues ] | [ Horizontal spacing overview > ] |
4.5 Horizontal spacing
4.5.1 Horizontal spacing overview | ||
4.5.2 New spacing section | ||
4.5.3 Changing horizontal spacing | ||
4.5.4 Line width | ||
4.5.5 Proportional notation |
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[ < Horizontal spacing ] | [ Amunt : Horizontal spacing ] | [ New spacing section > ] |
4.5.1 Horizontal spacing overview
The spacing engine translates differences in durations into stretchable
distances (‘springs’) of differing lengths. Longer durations get
more space, shorter durations get less. The shortest durations get a
fixed amount of space (which is controlled by
shortest-duration-space
in the
SpacingSpanner
object). The longer the duration, the more space it gets: doubling a
duration adds spacing-increment
of space to the note.
For example, the following piece contains lots of half, quarter, and 8th notes; the eighth note is followed by 1 note head width (NHW). The quarter note is followed by 2 NHW, the half by 3 NHW, etc.
\relative c' { c2 c4. c8 c4. c8 c4. c8 c8 c c4 c c }
Normally, spacing-increment
is set to 1.2 staff space, which is
approximately the width of a note head, and
shortest-duration-space
is set to 2.0, meaning that the
shortest note gets 2.4 staff space (2.0 times the
spacing-increment
) of horizontal space. This space is counted
from the left edge of the symbol, so the shortest notes are generally
followed by one NHW of space.
If one would follow the above procedure exactly, then adding a single 32nd note to a score that uses 8th and 16th notes, would widen up the entire score a lot. The shortest note is no longer a 16th, but a 32nd, thus adding 1 NHW to every note. To prevent this, the shortest duration for spacing is not the shortest note in the score, but rather the one which occurs most frequently.
The most common shortest duration is determined as follows: in every measure, the shortest duration is determined. The most common shortest duration is taken as the basis for the spacing, with the stipulation that this shortest duration should always be equal to or shorter than an 8th note.
These durations may also be customized. If you set the
common-shortest-duration
in
SpacingSpanner, then
this sets the base duration for spacing. The maximum duration for this
base (normally an 8th), is set through base-shortest-duration
.
Notes that are even shorter than the common shortest note are followed by a space that is proportional to their duration relative to the common shortest note. So if we were to add only a few 16th notes to the example above, they would be followed by half a NHW:
\relative { c''2 c4. c8 | c4. c16[ c] c4. c8 | c8 c c4 c c }
As explained in the Essay on automated music engraving, stem
directions will influence spacing (see
Optical spacing) and can
be adjusted using the stem-spacing-correction
property of the
NoteSpacing object (which are generated for every
Voice context).
The StaffSpacing
object (generated in
Staff context)
contains the same property for controlling the stem/bar line spacing.
The following example shows this; once with the default settings and once with an exaggerated adjustment:
Proportional notation is supported; see Proportional notation.
Vegeu també
Essay on automated music engraving: Optical spacing.
Snippets: Spacing.
Internals Reference: SpacingSpanner, NoteSpacing, StaffSpacing, NonMusicalPaperColumn.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
There is no convenient mechanism to manually override spacing. The following work-around may be used to insert extra space into a score, adjusting the padding value as necessary.
\override Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.padding = #10
No work-around exists for decreasing the amount of space.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Horizontal spacing overview ] | [ Amunt : Horizontal spacing ] | [ Changing horizontal spacing > ] |
4.5.2 New spacing section
New sections with different spacing parameters can be started with the
newSpacingSection
command. This is useful for sections with
different notions of ‘long’ and ‘short’ notes. The
\newSpacingSection
command creates a new SpacingSpanner
object at that musical moment.
In the following example the time signature change introduces a new section, and the 16ths notes are automatically spaced slightly wider apart.
\relative c' { \time 2/4 c4 c8 c c8 c c4 c16[ c c8] c4 \newSpacingSection \time 4/16 c16[ c c8] }
If the automatic spacing adjustments do not give the required spacing,
manual \override
s may be applied to its properties. These must
be applied at the same musical moment as the \newSpacingSection
command itself and will then affect the spacing of all the following
music until the properties are changed in a new spacing section, for
example:
\relative c' { \time 4/16 c16[ c c8] \newSpacingSection \override Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #2 c16[ c c8] \newSpacingSection \revert Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment c16[ c c8] }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
Internals Reference: SpacingSpanner.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < New spacing section ] | [ Amunt : Horizontal spacing ] | [ Line width > ] |
4.5.3 Changing horizontal spacing
Horizontal spacing may be altered with the
base-shortest-duration
property. Here
we compare the same music; once without altering
the property, and then altered. Larger values
of ly:make-moment
will produce smaller
music. Note that ly:make-moment
constructs
a duration, so 1 4
is a longer duration
than 1 16
.
\score { \relative { g'4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 d e f | g4 g g2 | g4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 e g g | c,1 | d4 d d d | d4 e f2 | e4 e e e | e4 f g2 | g4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 e g g | c,1 | } }
\score { \relative { g'4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 d e f | g4 g g2 | g4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 e g g | c,1 | d4 d d d | d4 e f2 | e4 e e e | e4 f g2 | g4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 e g g | c,1 | } \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) } } }
Fragments de codi seleccionats
By default, spacing in tuplets depends on various non-duration
factors (such as accidentals, clef changes, etc). To disregard
such symbols and force uniform equal-duration spacing, use
Score.SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching
. This
property can only be changed at the beginning of a score,
\score { << \new Staff { \tuplet 5/4 { c8 c c c c } c8 c c c } \new Staff { c8 c c c \tuplet 5/4 { c8 c c c c } } >> \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching = ##t } } }
When strict-note-spacing
is set, notes are spaced without
regard for clefs, bar lines, and grace notes,
\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t \new Staff \relative { c''8[ c \clef alto c \grace { c16 c } c8 c c] c32[ c] }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Changing horizontal spacing ] | [ Amunt : Horizontal spacing ] | [ Proportional notation > ] |
4.5.4 Line width
The most basic settings influencing the spacing are indent
and
line-width
. They are set in the \layout
block. They
control the indentation of the first line of music, and the lengths of
the lines.
If ragged-right
is set to true in the \layout
block, then
systems ends at their natural horizontal length, instead of being spread
horizontally to fill the whole line. This is useful for
short fragments, and for checking how tight the natural spacing is.
The normal default setting is false, but if the score has only one
system the default value is true.
The option ragged-last
is similar to ragged-right
, but
only affects the last line of the piece. No restrictions are put on
that line. The result is similar to formatting text paragraphs. In a
paragraph, the last line simply takes its natural horizontal length.
\layout { indent = #0 line-width = #150 ragged-last = ##t }
Vegeu també
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Line width ] | [ Amunt : Horizontal spacing ] | [ Fitting music onto fewer pages > ] |
4.5.5 Proportional notation
LilyPond supports proportional notation, a type of horizontal spacing in which each note consumes an amount of horizontal space exactly equivalent to its rhythmic duration. This type of proportional spacing is comparable to horizontal spacing on top of graph paper. Some late 20th- and early 21st-century scores use proportional notation to clarify complex rhythmic relationships or to facilitate the placement of timelines or other graphics directly in the score.
LilyPond supports five different settings for proportional notation, which may be used together or alone:
-
proportionalNotationDuration
-
uniform-stretching
-
strict-note-spacing
-
\remove "Separating_line_group_engraver"
-
\override PaperColumn.used = ##t
In the examples that follow, we explore these five different proportional notation settings and examine how these settings interact.
We start with the following one-measure example, which uses classical spacing with ragged-right turned on.
\score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } >> }
Notice that the half note which begins the measure takes up far less than half of the horizontal space of the measure. Likewise, the sixteenth notes and sixteenth-note quintuplets (or twentieth notes) which end the measure together take up far more than half the horizontal space of the measure.
In classical engraving, this spacing may be exactly what we want because we can borrow horizontal space from the half note and conserve horizontal space across the measure as a whole.
On the other hand, if we want to insert a measured timeline or other graphic above or below our score, we need proportional notation. We turn proportional notation on with the proportionalNotationDuration setting.
\score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } >> \layout { \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/20) } } }
The half note at the beginning of the measure and the faster notes in the second half of the measure now occupy equal amounts of horizontal space. We could place a measured timeline or graphic above or below this example.
The proportionalNotationDuration
setting is a context setting
that lives in Score
. Remember that context settings can appear
in one of three locations within our input file – in a \with
block, in a \context
block, or directly in music entry preceded
by the \set
command. As with all context settings, users can
pick which of the three different locations they would like to
set proportionalNotationDuration
in to.
The proportionalNotationDuration
setting takes a single argument,
which is the reference duration against that all music will be spaced.
The LilyPond Scheme function make-moment
takes two arguments
– a numerator and denominator which together express some fraction of
a whole note. The call (ly:make-moment 1/20)
therefore produces
a reference duration of a twentieth note. Values such as
(ly:make-moment 1/16)
, (ly:make-moment 1/8)
, and
(ly:make-moment 3/97)
are all possible as well.
How do we select the right reference duration to pass to
proportionalNotationDuration
? Usually by a process of trial
and error, beginning with a duration close to the fastest (or smallest)
duration in the piece. Smaller reference durations space music loosely;
larger reference durations space music tightly.
\score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } >> \layout { \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) } } } \score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } >> \layout { \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) } } } \score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } >> \layout { \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/32) } } }
Note that too large a reference duration – such as the eighth note, above – spaces music too tightly and can cause note head collisions. Also that proportional notation in general takes up more horizontal space than classical spacing. Proportional spacing provides rhythmic clarity at the expense of horizontal space.
Next we examine how to optimally space overlapping tuplets.
We start by examining what happens to our original example, with classical spacing, when we add a second staff with a different type of tuplet.
\score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } \new RhythmicStaff { \tuplet 9/8 { c8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 } } >> }
The spacing is bad because the evenly spaced notes of the bottom staff
do not stretch uniformly. Classical engravings include very few complex
triplets and so classical engraving rules can generate this type of
result. Setting proportionalNotationDuration
fixes this.
\score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } \new RhythmicStaff { \tuplet 9/8 { c8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 } } >> \layout { \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/20) } } }
But if we look very carefully we can see that notes of the second half
of the 9-tuplet space ever so slightly more widely than the notes
of the first half of the 9-tuplet. To ensure uniform stretching, we
turn on uniform-stretching
, which is a property of
SpacingSpanner
.
\score { << \new RhythmicStaff { c2 16 16 16 16 \tuplet 5/4 { 16 16 16 16 16 } } \new RhythmicStaff { \tuplet 9/8 { c8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 } } >> \layout { \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/20) \override SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching = ##t } } }
Our two-staff example now spaces exactly, our rhythmic relationships are visually clear, and we can include a measured timeline or graphic if we want.
Note that the LilyPond’s proportional notation package expects that all proportional scores set the SpacingSpanner’s ’uniform-stretching attribute to ##t. Setting proportionalNotationDuration without also setting the SpacingSpanner’s ’uniform-stretching attribute to ##t will, for example, cause Skips to consume an incorrect amount of horizontal space.
The SpacingSpanner is an abstract grob that lives in the Score context. As with our settings of proportionalNotationDuration, overrides to the SpacingSpanner can occur in any of three different places in our input file – in the Score \with block, in a Score \context block, or in note entry directly.
There is by default only one SpacingSpanner
per Score
. This
means that, by default, uniform-stretching
is either turned on for the
entire score or turned off for the entire score. We can, however,
override this behavior and turn on different spacing features at
different places in the score. We do this with the command
\newSpacingSection
. See New spacing section, for more info.
Next we examine the effects of the Separating_line_group_engraver
and
see why proportional scores frequently remove this engraver. The following
example shows that there is a small amount of “prefatory” space
just before the first note in each system.
\paper { indent = #0 } \new Staff { c'1 \break c'1 }
The amount of this prefatory space is the same whether after a time
signature, a key signature or a clef. Separating_line_group_engraver
is responsible for this space. Removing Separating_line_group_engraver
reduces this space to zero.
\paper { indent = #0 } \new Staff \with { \remove "Separating_line_group_engraver" } { c'1 \break c'1 }
non-musical elements like time signatures, key signatures, clefs and accidentals are problematic in proportional notation. None of these elements has rhythmic duration. But all of these elements consume horizontal space. Different proportional scores approach these problems differently.
It may be possible to avoid spacing problems with key signatures simply by not having any. This is a valid option since most proportional scores are contemporary music. The same may be true of time signatures, especially for those scores that include a measured timeline or other graphic. But these scores are exceptional and most proportional scores include at least some time signatures. Clefs and accidentals are even more essential.
So what strategies exist for spacing non-musical elements in a
proportional context? One good option is the strict-note-spacing
property of SpacingSpanner
. Compare the two scores below:
\new Staff { \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) c''8 8 8 \clef alto d'2 2 } \new Staff { \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t c''8 8 8 \clef alto d'2 2 }
Both scores are proportional, but the spacing in the first score is too loose because of the clef change. The spacing of the second score remains strict, however, because strict-note-spacing is turned on. Turning on strict-note-spacing causes the width of time signatures, key signatures, clefs and accidentals to play no part in the spacing algorithm.
In addition to the settings given here, there are other settings that frequently appear in proportional scores. These include:
-
\override SpacingSpanner.strict-grace-spacing = ##t
-
\set tupletFullLength = ##t
-
\override Beam.breakable = ##t
-
\override Glissando.breakable = ##t
-
\override TextSpanner.breakable = ##t
-
\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" in the Voice context
These settings space grace notes strictly, extend tuplet brackets to mark both rhythmic start- and stop-points, and allow spanning elements to break across systems and pages. See the respective parts of the manual for these related settings.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: New spacing section.
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Proportional notation ] | [ Amunt : Spacing issues ] | [ Displaying spacing > ] |
4.6 Fitting music onto fewer pages
Sometimes you can end up with one or two staves on a second (or third, or fourth…) page. This is annoying, especially if you look at previous pages and it looks like there is plenty of room left on those.
When investigating layout issues, annotate-spacing
is an
invaluable tool. This command prints the values of various layout
spacing variables; for more details see the following section,
Displaying spacing.
4.6.1 Displaying spacing | ||
4.6.2 Changing spacing |
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Fitting music onto fewer pages ] | [ Amunt : Fitting music onto fewer pages ] | [ Changing spacing > ] |
4.6.1 Displaying spacing
To graphically display the dimensions of vertical layout variables
that may be altered for page formatting, set
annotate-spacing
in the \paper
block:
\book { \score { { c4 } } \paper { annotate-spacing = ##t } }
All layout dimensions are displayed in staff-spaces, regardless
of the units specified in the \paper
or \layout
block.
In the above example, paper-height
has a value of 59.75
staff-spaces
, and the staff-size
is 20 points (the
default value). Note that:
1 point | = (25.4/72.27) mm |
1 staff-space | = (staff-size )/4 pts |
= (staff-size )/4 * (25.4/72.27) mm |
In this case, one staff-space
is approximately equal to
1.757mm. Thus the paper-height
measurement of 59.75
staff-spaces
is equivalent to 105 millimeters, the height
of a6
paper in landscape orientation. The pairs
(a,b) are intervals, where a is the lower
edge and b the upper edge of the interval.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Setting the staff size.
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Changing defaults >> ] | ||
[ < Displaying spacing ] | [ Amunt : Fitting music onto fewer pages ] | [ Changing defaults > ] |
4.6.2 Changing spacing
The output of annotate-spacing
reveals vertical dimensions
in great detail. For details about modifying margins and other
layout variables, see Page layout.
Other than margins, there are a few other options to save space:
-
Force systems to move as close together as possible (to fit as
many systems as possible onto a page) while being spaced so that
there is no blank space at the bottom of the page.
\paper { system-system-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 0.1) (padding . 0)) ragged-last-bottom = ##f ragged-bottom = ##f }
-
Force the number of systems. This can help in two ways. Just
setting a value, even the same value as the number of systems
being typeset by default, will sometimes cause more systems to
be fitted onto each page, as an estimation step is then bypassed,
giving a more accurate fit to each page. Also, forcing an actual
reduction in the number of systems may save a further page. For
example, if the default layout has 11 systems, the following
assignment will force a layout with 10 systems.
\paper { system-count = #10 }
-
Force the number of pages. For example, the following
assignment will force a layout with 2 pages.
\paper { page-count = #2 }
-
Avoid (or reduce) objects that increase the vertical size of a
system. For example, volta brackets for alternative repeat endings
require extra space. If these endings are spread over two systems,
they take up more space than if they were on the same system.
As another example, dynamics that ‘stick out’ of a system
can be moved closer to the staff:
\relative e' { e4 c g\f c e4 c g-\tweak X-offset #-2.7 \f c }
-
Alter the horizontal spacing via
SpacingSpanner
. For more details, see Changing horizontal spacing. The following example illustrates the default spacing:\score { \relative { g'4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 d e f | g4 g g2 | g4 e e2 | } }
The next example modifies
common-shortest-duration
from a value of1/4
to1/2
. The quarter note is the most common and shortest duration in this example, so by making this duration longer, a ‘squeezing’ effect occurs:\score { \relative { g'4 e e2 | f4 d d2 | c4 d e f | g4 g g2 | g4 e e2 | } \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1/2) } } }
The
common-shortest-duration
property cannot be modified dynamically, so it must always be placed in a\context
block so that it applies to the whole score.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Page layout, Changing horizontal spacing.
Snippets: Spacing.
[ << Spacing issues ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Changing spacing ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Interpretation contexts > ] |
5. Changing defaults
The purpose of LilyPond’s design is to provide the finest quality output by default. Nevertheless, it may happen that you need to change this default layout. The layout is controlled through a large number of ‘knobs and switches’ collectively called ‘properties’. A tutorial introduction to accessing and modifying these properties can be found in the Learning Manual, see Tweaking output. This should be read first. This chapter covers similar ground, but in a style more appropriate to a reference manual.
The definitive description of the controls available for tuning can be found in a separate document: the Internals Reference. That manual lists all the variables, functions and options available in LilyPond. It is written as a HTML document, which is available on-line, and is also included with the LilyPond documentation package.
Internally, LilyPond uses Scheme (a LISP dialect) to provide
infrastructure. Overriding layout decisions in effect accesses the
program internals, which requires Scheme input. Scheme elements are
introduced in a ‘.ly’ file with the hash
mark #
.1
5.1 Interpretation contexts | ||
5.2 Explaining the Internals Reference | ||
5.3 Modifying properties | ||
5.4 Useful concepts and properties | ||
5.5 Advanced tweaks | ||
5.6 Using music functions |
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Changing defaults ] | [ Amunt : Changing defaults ] | [ Contexts explained > ] |
5.1 Interpretation contexts
This section describes what contexts are, and how to modify them.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Contexts and engravers.
Installed Files: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’, ‘ly/performer-init.ly’.
Snippets: Contexts and engravers.
Internals Reference: Contexts, Engravers and Performers.
5.1.1 Contexts explained
Contexts are arranged hierarchically:
Output definitions - blueprints for contexts | ||
Score - the master of all contexts | ||
Top-level contexts - staff containers | ||
Intermediate-level contexts - staves | ||
Bottom-level contexts - voices |
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Contexts explained ] | [ Amunt : Contexts explained ] | [ Score - the master of all contexts > ] |
Output definitions - blueprints for contexts
This section explains the relevance of output definitions when working with contexts. Examples for actual output definitions are given later (see Changing all contexts of the same type).
While music written in a file may refer to context types and
names, contexts are created only when the music is actually being
interpreted. LilyPond interprets music under control of an
‘output definition’ and may do so for several different output
definitions, resulting in different output. The output definition
relevant for printing music is specified using \layout
.
A much simpler output definition used for producing Midi output is
specified using \midi
. Several other output definitions
are used by LilyPond internally, like when using the part combiner
(Combinació automàtica de les parts) or creating music quotes
(Cites a altres veus).
Output definitions define the relation between contexts as well as
their respective default settings. While most changes will
usually be made inside of a \layout
block, Midi-related
settings will only have an effect when made within a \midi
block.
Some settings affect several outputs: for example, if
autoBeaming
is turned off in some context, beams count as
melismata for the purpose of matching music to lyrics as described
in Automatic syllable durations. This matching is done both
for printed output as well as for Midi. If changes made to
autoBeaming
within a context definition of a \layout
block are not repeated in the corresponding \midi
block,
lyrics and music will get out of sync in Midi.
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’. ‘ly/performer-init.ly’.
Score - the master of all contexts
This is the top level notation context. No other context can contain a Score context. By default the Score context handles the administration of time signatures and makes sure that items such as clefs, time signatures, and key-signatures are aligned across staves.
A Score context is instantiated implicitly when a
\score {…}
block is processed.
Top-level contexts - staff containers
StaffGroup
Groups staves while adding a bracket on the left side, grouping
the staves together. The bar lines of the contained staves are
connected vertically. StaffGroup
only consists of a collection
of staves, with a bracket in front and spanning bar lines.
ChoirStaff
Identical to StaffGroup
except that the bar lines of the
contained staves are not connected vertically.
GrandStaff
A group of staves, with a brace on the left side, grouping the staves together. The bar lines of the contained staves are connected vertically.
PianoStaff
Just like GrandStaff
, but with support for instrument names
to the left of each system.
Intermediate-level contexts - staves
Staff
Handles clefs, bar lines, keys, accidentals. It can contain
Voice
contexts.
RhythmicStaff
Like Staff
but for printing rhythms. Pitches are ignored
when engraving; the notes are printed on one line. The MIDI
rendition retains pitches unchanged.
TabStaff
Context for generating tablature. By default lays the music expression out as a guitar tablature, printed on six lines.
DrumStaff
Handles typesetting for percussion. Can contain DrumVoice
.
VaticanaStaff
Same as Staff
, except that it is designed for typesetting
a piece in gregorian style.
MensuralStaff
Same as Staff
, except that it is designed for typesetting
a piece in mensural style.
Bottom-level contexts - voices
Voice-level contexts initialise certain properties and start
appropriate engravers. A bottom-level context is one without
defaultchild
. While it is possible to let it
accept/contain subcontexts, they can only be created and entered
explicitly.
Voice
Corresponds to a voice on a staff. This context handles the conversion of dynamic signs, stems, beams, super- and sub-scripts, slurs, ties, and rests. You have to instantiate this explicitly if you require multiple voices on the same staff.
VaticanaVoice
Same as Voice
, except that it is designed for typesetting
a piece in gregorian style.
MensuralVoice
Same as Voice
, with modifications for typesetting a piece in
mensural style.
Lyrics
Corresponds to a voice with lyrics. Handles the printing of a single line of lyrics.
DrumVoice
The voice context used in a percussion staff.
FiguredBass
The context in which BassFigure
objects are created from
input entered in \figuremode
mode.
TabVoice
The voice context used within a TabStaff
context. Usually
left to be created implicitly.
CueVoice
A voice context used to render notes of a reduced size, intended primarily for adding cue notes to a staff, see Format de les notes guia. Usually left to be created implicitly.
ChordNames
Typesets chord names.
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5.1.2 Creating and referencing contexts
LilyPond will create lower-level contexts automatically if a music
expression is encountered before a suitable context exists, but this
is usually successful only for simple scores or music fragments like
the ones in the documentation. For more complex scores it is
advisable to specify all contexts explicitly with either the
\new
or \context
command. The syntax of
these two commands is very similar:
[\new | \context] Context [ = name] [music-expression]
where either \new
or \context
may be specified.
Context is the type of context which is to be created,
name is an optional name to be given to the particular context
being created and music-expression is a single music expression
that is to be interpreted by the engravers and performers in this
context.
The \new
prefix without a name is commonly used to create
scores with many staves:
<< \new Staff \relative { % leave the Voice context to be created implicitly c''4 c } \new Staff \relative { d''4 d } >>
and to place several voices into one staff:
\new Staff << \new Voice \relative { \voiceOne c''8 c c4 c c } \new Voice \relative { \voiceTwo g'4 g g g } >>
\new
should always be used to specify unnamed contexts.
The difference between \new
and \context
is in the
action taken:
-
\new
with or without a name will always create a fresh, distinct, context, even if one with the same name already exists:\new Staff << \new Voice = "A" \relative { \voiceOne c''8 c c4 c c } \new Voice = "A" \relative { \voiceTwo g'4 g g g } >>
-
\context
with a name specified will create a distinct context only if a context of the same type with the same name in the same context hierarchy does not already exist. Otherwise it will be taken as a reference to that previously created context, and its music expression will be passed to that context for interpretation.One application of named contexts is in separating the score layout from the musical content. Either of these two forms is valid:
\score { << % score layout \new Staff << \new Voice = "one" { \voiceOne } \new Voice = "two" { \voiceTwo } >> % musical content \context Voice = "one" { \relative { c''4 c c c } } \context Voice = "two" { \relative { g'8 g g4 g g } } >> }
\score { << % score layout \new Staff << \context Voice = "one" { \voiceOne } \context Voice = "two" { \voiceTwo } >> % musical content \context Voice = "one" { \relative { c''4 c c c } } \context Voice = "two" { \relative { g'8 g g4 g g } } >> }
Alternatively, variables may be employed to similar effect. See Organizing pieces with variables.
-
\context
with no name will match the first of any previously created contexts of the same type in the same context heirarchy, even one that has been given a name, and its music expression will be passed to that context for interpretation. This form is rarely useful. However,\context
with no name and no music expression is used to set the context in which a Scheme procedure specified with\applyContext
is executed:\new Staff \relative { c'1 \context Timing \applyContext #(lambda (ctx) (newline) (display (ly:context-current-moment ctx))) c1 }
A context must be named if it is to be referenced later, for example when lyrics are associated with music:
\new Voice = "tenor" music … \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" lyrics
For details of associating lyrics with music see Automatic syllable durations.
The properties of all contexts of a particular type can be modified
in a \layout
block (with a different syntax), see
Changing all contexts of the same type. This construct also
provides a means of keeping layout instructions separate from the
musical content. If a single context is to be modified, a \with
block must be used, see Changing just one specific context.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Organizing pieces with variables.
Notation Reference: Changing just one specific context, Automatic syllable durations.
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[ < Creating and referencing contexts ] | [ Amunt : Interpretation contexts ] | [ Modifying context plug-ins > ] |
5.1.3 Keeping contexts alive
Contexts are usually terminated at the first musical moment in
which they have nothing to do. So Voice
contexts die as
soon as they contain no events, Staff
contexts die as soon
as all the Voice
contexts within them contain no events, etc.
This can cause difficulties if earlier contexts which have died
have to be referenced, for example, when changing staves with
\change
commands, associating lyrics with a voice with
\lyricsto
commands, or when adding further musical events to
an earlier context.
There is an exception to this general rule: inside of an
{…}
construct (sequential music), the construct’s
notion of the “current context” will descend whenever an element
of the sequence ends in a subcontext of the previous current
context. This avoids spurious creation of implicit contexts in a
number of situations but means that the first context descended
into will be kept alive until the end of the expression.
In contrast, the contexts of a <<…>>
construct’s
(simultaneous music) expression are not carried forth, so
enclosing a context creating command in an extra pair of
<<…>>
will keep the context from persisting through
all of the enclosing {…}
sequence.
Any context can be kept alive by ensuring it has something to do at
every musical moment. Staff
contexts are kept alive by
ensuring one of their voices is kept alive. One way of doing this
is to add spacer rests to a voice in parallel with the real music.
These need to be added to every Voice
context which needs to
be kept alive. If several voices are to be used sporadically it is
safest to keep them all alive rather than attempting to rely on the
exceptions mentioned above.
In the following example, both voice A and voice B are kept alive in this way for the duration of the piece:
musicA = \relative { d''4 d d d } musicB = \relative { g'4 g g g } keepVoicesAlive = { << \new Voice = "A" { s1*5 } % Keep Voice "A" alive for 5 bars \new Voice = "B" { s1*5 } % Keep Voice "B" alive for 5 bars >> } music = { \context Voice = "A" { \voiceOneStyle \musicA } \context Voice = "B" { \voiceTwoStyle \musicB } \context Voice = "A" { \musicA } \context Voice = "B" { \musicB } \context Voice = "A" { \musicA } } \score { \new Staff << \keepVoicesAlive \music >> }
The following example shows how a sporadic melody line with lyrics might be written using this approach. In a real situation the melody and accompaniment would consist of several different sections, of course.
melody = \relative { a'4 a a a } accompaniment = \relative { d'4 d d d } words = \lyricmode { These words fol -- low the mel -- o -- dy } \score { << \new Staff = "music" { << \new Voice = "melody" { \voiceOne s1*4 % Keep Voice "melody" alive for 4 bars } { \new Voice = "accompaniment" { \voiceTwo \accompaniment } << \context Voice = "melody" { \melody } \context Voice = "accompaniment" { \accompaniment } >> \context Voice = "accompaniment" { \accompaniment } << \context Voice = "melody" { \melody } \context Voice = "accompaniment" { \accompaniment } >> } >> } \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"music" } \lyricsto "melody" { \words } >> }
An alternative way, which may be better in many circumstances, is to keep the melody line alive by simply including spacer notes to line it up correctly with the accompaniment:
melody = \relative { s1 % skip a bar a'4 a a a s1 % skip a bar a4 a a a } accompaniment = \relative { d'4 d d d d4 d d d d4 d d d d4 d d d } words = \lyricmode { These words fol -- low the mel -- o -- dy } \score { << \new Staff = "music" { << \new Voice = "melody" { \voiceOne \melody } \new Voice = "accompaniment" { \voiceTwo \accompaniment } >> } \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"music" } \lyricsto "melody" { \words } >> }
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5.1.4 Modifying context plug-ins
Notation contexts (like Score
and Staff
) not only store
properties, they also contain plug-ins called ‘engravers’ that create
notation elements. For example, the Voice
context contains a
Note_heads_engraver
and the Staff
context contains a
Key_engraver
.
For a full a description of each plug-in, see Engravers and Performers. Every context described in Contexts lists the engravers used for that context.
It can be useful to shuffle around these plug-ins. This is done by
starting a new context with \new
or \context
, and
modifying it,
\new context \with { \consists … \consists … \remove … \remove … etc. } { …music… }
where the … should be the name of an engraver. Here is a simple
example which removes Time_signature_engraver
and
Clef_engraver
from a Staff
context,
<< \new Staff \relative { f'2 g } \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" } \relative { f'2 g2 } >>
In the second staff there are no time signature or clef symbols. This is a rather crude method of making objects disappear since it will affect the entire staff. This method also influences the spacing, which may or may not be desirable. More sophisticated methods of blanking objects are shown in Visibility and color of objects.
The next example shows a practical application. Bar lines and time
signatures are normally synchronized across the score. This is done
by the Timing_translator
and Default_bar_line_engraver
.
This plug-in keeps an administration of time signature, location
within the measure, etc. By moving these engraver from Score
to
Staff
context, we can have a score where each staff has its own
time signature.
\score { << \new Staff \with { \consists "Timing_translator" \consists "Default_bar_line_engraver" } \relative { \time 3/4 c''4 c c c c c } \new Staff \with { \consists "Timing_translator" \consists "Default_bar_line_engraver" } \relative { \time 2/4 c''4 c c c c c } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" \remove "Default_bar_line_engraver" } } }
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The order in which the engravers are specified is the order in which they are called to carry out their processing. Usually the order in which the engravers are specified does not matter, but in a few special cases the order is important, for example where one engraver writes a property and another reads it, or where one engraver creates a grob and another must process it.
The following orderings are important:
-
the
Bar_engraver
must normally be first, -
the
New_fingering_engraver
must come before theScript_column_engraver
, -
the
Timing_translator
must come before theBar_number_engraver
.
Vegeu també
Installed Files: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’.
5.1.5 Changing context default settings
Context and grob properties can be changed with \set
and \override
commands, as described in
Modifying properties. These commands create music events,
making the changes take effect at the point in time the music
is being processed.
In contrast, this section explains how to change the default values of context and grob properties at the time the context is created. There are two ways of doing this. One modifies the default values in all contexts of a particular type, the other modifies the default values in just one particular instance of a context.
Changing all contexts of the same type | ||
Changing just one specific context | ||
Order of precedence |
Changing all contexts of the same type
The default context settings which are to be used for typesetting in
Score
, Staff
, Voice
and other contexts may be
specified in a \context
block within any \layout
block.
Settings for Midi output as opposed to typesetting will have to be
separately specified in \midi
blocks (see Output definitions - blueprints for contexts).
The \layout
block should be placed within the \score
block to which it is to apply, after the music.
\layout { \context { \Voice [context settings for all Voice contexts] } \context { \Staff [context settings for all Staff contexts] } }
The following types of settings may be specified:
-
An
\override
command, but with the context name omitted\score { \relative { a'4^"Thicker stems" a a a a4 a a\ff a } \layout { \context { \Staff \override Stem.thickness = #4.0 } } }
-
Directly setting a context property
\score { \relative { a'4^"Smaller font" a a a a4 a a\ff a } \layout { \context { \Staff fontSize = #-4 } } }
-
A predefined command such as
\dynamicUp
or a music expression like\accidentalStyle dodecaphonic
\score { \relative { a'4^"Dynamics above" a a a a4 a a\ff a } \layout { \context { \Voice \dynamicUp } \context { \Staff \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic } } }
-
A user-defined variable containing a
\with
block; for details of the\with
block see Changing just one specific context.StaffDefaults = \with { fontSize = #-4 } \score { \new Staff { \relative { a'4^"Smaller font" a a a a4 a a a } } \layout { \context { \Staff \StaffDefaults } } }
Property-setting commands can be placed in a \layout
block
without being enclosed in a \context
block. Such settings
are equivalent to including the same property-setting commands at
the start of every context of the type specified. If no context
is specified every bottom-level context is affected, see
Bottom-level contexts - voices. The syntax of a
property-setting command in a \layout
block is the same as
the same command written in the music stream.
\score { \new Staff { \relative { a'4^"Smaller font" a a a a4 a a a } } \layout { \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic \set fontSize = #-4 \override Voice.Stem.thickness = #4.0 } }
Changing just one specific context
The context properties of just one specific context instance can be
changed in a \with
block. All other context instances of the
same type retain the default settings built into LilyPond and modified
by any \layout
block within scope. The \with
block
must be placed immediately after the \new
context-type
command:
\new Staff \with { [context settings for this context instance only] } { … }
Alternatively, if the music is being entered using the short form of the
input mode-specifying commands, e.g. \chords
rather than
\chordmode
, the \with
command must be placed immediately
after the mode-specifying command:
\chords \with { [context settings for this (implicit) context instance only] } { … }
as it is the implicit context created by these short forms which should
be modified. The same consideration applies to the other input
mode-specifying short forms (\drums
, \figures
), see
Input modes.
Since context modifications specified in \with
blocks are inside
music, they will affect all outputs (typesetting and
Midi) as opposed to changes within an output definition.
The following types of settings may be specified:
-
An
\override
command, but with the context name omitted\score { \new Staff { \new Voice \with { \override Stem.thickness = #4.0 } { \relative { a'4^"Thick stems" a a a a4 a a a } } } }
-
Directly setting a context property
\score { << \new Staff { \relative { a'4^"Default font" a a a a4 a a a } } \new Staff \with { fontSize = #-4 } { \relative { a'4^"Smaller font" a a a a4 a a a } } >> }
-
A predefined command such as
\dynamicUp
\score { << \new Staff { \new Voice { \relative { a'4^"Dynamics below" a a a a4 a a\ff a } } } \new Staff \with { \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic } { \new Voice \with { \dynamicUp } { \relative { a'4^"Dynamics above" a a a a4 a a\ff a } } } >> }
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Input modes
Order of precedence
The value of a property which applies at a particular time is determined as follows:
-
if an
\override
or\set
command in the input stream is in effect that value is used, -
otherwise the default value taken from a
\with
statement on the context initiation statement is used, -
otherwise the default value taken from the most recent appropriate
\context
block in the\layout
or\midi
blocks is used, - otherwise the LilyPond built-in default is used.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Modifying context properties.
Notation Reference:
Contexts explained,
Bottom-level contexts - voices,
The \set
command,
The \override
command,
The \layout
block.
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[ < Order of precedence ] | [ Amunt : Interpretation contexts ] | [ Context layout order > ] |
5.1.6 Defining new contexts
Specific contexts, like Staff
and Voice
, are made from
simple building blocks. It is possible to create new types of
contexts with different combinations of engraver plug-ins.
The next example shows how to build a different type of
Voice
context from scratch. It will be similar to
Voice
, but only prints centered slash note heads. It can be used
to indicate improvisation in jazz pieces,
These settings are defined within a \context
block inside a
\layout
block,
\layout { \context { … } }
In the following discussion, the example input shown should go in place of the … in the previous fragment.
First it is necessary to define a name for the new context:
\name ImproVoice
Since it is similar to the Voice
context, we want commands that
work in (existing) Voice
contexts to continue working. This is
achieved by giving the new context an alias of Voice
,
\alias Voice
The context will print notes and instructive texts, so we need to add the engravers which provide this functionality, plus the engraver which groups notes, stems and rests which occur at the same musical moment into columns,
\consists "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Text_engraver" \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver"
The note heads should all be placed on the center line,
\consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" squashedPosition = #0
The Pitch_squash_engraver
modifies note heads (created
by the Note_heads_engraver
) and sets their vertical
position to the value of squashedPosition
, in this
case 0
, the center line.
The notes look like a slash, and have no stem,
\override NoteHead.style = #'slash \hide Stem
All these plug-ins have to communicate under the control of the
context. The mechanisms with which contexts communicate are
established by declaring the context \type
. Within a
\layout
block, most contexts will be of type
Engraver_group
. Some special contexts and contexts in
\midi
blocks use other context types. Copying and
modifying an existing context definition will also fill in the
type. Since this example creates a definition from scratch, it
needs to be specified explicitly.
\type "Engraver_group"
Put together, we get
\context { \name ImproVoice \type "Engraver_group" \consists "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Text_engraver" \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver" \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" squashedPosition = #0 \override NoteHead.style = #'slash \hide Stem \alias Voice }
Contexts form hierarchies. We want to place the ImproVoice
context within the Staff
context, just like normal Voice
contexts. Therefore, we modify the Staff
definition with the
\accepts
command,
\context { \Staff \accepts ImproVoice }
Often when reusing an existing context definition, the resulting context can be used anywhere where the original context would have been useful.
\layout { … \inherit-acceptability to from }
will arrange to have contexts of type to accepted by all contexts also accepting from. For example, using
\layout { … \inherit-acceptability "ImproVoice" "Voice" }
will add an \accepts
for ImproVoice
to both
Staff
and RhythmicStaff
definitions.
The opposite of \accepts
is \denies
,
which is sometimes needed when reusing existing context definitions.
Arranging the required pieces into a \layout
block leaves
us with
\layout { \context { \name ImproVoice … } \inherit-acceptability "ImproVoice" "Voice" }
Then the output at the start of this subsection can be entered as
\relative { a'4 d8 bes8 \new ImproVoice { c4^"ad lib" c c4 c^"undress" c c_"while playing :)" } a1 }
To complete this example, changes affecting the context hierarchy
should be repeated in a \midi
block so that Midi output
depends on the same context relations.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: Note_heads_engraver, Text_engraver, Rhythmic_column_engraver, Pitch_squash_engraver.
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5.1.7 Context layout order
Contexts are normally positioned in a system from top to bottom in the order in which they are encountered in the input file. When contexts are nested, the outer context will include inner nested contexts as specified in the input file, provided the inner contexts are included in the outer context’s “accepts” list. Nested contexts which are not included in the outer context’s “accepts” list will be repositioned below the outer context rather than nested within it.
The “accepts” list of a context can be changed with the
\accepts
or \denies
commands. \accepts
adds a
context to the “accepts” list and \denies
removes a context
from the list.
For example, a square-braced staff group is not usually found within a
curved-braced staff with connecting staff bars, and a GrandStaff
does not accept a StaffGroup
inside it by default.
\score { \new GrandStaff << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { c'1 } \new Staff { d'1 } >> \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = bottom f'1 } >> }
However, by using the \accepts
command, StaffGroup
can be
added to the GrandStaff
context:
\score { \new GrandStaff << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { c'1 } \new Staff { d'1 } >> \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = bottom f'1 } >> \layout { \context { \GrandStaff \accepts "StaffGroup" } } }
\denies
is mainly used when a new context is being based on
another, but the required nesting differs. For example, the
VaticanaStaff
context is based on the Staff
context, but
with the VaticanaVoice
context substituted for the Voice
context in the “accepts” list.
Note that a context will be silently created implicitly if a command is encountered when there is no suitable context available to contain it.
Within a context definition, the type of subcontext to be
implicitly created is specified using \defaultchild
. A
number of music events require a ‘Bottom’ context: when such
an event is encountered, subcontexts are created recursively until
reaching a context with no ‘defaultchild’ setting.
Implicit context creation can at times give rise to unexpected new
staves or scores. Using \new
to create contexts explicitly
avoids those problems.
Sometimes a context is required to exist for just a brief period, a good example being the staff context for an ossia. This is usually achieved by introducing the context definition at the appropriate place in parallel with corresponding section of the main music. By default, the temporary context will be placed below all the existing contexts. To reposition it above the context called “main”, it should be defined like this:
\new Staff \with { alignAboveContext = #"main" }
A similar situation arises when positioning a temporary lyrics
context within a multi-staved layout such as a ChoirStaff
,
for example, when adding a second verse to a repeated section.
By default the temporary lyrics context will be placed beneath the
lower staves. By defining the temporary lyrics context with
alignBelowContext
it can be positioned correctly beneath
the (named) lyrics context containing the first verse.
Examples showing this repositioning of temporary contexts can be found elsewhere — see Nesting music expressions, Modificació de pentagrames separats and Techniques specific to lyrics.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Nesting music expressions.
Notation Reference: Modificació de pentagrames separats, Techniques specific to lyrics.
Application Usage: An extra staff appears.
Installed Files: ‘ly/engraver-init.ly’.
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[ < Context layout order ] | [ Amunt : Changing defaults ] | [ Navigating the program reference > ] |
5.2 Explaining the Internals Reference
5.2.1 Navigating the program reference | ||
5.2.2 Layout interfaces | ||
5.2.3 Determining the grob property | ||
5.2.4 Naming conventions |
5.2.1 Navigating the program reference
Suppose we want to move the fingering indication in the fragment below:
c''-2
If you visit the documentation on fingering instructions (in Fingering instructions), you will notice:
See also
Internals Reference: Fingering.
Follow the link to Fingering. At the top of the page, you will see
Fingering objects are created by: Fingering_engraver and New_fingering_engraver.
By following related links inside the program reference, we can follow the flow of information within the program:
- Fingering: Fingering objects are created by: Fingering_engraver
- Fingering_engraver: Music types accepted: fingering-event
-
fingering-event:
Music event type
fingering-event
is in Music expressions named FingeringEvent
This path goes against the flow of information in the program: it starts from the output, and ends at the input event. You could also start at an input event, and read with the flow of information, eventually ending up at the output object(s).
The program reference can also be browsed like a normal document. It contains chapters on Music definitions, on Translation, and the Backend. Every chapter lists all the definitions used and all properties that may be tuned.
5.2.2 Layout interfaces
The HTML page that we found in the previous section describes the layout object called Fingering. Such an object is a symbol within the score. It has properties that store numbers (like thicknesses and directions), but also pointers to related objects. A layout object is also called a Grob, which is short for Graphical Object. For more details about Grobs, see grob-interface.
The page for Fingering
lists the definitions for the
Fingering
object. For example, the page says
padding
(dimension, in staff space):
0.5
which means that the number will be kept at a distance of at least 0.5 of the note head.
Each layout object may have several functions as a notational or typographical element. For example, the Fingering object has the following aspects
- Its size is independent of the horizontal spacing, unlike slurs or beams.
- It is a piece of text. Granted, it is usually a very short text.
- That piece of text is typeset with a font, unlike slurs or beams.
- Horizontally, the center of the symbol should be aligned to the center of the note head.
- Vertically, the symbol is placed next to the note and the staff.
- The vertical position is also coordinated with other superscript and subscript symbols.
Each of these aspects is captured in so-called interfaces, which are listed on the Fingering page at the bottom
This object supports the following interfaces: item-interface, self-alignment-interface, side-position-interface, text-interface, text-script-interface, font-interface, finger-interface, and grob-interface.
Clicking any of the links will take you to the page of the respective object interface. Each interface has a number of properties. Some of them are not user-serviceable (‘Internal properties’), but others can be modified.
We have been talking of the Fingering
object, but actually it
does not amount to much. The initialization file (see
Other sources of information)
‘scm/define-grobs.scm’ shows the soul of the ‘object’,
(Fingering . ((padding . 0.5) (avoid-slur . around) (slur-padding . 0.2) (staff-padding . 0.5) (self-alignment-X . 0) (self-alignment-Y . 0) (script-priority . 100) (stencil . ,ly:text-interface::print) (direction . ,ly:script-interface::calc-direction) (font-encoding . fetaText) (font-size . -5) ; don't overlap when next to heads. (meta . ((class . Item) (interfaces . (finger-interface font-interface text-script-interface text-interface side-position-interface self-alignment-interface item-interface))))))
As you can see, the Fingering
object is nothing more than a
bunch of variable settings, and the webpage in the Internals Reference
is directly generated from this definition.
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[ < Layout interfaces ] | [ Amunt : Explaining the Internals Reference ] | [ Naming conventions > ] |
5.2.3 Determining the grob property
Recall that we wanted to change the position of the 2 in
c''-2
Since the 2 is vertically positioned next to its note, we have to
meddle with the interface associated with this positioning. This is
done using side-position-interface
. The page for this interface
says
side-position-interface
Position a victim object (this one) next to other objects (the support). The property
direction
signifies where to put the victim object relative to the support (left or right, up or down?)
Below this description, the variable padding
is described as
padding
(dimension, in staff space)
Add this much extra space between objects that are next to each other.
By increasing the value of padding
, we can move the fingering
away from the note head. The following command will insert “three
staff spaces” worth of distance between the note and a fingering mark:
\once \override Voice.Fingering.padding = #3
Inserting the padding before the fingering object is created results in the following:
\once \override Voice.Fingering.padding = #3 c''-2
In this case, the context for this tweak is Voice
. See
Fingering_engraver plug-in, which says:
Fingering_engraver is part of contexts: … Voice
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5.2.4 Naming conventions
Another thing that is needed, is an overview of the various naming conventions:
- scheme functions: lowercase-with-hyphens (also includes one-word names)
- LilyPond-specific scheme functions: ly:plus-scheme-style
- music events, music classes and music properties: as-scheme-functions
- Grob interfaces: scheme-style
- backend properties: scheme-style (but X and Y!)
- contexts (and MusicExpressions and grobs): Capitalized or CamelCase
- context properties: lowercaseFollowedByCamelCase
- engravers: Capitalized_followed_by_lowercase_and_with_underscores
Questions to be answered:
- Which of these are conventions and which are rules?
- Which are rules of the underlying language, and which are LilyPond-specific?
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5.3 Modifying properties
5.3.1 Overview of modifying properties | ||
5.3.2 The \set command | ||
5.3.3 The \override command | ||
5.3.4 The \tweak command | ||
5.3.5 \set vs. \override | ||
5.3.6 The \offset command | ||
5.3.7 Modifying alists |
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[ < Modifying properties ] | [ Amunt : Modifying properties ] | [ The set command > ] |
5.3.1 Overview of modifying properties
Each context is responsible for creating certain types of graphical objects. The settings used for printing these objects are also stored by context. By changing these settings, the appearance of objects can be altered.
There are two different kinds of properties stored in contexts: context properties and grob properties. Context properties are properties that apply to the context as a whole and control how the context itself is displayed. In contrast, grob properties apply to specific grob types that will be displayed in the context.
The \set
and \unset
commands are used to change values
for context properties. The \override
and \revert
commands are used to change values for grob properties.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: Backend, All layout objects, OverrideProperty, RevertProperty, PropertySet.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The back-end is not very strict in type-checking object properties. Cyclic references in Scheme values for properties can cause hangs or crashes, or both.
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5.3.2 The \set
command
Each context has a set of properties, variables contained
in that context. Context properties are changed with the \set
command, which has the following syntax:
\set context.property = #value
value is a Scheme object, which is why it must be preceded by
the #
character.
Contexts properties are usually named in
studlyCaps
. They mostly control the translation from
music to notation, e.g., localAlterations
(for determining
whether to print accidentals), or measurePosition
(for
determining when to print a bar line). Context properties can
change value over time while interpreting a piece of music;
measurePosition
is an obvious example of
this. Context properties are modified with \set
.
For example, multimeasure rests will be combined into a single bar
if the context property skipBars
is set to #t
:
R1*2 \set Score.skipBars = ##t R1*2
If the context argument is left out, then the property will be
set in the current bottom context (typically ChordNames
,
Voice
, TabVoice
, or Lyrics
).
\set Score.autoBeaming = ##f \relative { e''8 e e e \set autoBeaming = ##t e8 e e e } \\ \relative { c''8 c c c c8 c c c }
The change is applied ‘on-the-fly’, during the music, so that the setting only affects the second group of eighth notes.
Note that the bottom-most context does not always contain the property
that you wish to change – for example, attempting to set the
skipBars
property of the default bottom context, in this case
Voice
, will have no effect, because skipBars is a property of
the Score
context.
R1*2 \set skipBars = ##t R1*2
Contexts are hierarchical, so if an enclosing context was specified, for
example Staff
, then the change would also apply to all
Voice
s in the current staff.
The \unset
command:
\unset context.property
is used to remove the definition of property from context. This command removes the definition only if it is set in context. Properties that have been set in enclosing contexts will not be altered by an unset in an enclosed context:
\set Score.autoBeaming = ##t \relative { \unset autoBeaming e''8 e e e \unset Score.autoBeaming e8 e e e } \\ \relative { c''8 c c c c8 c c c }
Like \set
, the context argument does not have to be
specified for a bottom context, so the two statements
\set Voice.autoBeaming = ##t \set autoBeaming = ##t
are equivalent if the current bottom context is Voice
.
Preceding a \set
or \unset
command by \once
makes the setting apply to only a single time-step:
c''4 \once \set fontSize = #4.7 c''4 c''4
A full description of all available context properties is in the internals reference, see Tunable context properties.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: Tunable context properties.
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[ < The set command ] | [ Amunt : Modifying properties ] | [ The tweak command > ] |
5.3.3 The \override
command
There is a special type of context property: the grob
description. Grob descriptions are named in StudlyCaps
(starting with capital letters). They contain the
‘default settings’ for a particular kind of grob as an
association list. See ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’
to see the settings for each grob description. Grob descriptions
are modified with \override
.
The syntax for the \override
command is
\override [context.]GrobName.property = #value
For example, we can increase the thickness of a note stem by
overriding the thickness
property of the Stem
object:
c''4 c'' \override Voice.Stem.thickness = #3.0 c''4 c''
If no context is specified in an \override
, the bottom
context is used:
\override Staff.Stem.thickness = #3.0 << \relative { e''4 e \override Stem.thickness = #0.5 e4 e } \\ \relative { c''4 c c c } >>
Some tweakable options are called ‘subproperties’ and reside inside properties. To tweak those, use commands in the form
\override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(4 4 3)
or to modify the ends of spanners, use a form like these
\override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"left text" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"right text"
The effects of \override
can be undone by \revert
.
The syntax for the \revert
command is
\revert [context.]GrobName.property
For example,
\relative { c''4 \override Voice.Stem.thickness = #3.0 c4 c \revert Voice.Stem.thickness c4 }
The effects of \override
and \revert
apply to all
grobs in the affected context from the current time forward:
<< \relative { e''4 \override Staff.Stem.thickness = #3.0 e4 e e } \\ \relative { c''4 c c \revert Staff.Stem.thickness c4 } >>
\once
can be used with \override
or \revert
to affect only the current time step:
<< \relative c { \override Stem.thickness = #3.0 e''4 e e e } \\ \relative { c''4 \once \override Stem.thickness = #3.0 c4 c c } >>
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: Backend
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[ < The override command ] | [ Amunt : Modifying properties ] | [ set versus override > ] |
5.3.4 The \tweak
command
Changing grob properties
with \override
causes the changes to apply to all of the
given grobs in the context at the moment the change applies.
Sometimes, however, it is desirable to have changes apply to just
one grob, rather than to all grobs in the affected context. This is
accomplished with the \tweak
command, which has the following
syntax:
\tweak [layout-object.]grob-property value
Specifying layout-object is optional.
The \tweak
command applies to the music object that immediately
follows value in the music stream.
For an introduction to the syntax and uses of the tweak command see Tweaking methods.
When several similar items are placed at the same musical moment,
the \override
command cannot be used to modify just one of
them – this is where the \tweak
command must be used.
Items which may appear more than once at the same musical moment
include the following:
- note heads of notes inside a chord
- articulation signs on a single note
- ties between notes in a chord
- tuplet brackets starting at the same time
In this example, the color of one note head and the type of another note head are modified within a single chord:
< c'' \tweak color #red d'' g'' \tweak duration-log #1 a'' > 4
\tweak
can be used to modify slurs:
\relative { c'-\tweak thickness #5 ( d e f) }
For the \tweak
command to work, it must
remain immediately adjacent to the object to which it is
to apply after the input file has been converted to a music stream.
Tweaking a whole chord does not do anything since its music event
only acts as a container, and all layout objects are created from events
inside of the EventChord
:
\tweak color #red c''4 \tweak color #red <c'' e''>4 <\tweak color #red c'' e''>4
The simple \tweak
command cannot be used to modify any object
that is not directly created from the input. In particular
it will not affect stems, automatic
beams or accidentals, since these are generated later by
NoteHead
layout objects rather than by music elements in the
input stream.
Such indirectly created layout objects can be tweaked using the form
of the \tweak
command in which the grob name is specified
explicitly:
\tweak Stem.color #red \tweak Beam.color #green c''8 e'' <c'' e'' \tweak Accidental.font-size #-3 ges''>4
\tweak
cannot be used to modify clefs or time
signatures, since these become separated from any preceding
\tweak
command in the input stream by the automatic
insertion of extra elements required to specify the context.
Several \tweak
commands may be placed before a
notational element – all affect it:
c' -\tweak style #'dashed-line -\tweak dash-fraction #0.2 -\tweak thickness #3 -\tweak color #red \glissando f''
The music stream which is generated from a section of an input file,
including any automatically inserted elements, may be examined,
see
Displaying music expressions. This may be helpful in
determining what may be modified by a \tweak
command, or
in determining how to adjust the input to make a \tweak
apply.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Tweaking methods.
Extending LilyPond: Displaying music expressions.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
The \tweak
command cannot be used to modify the control
points of just one of several ties in a chord, other than the first
one encountered in the input file.
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[ < The tweak command ] | [ Amunt : Modifying properties ] | [ The offset command > ] |
5.3.5 \set
vs. \override
The \set
and \override
commands manipulate properties
associated with contexts. In both cases, the properties follow a
hierarchy of contexts; properties that are not set themselves in
a context will still show the values of their respective parent’s
context.
The lifetime and value of a context property is dynamic and only available when music is being interpreted (i.e., ‘iterated’). At the time of the context’s creation, properties are initialized from its corresponding definitions (along with any other modifications) of that context. Any subsequent changes are achieved with any ‘property-setting’ commands that are within the music itself.
Graphical Object (or “grob”) definitions are a special category of context properties as their structure and use is different from that of normal context properties. Unlike normal context properties, grob definitions are subdivided into grob properties.
Also, in contrast to normal context properties, grob definitions have their own internal ‘bookkeeping’ used to keep track of their own individual grob properties and any sub-properties. This means that it is possible to define those parts within different contexts and yet still have the overall grob definition at the time of grob creation from all the pieces provided amongst the current context and its parent(s).
A grob is usually created by an engraver at the time of interpreting a music expression and receives its initial properties from the current grob definition of the engraver’s context. The engraver (or other ‘backend’ parts of LilyPond) can then change (or add to) the grob’s initial properties. However, this does not affect the context’s own grob definition.
What LilyPond calls grob properties in the context of ‘user-level’ tweaks are really the properties of a context’s own grob definition.
Grob definitions are accessed with a different set of commands and are
manipulated using \override
and \revert
and have a name
starting with a capital letter (e.g., ‘NoteHead’); whereas normal
context properties are manipulated using \set
and \unset
and are named starting with a lowercase letter.
The commands \tweak
and \overrideProperty
change grob
properties by bypassing all context properties completely and, instead,
catch grobs as they are being created, setting properties on them for
a music event (\tweak
) or, in the case of
\overrideProperty
for a specific override.
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[ < set versus override ] | [ Amunt : Modifying properties ] | [ Modifying alists > ] |
5.3.6 The \offset
command
While it is possible to set grob properties to new values with the
\override
, \tweak
, and \overrideProperty
commands,
it is often more convenient to modify such properties relative to a
default value. The \offset
command is available for this
purpose.
The syntax for \offset
is
[-]\offset property offsets item
The command works by adding the contents of offsets to the default setting of the property property of the grob indicated by item.
Depending on the formulation of the command, \offset
may act
as either a \tweak
or \override
. The variations in
usage are discussed after consideration is given to grob properties
that may be used with \offset
.
Properties which may be offset
Many, but not all, grob properties may be offset. If property
cannot be offset, the object will remain unchanged and a warning will
be issued. In such cases, \override
or \tweak
should be
used to modify the object instead.
One can work by trial and error and let the warnings be the guide to what may or may not be offset. A more systematic approach is possible, however.
The following criteria determine whether a property can be modified with
\offset
:
- The property has a ‘default setting’ in the grob’s description. Such properties are listed for each grob in All layout objects. (They are also found in ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’.)
-
The property takes a numerical value. Numerical values include
number
, list ofnumber
s,number-pair
, andnumber-pair-list
. The pages at All layout objects list the type of data characteristic to each property. It is immaterial whether the default setting is a function. - The property cannot be a ‘subproperty’—a property residing within another property.
- Properties set to infinite values cannot be offset. There is no sensible way to offset positive and negative infinity.
The following examples consider several grob properties against the criteria outlined above.
- Properties that may be offset
-
Hairpin.height
-
This property is not a subproperty, and it is listed at Hairpin. For a value, it takes ‘dimension, in staff space’ set to
0.6666
—clearly a non-infinitenumber
. -
Arpeggio.positions
-
The page Arpeggio lists a
positions
property which accepts a ‘pair of numbers’. It defaults toly:arpeggio::positions
—a callback which will be evaluated during the typesetting phase to yield a pair of numbers for any givenArpeggio
object.
-
- Properties that may not be offset
-
Hairpin.color
-
There is no listing for
color
at Hairpin. -
Hairpin.circled-tip
-
The listing for
Hairpin.circled-tip
at Hairpin shows that it takes aboolean
value. Booleans are non-numerical. -
Stem.details.lengths
-
Though listed at Stem and defaulting to a list of
number
s, this is a ‘subproperty’. There is currently no support for ‘nested properties’.
-
\offset as an override
If item is a grob name like Arpeggio
or
Staff.OttavaBracket
, the result is an \override
of the
specified grob-type.
\offset property offsets [context.]GrobName
Note that the leading hyphen is never used with the ‘override’
form, just as it is never used with the \override
command itself.
The following example uses the ‘override’ form to lengthen the
default arpeggios shown in the first measure to cover the extent of
the chords more fully. The arpeggios are stretched by a half
staff-space to top and bottom. Also shown is the same operation done on
the first chord with an ordinary override of the positions
property. This method is not at all expressive of the task of
‘stretching by a half staff-space’, as the endpoints must be specified
with absolute rather than relative coordinates. Furthermore, individual
overrides would be needed for the other chords, as they vary in size and
position.
arpeggioMusic = { <c' e' g'>\arpeggio <a' c'' e''>\arpeggio <d' f' a' c''>\arpeggio <c' e' g' b' d'' f'' a''>\arpeggio } { \arpeggioMusic \bar "||" \offset positions #'(-0.5 . 0.5) Arpeggio \arpeggioMusic \bar "||" \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-3.5 . -0.5) <c' e' g'>1\arpeggio \bar "||" }
In its ‘override’ usage, \offset
may be prefaced with
\once
or \temporary
and reverted using \revert
with
property. This follows from the fact that \offset
actually
creates an \override
of property.
music = { c'8\< d' e' f'\! } { \music \offset height 1 Hairpin \music \music \revert Hairpin.height \music \bar "||" \once \offset height 1 Hairpin \music \music \bar "||" \override Hairpin.height = 0.2 \music \temporary \offset height 2 Hairpin \music \music \revert Hairpin.height \music \bar "||" }
Also like \override
, the ‘override’ form of \offset
may
be used with \undo
and \single
.
longStem = \offset length 6 Stem { \longStem c'4 c''' c' c'' \bar "||" \undo \longStem c'4 c''' c' c'' \bar "||" \single \longStem c'4 c''' c' c'' \bar "||" }
\offset as a tweak
If item is a music expression such as (
or
\arpeggio
, the result is the same music expression with a tweak
applied.
[-]\offset [GrobName.]property offsets music-expression
The syntax of \offset
in its ‘tweak’ form is analogous to the
\tweak
command itself, both in ordering and in the presence or
absence of the leading hyphen.
The following example uses the ‘tweak’ form to adjust the vertical
position of the BreathingSign
object. Compare this with the
ordinary \tweak
command also demonstrated. The syntax is
equivalent; however, the output of \tweak
is less intuitive,
since BreathingSign.Y-offset
is calculated from the middle
staff-line. It is not necessary to know how Y-offset
is
calculated when using \offset
.
{ c''4 \breathe c''4 \offset Y-offset 2 \breathe c''2 \tweak Y-offset 3 \breathe }
In the previous example, the tweaked objects were created directly from
the user input: the \breathe
command was an explicit instruction
to return a BreathingSign
object. Since the focus of the command
was unambiguous, there was no need to specify the object’s name. When
an object is indirectly created, however, it is necessary to
include the grob’s name. This is the same as for the \tweak
command.
In the following example, the Beam
object is lowered two
staff-spaces by applying \offset
to the positions
property.
The first application of \offset
requires that the grob’s name
be included, because nothing in the input explicitly creates the
beam. In the second application, the beam is created manually with the
music expression [
; therefore, the grob’s name is not needed.
(Also illustrated is a shorthand: a single number
will be applied
to both members of a number-pair
.)
{ c''8 g'' e'' d'' \offset Beam.positions #'(-2 . -2) c''8 g'' e'' d'' c''8 g'' e'' d'' c''8-\offset positions #-2 [ g'' e'' d''] }
\offset with broken spanners
Independently modifying segments of a spanner extending over a line break or breaks is also possible. In this case, offsets takes a list of values of the property’s required data type.
The \offset
command used in this manner is similar to the
\alterBroken
command. (See Modifying broken spanners.)
In contrast with \alterBroken
, however, the values given to
\offset
are relative, not absolute.
The following example displaces the ‘broken’ OttavaBracket
object through its staff-padding
property. Since the property
takes a number
, offsets is provided with a list of
number
s to account for the two segments created by the line
break. The bracket piece on the first line is effectively untouched
since 0
is added to its default value of staff-padding
.
The segment on the second line is raised three staff-spaces from its
default height. The default height happens to be 2
, though it is
not necessary to know this to achieve the desired positioning.
{ \offset staff-padding #'(0 3) Staff.OttavaBracket \ottava #1 c'''2 c''' \break c'''2 c''' }
The following example mimics the effect of the \shape
command by
offsetting the control-points
property of the Slur
object.
Here, offsets is a list of number-pair-list
s, one for each
slur segment. This example achieves a result identical to the
corresponding illustration at Modifying shapes.
{ c'4-\offset control-points #'( ((0 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . 1)) ((0.5 . 1.5) (1 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . -1.5)) ) ( f'4 g' c'' \break d'4 c'' f' c') }
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5.3.7 Modifying alists
Some user-configurable properties are internally represented as alists (association lists), which store pairs of keys and values. The structure of an alist is:
'((key1 . value1) (key2 . value2) (key3 . value3) …)
If an alist is a grob property or \paper
variable, its keys
can be modified individually without affecting other keys.
For example, to reduce the space between adjacent staves in a
staff-group, use the staff-staff-spacing
property of the
StaffGrouper
grob. The property is an alist with four
keys: basic-distance
, minimum-distance
,
padding
, and stretchability
. The standard settings
for this property are listed in the “Backend” section of the
Internals Reference (see
StaffGrouper):
'((basic-distance . 9) (minimum-distance . 7) (padding . 1) (stretchability . 5))
One way to bring the staves closer together is by reducing the
value of the basic-distance
key (9
) to match the
value of minimum-distance
(7
). To modify a single
key individually, use a nested declaration:
% default space between staves \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \clef treble c''1 } \new Staff { \clef bass c1 } >> % reduced space between staves \new PianoStaff \with { % this is the nested declaration \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #7 } << \new Staff { \clef treble c''1 } \new Staff { \clef bass c1 } >>
Using a nested declaration will update the specified key (such as
basic-distance
in the above example) without altering any
other keys already set for the same property.
Now suppose we want the staves to be as close as possible without overlapping. The simplest way to do this is to set all four alist keys to zero. However, it is not necessary to enter four nested declarations, one for each key. Instead, the property can be completely re-defined with one declaration, as an alist:
\new PianoStaff \with { \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 0) (minimum-distance . 0) (padding . 0) (stretchability . 0)) } << \new Staff { \clef treble c''1 } \new Staff { \clef bass c1 } >>
Note that any keys not explicitly listed in the alist definition
will be reset to their default-when-unset values. In the
case of staff-staff-spacing
, any unset key-values would be
reset to zero (except stretchability
, which takes the value
of basic-distance
when unset). Thus the following two
declarations are equivalent:
\override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 7)) \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 7) (minimum-distance . 0) (padding . 0) (stretchability . 7))
One (possibly unintended) consequence of this is the removal of
any standard settings that are set in an initialization file and
loaded each time an input file is compiled. In the above example,
the standard settings for padding
and
minimum-distance
(defined in ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’)
are reset to their default-when-unset values (zero for both keys).
Defining a property or variable as an alist (of any size) will
always reset all unset key-values to their default-when-unset
values. Unless this is the intended result, it is safer to update
key-values individually with a nested declaration.
Nota: Nested declarations will not work for context property
alists (such as beamExceptions
, keyAlterations
,
timeSignatureSettings
, etc.). These properties can only be
modified by completely re-defining them as alists.
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[ < Modifying alists ] | [ Amunt : Changing defaults ] | [ Input modes > ] |
5.4 Useful concepts and properties
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[ < Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Direction and placement > ] |
5.4.1 Input modes
The way in which the notation contained within an input file is
interpreted is determined by the current input mode. In general,
there are two ways of specifying the mode: a long form, e.g.
\chordmode
, and a short form, e.g. \chords
. The long
form is typically used when supplying input to a variable or when
entering input directly into an explicitly created context. The short
form implicitly creates a context of the correct type for the input and
passes the input directly to it. It is useful in simple situations
when there is no requirement to explicitly create the receiving context.
Chord mode
This is activated with the \chordmode
command, and causes
input to be interpreted with the syntax of chord notation, see
Chord notation. Music in chord mode is rendered as chords on a staff
when entered into a Staff
context, as chord names when entered
into a ChordNames
context or as fret boards when entered into
a FretBoards
context.
Chord mode is also activated with the \chords
command. This
also causes the following input to be interpreted with the syntax of
chord notation but in addition it implicitly creates a new
ChordNames
context and renders the input into it as chord names,
see Printing chord names.
Drum mode
This is activated with the \drummode
command, and causes
input to be interpreted with the syntax of drum notation, see
Basic percussion notation. Music in drum mode is rendered as
percussion notes when entered into a DrumStaff
context.
Drum mode is also activated with the \drums
command. This
also causes the following input to be interpreted with the syntax of
drum notation but in addition it implicitly creates a new
DrumStaff
context and renders the input into it as percussion
notes, see Basic percussion notation.
Figure mode
This is activated with the \figuremode
command, and causes
input to be interpreted with the syntax of figured bass, see
Entering figured bass. Music in figure mode is rendered as
figured bass when entered into a FiguredBass
context or a
Staff
context.
Figure mode is also activated with the \figures
command.
This also causes the following input to be interpreted with the
figured bass syntax but in addition it implicitly creates a new
FiguredBass
context and renders the input into it as figured
bass, see Introduction to figured bass.
Fret and tab modes
There are no special input modes for entering fret and tab symbols.
To create tab diagrams, enter notes or chords in note mode and
render them in a TabStaff
context, see
Default tablatures.
To create fret diagrams above a staff, enter notes or chords in either
note mode or chord mode and render them in a FretBoards
context,
see Automatic fret diagrams. Alternatively, fret diagrams can be
entered as markup above the notes using the \fret-diagram
command, see Fret diagram markups.
Lyrics mode
This is activated with the \lyricmode
command, and causes
input to be interpreted as lyric syllables with optional durations
and associated lyric modifiers, see Vocal music. Input in
lyric mode is rendered as lyric syllables when entered into a
Lyrics
context.
Lyric mode is also activated with the \lyrics
command. This
also causes the following input to be interpreted as lyric syllables
but in addition it implicitly creates a new Lyrics
context and
renders the input into it as lyric syllables.
Lyric mode is also activated with the \addlyrics
command. This
also implicitly creates a new Lyrics
context and in addition it
adds an implicit \lyricsto
command which associates the following
lyrics with the preceding music, see Automatic syllable durations.
Markup mode
This is activated with the \markup
command, and causes
input to be interpreted with the syntax of markup, see
Text markup commands.
Note mode
This is the default mode or it may be activated with the
\notemode
command. Input is interpreted as pitches,
durations, markup, etc and typeset as musical notation on a staff.
It is not normally necessary to specify note mode explicitly, but it may be useful to do so in certain situations, for example if you are in lyric mode, chord mode or any other mode and want to insert something that only can be done with note mode syntax.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Input modes ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Articulation direction indicators > ] |
5.4.2 Direction and placement
In typesetting music the direction and placement of many items is a matter of choice. For example, the stems of notes can be directed up or down; lyrics, dynamics, and other expressive marks may be placed above or below the staff; text may be aligned left, right or center; etc. Most of these choices may be left to be determined automatically by LilyPond, but in some cases it may be desirable to force a particular direction or placement.
Articulation direction indicators | ||
The direction property |
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Direction and placement ] | [ Amunt : Direction and placement ] | [ The direction property > ] |
Articulation direction indicators
By default some directions are always up or always down (e.g., dynamics or fermata), while other things can alternate between up or down based on the stem direction (like slurs or accents).
The default action may be overridden by prefixing the articulation
by a direction indicator. Three direction indicators are
available: ^
(meaning “up”), _
(meaning “down”)
and -
(meaning “use default direction”). The direction
indicator can usually be omitted, in which case -
is assumed,
but a direction indicator is always required before
-
\tweak
commands -
\markup
commands -
\tag
commands - string markups, e.g., -"string"
- fingering instructions, e.g.,
-1
- articulation shortcuts, e.g.,
-.
,->
,--
Direction indicators affect only the next note:
\relative { c''2( c) c2_( c) c2( c) c2^( c) }
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Articulation direction indicators ] | [ Amunt : Direction and placement ] | [ Distances and measurements > ] |
The direction property
The position or direction of many layout objects is controlled by the
direction
property.
The value of the direction
property may be set to 1
,
meaning “up” or “above”, or to -1
, meaning “down” or
“below”. The symbols UP
and DOWN
may be used instead
of 1
and -1
respectively. The default direction may
be specified by setting direction
to 0
or CENTER
.
Alternatively, in many cases predefined commands exist to specify the
direction. These are of the form
\xxxUp, \xxxDown or \xxxNeutral
where \xxxNeutral
means “use the default” direction.
See
Within-staff objects.
In a few cases, arpeggio for example, the value of the direction
property can specify whether the object is to be placed to the right or
left of the parent. In this case -1
or LEFT
means
“to the left” and 1
or RIGHT
means “to the right”.
0
or CENTER
means “use the default” direction.
These indications affect all notes until they are canceled.
\relative { c''2( c) \slurDown c2( c) c2( c) \slurNeutral c2( c) }
In polyphonic music, it is generally better to specify an explicit
voice
than change an object’s direction. For more information,
see Veus múltiples.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Within-staff objects.
Notation Reference: Veus múltiples.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < The direction property ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Dimensions > ] |
5.4.3 Distances and measurements
Distances in LilyPond are of two types: absolute and scaled.
Absolute distances are used for specifying margins, indents, and
other page layout details, and are by default specified in
millimeters. Distances may be specified in other units by
following the quantity by \mm
, \cm
,
\in
(inches), or \pt
(points, 1/72.27 of
an inch). Page layout distances can also be specified in scalable
units (see the following paragraph) by appending
\staff-space
to the quantity. Page layout is described in
detail in Page layout.
Scaled distances are always specified in units of the staff-space
or, rarely, the half staff-space. The staff-space is the distance
between two adjacent staff lines. The default value can be changed
globally by setting the global staff size, or it can be overridden
locally by changing the staff-space
property of
StaffSymbol
. Scaled distances automatically scale with any
change to the either the global staff size or the
staff-space
property of StaffSymbol
, but fonts scale
automatically only with changes to the global staff size.
The global staff size thus enables the overall size of a rendered
score to be easily varied. For the methods of setting the global
staff size see Setting the staff size.
If just a section of a score needs to be rendered to a different
scale, for example an ossia section or a footnote, the global staff
size cannot simply be changed as this would affect the entire score.
In such cases the change in size is made by overriding both the
staff-space
property of StaffSymbol
and the size of
the fonts. A Scheme function, magstep
, is available to
convert from a font size change to the equivalent change in
staff-space
. For an explanation and an example of its use,
see
Length and thickness of objects.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Length and thickness of objects.
Notation Reference: Page layout, Setting the staff size.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Distances and measurements ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Staff symbol properties > ] |
5.4.4 Dimensions
The dimensions of a graphical object specify the positions of the left
and right edges and the bottom and top edges of the objects’ bounding
box as distances from the objects’ reference point in units of
staff-spaces. These positions are usually coded as two Scheme pairs.
For example, the text markup command \with-dimensions
takes
three arguments, the first two of which are a Scheme pair giving the
left and right edge positions and a Scheme pair giving the bottom and
top edge positions:
\with-dimensions #'(-5 . 10) #'(-3 . 15) arg
This specifies a bounding box for arg with its left edge at -5, its right edge at 10, its bottom edge at -3 and its top edge at 15, all measured from the objects’ reference point in units of staff-spaces.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Distances and measurements.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Dimensions ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Spanners > ] |
5.4.5 Staff symbol properties
The vertical position of staff lines and the number of staff lines can be defined at the same time. As the following example shows, note positions are not influenced by the staff line positions.
Nota: The 'line-positions
property overrides the
'line-count
property. The number of staff lines is
implicitly defined by the number of elements in the list of values
for 'line-positions
.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(7 3 0 -4 -6 -7) } \relative { a4 e' f b | d1 }
The width of a staff can be modified. The units are staff spaces. The spacing of objects inside the staff is not affected by this setting.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.width = #23 } \relative { a4 e' f b | d1 }
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Staff symbol properties ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Using the spanner-interface > ] |
5.4.6 Spanners
Many objects of musical notation extend over several notes or even several bars. Examples are slurs, beams, tuplet brackets, volta repeat brackets, crescendi, trills, and glissandi. Such objects are collectively called “spanners”, and have special properties to control their appearance and behaviour. Some of these properties are common to all spanners; others are restricted to a sub-set of the spanners.
All spanners support the spanner-interface
. A few, essentially
those that draw a straight line between the two objects, support in
addition the line-spanner-interface
.
Using the spanner-interface | ||
Using the line-spanner-interface |
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Spanners ] | [ Amunt : Spanners ] | [ Using the line-spanner-interface > ] |
Using the spanner-interface
This interface provides two properties that apply to several spanners.
The minimum-length
property
The minimum length of the spanner is specified by the
minimum-length
property. Increasing this usually has the
necessary effect of increasing the spacing of the notes between the
two end points. However, this override has no effect on
many spanners, as their length is determined by other considerations.
A few examples where it is effective are shown below.
a'~ a' a' % increase the length of the tie -\tweak minimum-length #5 ~ a'
\relative \compressMMRests { a'1 R1*23 % increase the length of the rest bar \once \override MultiMeasureRest.minimum-length = #20 R1*23 a1 }
\relative { a' \< a a a \! % increase the length of the hairpin \override Hairpin.minimum-length = #20 a \< a a a \! }
This override can also be used to increase the length of slurs and phrasing slurs:
\relative { a'( g) a -\tweak minimum-length #5 ( g) a\( g\) a -\tweak minimum-length #5 \( g\) }
For some layout objects, the minimum-length
property becomes
effective only if the set-spacing-rods
procedure is called
explicitly. To do this, the springs-and-rods
property should
be set to ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods
. For example,
the minimum length of a glissando has no effect unless the
springs-and-rods
property is set:
% default e' \glissando c'' % not effective alone \once \override Glissando.minimum-length = #20 e' \glissando c'' % effective only when both overrides are present \once \override Glissando.minimum-length = #20 \once \override Glissando.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods e' \glissando c''
The same is true of the Beam
object:
% not effective alone \once \override Beam.minimum-length = #20 e'8 e' e' e' % effective only when both overrides are present \once \override Beam.minimum-length = #20 \once \override Beam.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods e'8 e' e' e'
The to-barline
property
The second useful property of the spanner-interface
is
to-barline
. By default this is true, causing hairpins and
other spanners which are terminated on the first note of a measure to
end instead on the immediately preceding bar line. If set to false,
the spanner will extend beyond the bar line and end on the note
itself:
\relative { a' \< a a a a \! a a a \break \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f a \< a a a a \! a a a }
This property is not effective for all spanners. For example,
setting it to #t
has no effect on slurs or phrasing slurs
or on other spanners for which terminating on the bar line would
not be meaningful.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Using the spanner-interface ] | [ Amunt : Spanners ] | [ Visibility of objects > ] |
Using the line-spanner-interface
Objects which support the line-spanner-interface
include
-
DynamicTextSpanner
-
Glissando
-
TextSpanner
-
TrillSpanner
-
VoiceFollower
The routine responsible for drawing the stencils for these spanners is
ly:line-spanner::print
. This routine determines the
exact location of the two end points and draws a line
between them, in the style requested. The locations of the two
end points of the spanner are computed on-the-fly, but it is
possible to override their Y-coordinates. The
properties which need to be specified are nested
two levels down within the property hierarchy, but the syntax of
the \override
command is quite simple:
e''2 \glissando b' \once \override Glissando.bound-details.left.Y = #3 \once \override Glissando.bound-details.right.Y = #-2 e''2 \glissando b'
The units for the Y
property are staff-space
s,
with the center line of the staff being the zero point.
For the glissando, this is the value for Y
at the
X-coordinate corresponding to the center point of each note head,
if the line is imagined to be extended to there.
If Y
is not set, the value is computed from the vertical
position of the corresponding attachment point of the spanner.
In case of a line break, the values for the end points are
specified by the left-broken
and right-broken
sub-lists of bound-details
. For example:
\override Glissando.breakable = ##t \override Glissando.bound-details.right-broken.Y = #-3 c''1 \glissando \break f''1
A number of further properties of the left
and
right
sub-lists of the bound-details
property
may be modified in the same way as Y
:
-
Y
This sets the Y-coordinate of the end point, in
staff-space
s offset from the staff center line. By default, it is the center of the bound object, so a glissando points to the vertical center of the note head.For horizontal spanners, such as text spanners and trill spanners, it is hardcoded to 0.
-
attach-dir
This determines where the line starts and ends in the X-direction, relative to the bound object. So, a value of
-1
(orLEFT
) makes the line start/end at the left side of the note head it is attached to.-
X
This is the absolute X-coordinate of the end point. It is usually computed on the fly, and overriding it has little useful effect.
-
stencil
Line spanners may have symbols at the beginning or end, which is contained in this sub-property. This is for internal use; it is recommended that
text
be used instead.-
text
This is a markup that is evaluated to yield the stencil. It is used to put cresc., tr and other text on horizontal spanners.
\override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \small \bold Slower } \relative { c''2\startTextSpan b c a\stopTextSpan }
-
stencil-align-dir-y
-
stencil-offset
Without setting one of these, the stencil is simply put at the end-point, centered on the line, as defined by the
X
andY
sub-properties. Setting eitherstencil-align-dir-y
orstencil-offset
will move the symbol at the edge vertically relative to the end point of the line:\override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #-2 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.stencil-align-dir-y = #UP \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"ggg" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"hhh" \relative { c'4^\startTextSpan c c c \stopTextSpan }
Note that negative values move the text up, contrary to the effect that might be expected, as a value of
-1
orDOWN
means align the bottom edge of the text with the spanner line. A value of1
orUP
aligns the top edge of the text with the spanner line.-
arrow
Setting this sub-property to
#t
produces an arrowhead at the end-points of the line.-
padding
This sub-property controls the space between the specified end point of the line and the actual end. Without padding, a glissando would start and end in the center of each note head.
The music function \endSpanners
terminates the spanner
which starts on the immediately following note prematurely. It
is terminated after exactly one note, or at the following bar line
if to-barline
is true and a bar line occurs before the next
note.
\relative c'' { \endSpanners c2 \startTextSpan c2 c2 \endSpanners c2 \< c2 c2 }
When using \endSpanners
it is not necessary to close
\startTextSpan with \stopTextSpan, nor is it necessary to close
hairpins with \!
.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: TextSpanner, Glissando, VoiceFollower, TrillSpanner, line-spanner-interface.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Using the line-spanner-interface ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Removing the stencil > ] |
5.4.7 Visibility of objects
There are four main ways in which the visibility of layout objects
can be controlled: their stencil can be removed, they can be made
transparent, they can be colored white, or their
break-visibility
property can be overridden. The first
three apply to all layout objects; the last to just a few – the
breakable objects. The Learning Manual introduces these
four techniques, see
Visibility and color of objects.
There are also a few other techniques which are specific to certain layout objects. These are covered under Special considerations.
Removing the stencil | ||
Making objects transparent | ||
Painting objects white | ||
Using break-visibility | ||
Special considerations |
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Visibility of objects ] | [ Amunt : Visibility of objects ] | [ Making objects transparent > ] |
Removing the stencil
Every layout object has a stencil property. By default this is set
to the specific function which draws that object. If this property
is overridden to #f
no function will be called and the object
will not be drawn. The default action can be recovered with
\revert
.
a1 a \override Score.BarLine.stencil = ##f a a \revert Score.BarLine.stencil a a a
This rather common operation has a shortcut \omit
:
a1 a \omit Score.BarLine a a \undo \omit Score.BarLine a a a
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Removing the stencil ] | [ Amunt : Visibility of objects ] | [ Painting objects white > ] |
Making objects transparent
Every layout object has a transparent property which by default is
set to #f
. If set to #t
the object still occupies
space but is made invisible.
a'4 a' \once \override NoteHead.transparent = ##t a' a'
This rather common operation has a shortcut \hide
:
a'4 a' \once \hide NoteHead a' a'
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Making objects transparent ] | [ Amunt : Visibility of objects ] | [ Using break-visibility > ] |
Painting objects white
Every layout object has a color property which by default is set
to black
. If this is overridden to white
the object
will be indistinguishable from the white background. However,
if the object crosses other objects the color of the crossing
points will be determined by the order in which they are drawn,
and this may leave a ghostly image of the white object, as shown
here:
\override Staff.Clef.color = #white a'1
This may be avoided by changing the order of printing the objects.
All layout objects have a layer
property which should be set
to an integer. Objects with the lowest value of layer
are
drawn first, then objects with progressively higher values are drawn,
so objects with higher values overwrite objects with lower values.
By default most objects are assigned a layer
value of
1
, although a few objects, including StaffSymbol
and
BarLine
, are assigned a value of 0
. The order of
printing objects with the same value of layer
is indeterminate.
In the example above the white clef, with a default layer
value of 1
, is drawn after the staff lines (default
layer
value 0
), so overwriting them. To change this,
the Clef
object must be given in a lower value of
layer
, say -1
, so that it is drawn earlier:
\override Staff.Clef.color = #white \override Staff.Clef.layer = #-1 a'1
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Painting objects white ] | [ Amunt : Visibility of objects ] | [ Special considerations > ] |
Using break-visibility
Most layout objects are printed only once, but some like
bar lines, clefs, time signatures and key signatures, may need
to be printed twice when a line break occurs – once at the end
of the line and again at the start of the next line. Such
objects are called breakable, and have a property, the
break-visibility
property to control their visibility
at the three positions in which they may appear – at the
start of a line, within a line if they are changed, and at the
end of a line if a change takes place there.
For example, the time signature by default will be printed at the start of the first line, but nowhere else unless it changes, when it will be printed at the point at which the change occurs. If this change occurs at the end of a line the new time signature will be printed at the start of the next line and a cautionary time signature will be printed at the end of the previous line as well.
This behaviour is controlled by the break-visibility
property, which is explained in
Visibility and color of objects. This property takes
a vector of three booleans which, in order, determine whether the
object is printed at the end of, within the body of, or at the
beginning of a line. Or to be more precise, before a line break,
where there is no line break, or after a line break.
Alternatively, these eight combinations may be specified by pre-defined functions, defined in ‘scm/output-lib.scm’, where the last three columns indicate whether the layout objects will be visible in the positions shown at the head of the columns:
Function | Vector | Before | At no | After |
---|---|---|---|---|
form | form | break | break | break |
all-visible | #(#t #t #t) | yes | yes | yes |
begin-of-line-visible | #(#f #f #t) | no | no | yes |
center-visible | #(#f #t #f) | no | yes | no |
end-of-line-visible | #(#t #f #f) | yes | no | no |
begin-of-line-invisible | #(#t #t #f) | yes | yes | no |
center-invisible | #(#t #f #t) | yes | no | yes |
end-of-line-invisible | #(#f #t #t) | no | yes | yes |
all-invisible | #(#f #f #f) | no | no | no |
The default settings of break-visibility
depend on the
layout object. The following table shows all the layout objects
of interest which are affected by break-visibility
and the
default setting of this property:
Layout object | Usual context | Default setting |
---|---|---|
BarLine | Score | calculated |
BarNumber | Score | begin-of-line-visible |
BreathingSign | Voice | begin-of-line-invisible |
Clef | Staff | begin-of-line-visible |
Custos | Staff | end-of-line-visible |
DoublePercentRepeat | Voice | begin-of-line-invisible |
KeyCancellation | Staff | begin-of-line-invisible |
KeySignature | Staff | begin-of-line-visible |
ClefModifier | Staff | begin-of-line-visible |
RehearsalMark | Score | end-of-line-invisible |
TimeSignature | Staff | all-visible |
The example below shows the use of the vector form to control the visibility of bar lines:
\relative { f'4 g a b f4 g a b % Remove bar line at the end of the current line \once \override Score.BarLine.break-visibility = ##(#f #t #t) \break f4 g a b f4 g a b }
Although all three components of the vector used to override
break-visibility
must be present, not all of them are
effective with every layout object, and some combinations may
even give errors. The following limitations apply:
- Bar lines cannot be printed at the start of line.
- A bar number cannot be printed at the start of the first
line unless it is set to be different from
1
. - Clef – see the next section.
- Double percent repeats are either all printed or
all suppressed. Use
begin-of-line-invisible
to print them andall-invisible
to suppress them. - Key signature – see the next section.
- ClefModifier – see the next section.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Using break-visibility ] | [ Amunt : Visibility of objects ] | [ Line styles > ] |
Special considerations
Visibility following explicit changes
The break-visibility
property controls the visibility of
key signatures and changes of clef only at the start of lines,
i.e., after a break. It has no effect on the visibility of the
key signature or clef following an explicit key change or an
explicit clef change within or at the end of a line. In the
following example the key signature following the explicit change
to B-flat major is still visible, even though all-invisible
is set.
\relative { \key g \major f'4 g a b % Try to remove all key signatures \override Staff.KeySignature.break-visibility = #all-invisible \key bes \major f4 g a b \break f4 g a b f4 g a b }
The visibility of such explicit key signature and clef changes is
controlled by the explicitKeySignatureVisibility
and
explicitClefVisibility
properties. These are the equivalent
of the break-visibility
property and both take a vector of
three booleans or the predefined functions listed above, exactly like
break-visibility
. Both are properties of the Staff context,
not the layout objects themselves, and so they are set using the
\set
command. Both are set by default to all-visible
.
These properties control only the visibility of key signatures and
clefs resulting from explicit changes and do not affect key
signatures and clefs at the beginning of lines;
break-visibility
must still be overridden in the appropriate
object to remove these.
\relative { \key g \major f'4 g a b \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #all-invisible \override Staff.KeySignature.break-visibility = #all-invisible \key bes \major f4 g a b \break f4 g a b f4 g a b }
Visibility of cancelling accidentals
To remove the cancelling accidentals printed at an explicit key
change, set the Staff context property printKeyCancellation
to #f
:
\relative { \key g \major f'4 g a b \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #all-invisible \set Staff.printKeyCancellation = ##f \override Staff.KeySignature.break-visibility = #all-invisible \key bes \major f4 g a b \break f4 g a b f4 g a b }
With these overrides only the accidentals before the notes remain to indicate the change of key.
Note that when changing the key to C major or A minor
the cancelling accidentals would be the only indication of
the key change. In this case setting printKeyCancellation
to
#f
has no effect:
\relative { \key g \major f'4 g a b \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #all-invisible \set Staff.printKeyCancellation = ##f \key c \major f4 g a b \break f4 g a b f4 g a b }
To suppress the cancelling accidentals even when the key is
changed to C major or A minor, override
the visibility of the KeyCancellation
grob instead:
\relative { \key g \major f'4 g a b \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #all-invisible \override Staff.KeyCancellation.break-visibility = #all-invisible \key c \major f4 g a b \break f4 g a b f4 g a b }
Automatic bars
As a special case, the printing of bar lines can also be turned off
by setting the automaticBars
property in the Score context.
If set to #f
, bar lines will not be printed automatically;
they must be explicitly created with a \bar
command. Unlike
the \cadenzaOn
predefined command, measures are still counted.
Bar generation will resume according to that count if this property
is later set to #t
. When set to #f
, line breaks can
occur only at explicit \bar
commands.
Transposed clefs
The small transposition symbol on transposed clefs is produced by the
ClefModifier
layout object. Its visibility is automatically
inherited from the Clef
object, so it is not necessary to apply
any required break-visibility
overrides to the ClefModifier
layout objects to suppress transposition symbols for invisible clefs.
For explicit clef changes, the explicitClefVisibility
property controls both the clef symbol and any transposition symbol
associated with it.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Visibility and color of objects.
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[ < Special considerations ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Rotating objects > ] |
5.4.8 Line styles
Some performance indications, e.g., rallentando and accelerando and trills are written as text and are extended over many measures with lines, sometimes dotted or wavy.
These all use the same routines as the glissando for drawing the
texts and the lines, and tuning their behavior is therefore also
done in the same way. It is done with a spanner, and the routine
responsible for drawing the spanners is
ly:line-spanner::print
. This routine determines the
exact location of the two span points and draws a line
between them, in the style requested.
Here is an example showing the different line styles available, and how to tune them.
\relative { d''2 \glissando d'2 \once \override Glissando.style = #'dashed-line d,2 \glissando d'2 \override Glissando.style = #'dotted-line d,2 \glissando d'2 \override Glissando.style = #'zigzag d,2 \glissando d'2 \override Glissando.style = #'trill d,2 \glissando d'2 }
The locations of the end-points of the spanner are computed on-the-fly for every graphic object, but it is possible to override these:
\relative { e''2 \glissando f \once \override Glissando.bound-details.right.Y = #-2 e2 \glissando f }
The value for Y
is set to -2
for the right end
point. The left side may be similarly adjusted by specifying
left
instead of right
.
If Y
is not set, the value is computed from the vertical
position of the left and right attachment points of the spanner.
Other adjustments of spanners are possible, for details, see Spanners.
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[ < Line styles ] | [ Amunt : Useful concepts and properties ] | [ Rotating layout objects > ] |
5.4.9 Rotating objects
Both layout objects and elements of markup text can be rotated by any angle about any point, but the method of doing so differs.
Rotating layout objects | ||
Rotating markup |
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[ < Rotating objects ] | [ Amunt : Rotating objects ] | [ Rotating markup > ] |
Rotating layout objects
All layout objects which support the grob-interface
can be
rotated by setting their rotation
property. This takes a
list of three items: the angle of rotation counter-clockwise,
and the x and y coordinates of the point relative to the object’s
reference point about which the rotation is to be performed. The
angle of rotation is specified in degrees and the coordinates in
staff-spaces.
The angle of rotation and the coordinates of the rotation point must be determined by trial and error.
There are only a few situations where the rotation of layout objects is useful; the following example shows one situation where they may be:
g4\< e' d'' f''\! \override Hairpin.rotation = #'(20 -1 0) g4\< e' d'' f''\!
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[ < Rotating layout objects ] | [ Amunt : Rotating objects ] | [ Advanced tweaks > ] |
Rotating markup
All markup text can be rotated to lie at any angle by prefixing it
with the \rotate
command. The command takes two arguments:
the angle of rotation in degrees counter-clockwise and the text to
be rotated. The extents of the text are not rotated: they take
their values from the extremes of the x and y coordinates of the
rotated text. In the following example the
outside-staff-priority
property for text is set to #f
to disable the automatic collision avoidance, which would push some
of the text too high.
\override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f g4^\markup { \rotate #30 "a G" } b^\markup { \rotate #30 "a B" } des'^\markup { \rotate #30 "a D-Flat" } fis'^\markup { \rotate #30 "an F-Sharp" }
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[ < Rotating markup ] | [ Amunt : Changing defaults ] | [ Aligning objects > ] |
5.5 Advanced tweaks
This section discusses various approaches to fine tuning the appearance of the printed score.
5.5.1 Aligning objects | ||
5.5.2 Vertical grouping of grobs | ||
5.5.3 Modifying stencils | ||
5.5.4 Modifying shapes | ||
5.5.5 Modifying broken spanners | ||
5.5.6 Unpure-pure containers |
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Tweaking output, Other sources of information.
Notation Reference: Explaining the Internals Reference, Modifying properties.
Extending LilyPond: Interfaces for programmers.
Installed Files: ‘scm/define-grobs.scm’.
Snippets: Tweaks and overrides.
Internals Reference: All layout objects.
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[ < Advanced tweaks ] | [ Amunt : Advanced tweaks ] | [ Setting X-offset and Y-offset directly > ] |
5.5.1 Aligning objects
Graphical objects which support the self-alignment-interface
and/or the side-position-interface
can be aligned to a previously
placed object in a variety of ways. For a list of these objects, see
self-alignment-interface and
side-position-interface.
All graphical objects have a reference point, a horizontal extent and a vertical extent. The horizontal extent is a pair of numbers giving the displacements from the reference point of the left and right edges, displacements to the left being negative. The vertical extent is a pair of numbers giving the displacement from the reference point to the bottom and top edges, displacements down being negative.
An object’s position on a staff is given by the values of the
X-offset
and Y-offset
properties. The value of
X-offset
gives the displacement from the X coordinate of
the reference point of the parent object, and the value of
Y-offset
gives the displacement from the center line of the
staff. The values of X-offset
and Y-offset
may
be set directly or may be set to be calculated by procedures in order
to achieve alignment with the parent object.
Nota: Many objects have special positioning considerations which
cause any setting of X-offset
or Y-offset
to be
ignored or modified, even though the object supports the
self-alignment-interface
. Overriding the X-offset
or Y-offset
properties to a fixed value causes the respective
self-alignment
property to be disregarded.
For example, an accidental can be repositioned vertically by setting
Y-offset
but any changes to X-offset
have no effect.
Rehearsal marks may be aligned with breakable objects such as bar
lines, clef symbols, time signature symbols and key signatures. There
are special properties to be found in the break-aligned-interface
for positioning rehearsal marks on such objects.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference:
Using the break-alignable-interface
.
Extending LilyPond: Callback functions.
Setting X-offset and Y-offset directly | ||
Using the side-position-interface | ||
Using the self-alignment-interface | ||
Using the break-alignable-interface |
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[ < Aligning objects ] | [ Amunt : Aligning objects ] | [ Using the side-position-interface > ] |
Setting X-offset
and Y-offset
directly
Numerical values may be given to the X-offset
and Y-offset
properties of many objects. The following example shows three
notes with the default fingering position and the positions with X-offset
and Y-offset
modified.
a'-3 a' -\tweak X-offset #0 -\tweak Y-offset #0 -3 a' -\tweak X-offset #-1 -\tweak Y-offset #1 -3
Using the side-position-interface
An object which supports the side-position-interface
can be
placed next to its parent object so that
the specified edges of the two objects touch. The object may be
placed above, below, to the right or to the left of the parent.
The parent cannot be specified; it is determined by the order of
elements in the input stream. Most objects have the associated
note head as their parent.
The values of the side-axis
and direction
properties
determine where the object is to be placed, as follows:
side-axis | direction | |
---|---|---|
property | property | Placement |
0 | -1 | left |
0 | 1 | right |
1 | -1 | below |
1 | 1 | above |
When side-axis
is 0
, X-offset
should be set to
the procedure ly:side-position-interface::x-aligned-side
.
This procedure will return the correct value of X-offset
to
place the object to the left or right side of the parent according
to value of direction
.
When side-axis
is 1
, Y-offset
should be set to
the procedure ly:side-position-interface::y-aligned-side
.
This procedure will return the correct value of Y-offset
to
place the object to the top or bottom of the parent according
to value of direction
.
Using the self-alignment-interface
Self-aligning objects horizontally
The horizontal alignment of an object which supports the
self-alignment-interface
is controlled by the value of
the self-alignment-X
property, provided the object’s
X-offset
property is set to
ly:self-alignment-interface::x-aligned-on-self
.
self-alignment-X
may be given any
real value, in units of half the total X extent of the
object. Negative values move the object to the right, positive
to the left. A value of 0
centers the object on the
reference point of its parent, a value of -1
aligns the
left edge of the object on the reference point of its parent,
and a value of 1
aligns the right edge of the object on the
reference point of its parent. The symbols LEFT
,
CENTER
, and RIGHT
may be used instead of the values
-1
, 0
, and 1
, respectively.
Normally the \override
command would be used to modify the
value of self-alignment-X
, but the \tweak
command
can be used to separately align several annotations on a single
note:
a' -\tweak self-alignment-X #-1 ^"left-aligned" -\tweak self-alignment-X #0 ^"center-aligned" -\tweak self-alignment-X #RIGHT ^"right-aligned" -\tweak self-alignment-X #-2.5 ^"aligned further to the right"
Self-aligning objects vertically
Objects may be aligned vertically in an analogous way to aligning
them horizontally if the Y-offset
property is set to
ly:self-alignment-interface::y-aligned-on-self
. However,
other mechanisms are often involved in vertical alignment: the
value of Y-offset
is just one variable taken into account.
This may make adjusting the value of some objects tricky.
The units are just half the vertical extent of the object, which
is usually quite small, so quite large numbers may be required.
A value of -1
aligns the lower edge of the object with
the reference point of the parent object, a value of 0
aligns the center of the object with the reference point of the
parent, and a value of 1
aligns the top edge of the object
with the reference point of the parent. The symbols DOWN
,
CENTER
, and UP
may be substituted for -1
,
0
, and 1
, respectively.
Self-aligning objects in both directions
By setting both X-offset
and Y-offset
, an object may
be aligned in both directions simultaneously.
The following example shows how to adjust a fingering mark so that it nestles close to the note head.
a' -\tweak self-alignment-X #0.5 % move horizontally left -\tweak Y-offset #ly:self-alignment-interface::y-aligned-on-self -\tweak self-alignment-Y #-1 % move vertically up -3 % third finger
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[ < Using the self-alignment-interface ] | [ Amunt : Aligning objects ] | [ Vertical grouping of grobs > ] |
Using the break-alignable-interface
Rehearsal marks and bar numbers may be aligned with notation
objects other than bar lines. These objects include ambitus
,
breathing-sign
, clef
, custos
, staff-bar
,
left-edge
, key-cancellation
, key-signature
, and
time-signature
.
Each type of object has its own default reference point, to which rehearsal marks are aligned:
% The rehearsal mark will be aligned to the right edge of the Clef \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(clef) \key a \major \clef treble \mark "↓" e'1 % The rehearsal mark will be aligned to the left edge of the Time Signature \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(time-signature) \key a \major \clef treble \time 3/4 \mark "↓" e'2. % The rehearsal mark will be centered above the Breath Mark \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(breathing-sign) \key a \major \clef treble \time 4/4 e'1 \breathe \mark "↓"
A list of possible target alignment objects may be specified. If
some of the objects are invisible at that point due to the setting
of break-visibility
or the explicit visibility settings for
keys and clefs, the rehearsal mark or bar number is aligned to the
first object in the list which is visible. If no objects in the
list are visible the object is aligned to the bar line. If the bar
line is invisible the object is aligned to the place where the bar
line would be.
% The rehearsal mark will be aligned to the right edge of the Key Signature \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature clef) \key a \major \clef treble \mark "↓" e'1 % The rehearsal mark will be aligned to the right edge of the Clef \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #all-invisible \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature clef) \key a \major \clef bass \mark "↓" gis,1 % The rehearsal mark will be centered above the Bar Line \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #all-invisible \set Staff.explicitClefVisibility = #all-invisible \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature clef) \key a \major \clef treble \mark "↓" e'1
The alignment of the rehearsal mark relative to the notation object can be changed, as shown in the following example. In a score with multiple staves, this setting should be done for all the staves.
% The RehearsalMark will be aligned with the right edge of the Key Signature \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature) \key a \major \clef treble \time 4/4 \mark "↓" e'1 % The RehearsalMark will be centered above the Key Signature \once \override Score.KeySignature.break-align-anchor-alignment = #CENTER \mark "↓" \key a \major e'1 % The RehearsalMark will be aligned with the left edge of the Key Signature \once \override Score.KeySignature.break-align-anchor-alignment = #LEFT \key a \major \mark "↓" e'1
The rehearsal mark can also be offset to the right or left of the left edge by an arbitrary amount. The units are staff-spaces:
% The RehearsalMark will be aligned with the left edge of the Key Signature % and then shifted right by 3.5 staff-spaces \override Score.RehearsalMark.break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature) \once \override Score.KeySignature.break-align-anchor = #3.5 \key a \major \mark "↓" e'1 % The RehearsalMark will be aligned with the left edge of the Key Signature % and then shifted left by 2 staff-spaces \once \override Score.KeySignature.break-align-anchor = #-2 \key a \major \mark "↓" e'1
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[ < Using the break-alignable-interface ] | [ Amunt : Advanced tweaks ] | [ Modifying stencils > ] |
5.5.2 Vertical grouping of grobs
The VerticalAlignment and VerticalAxisGroup grobs work together. VerticalAxisGroup groups together different grobs like Staff, Lyrics, etc. VerticalAlignment then vertically aligns the different grobs grouped together by VerticalAxisGroup. There is usually only one VerticalAlignment per score but every Staff, Lyrics, etc., has its own VerticalAxisGroup.
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[ < Vertical grouping of grobs ] | [ Amunt : Advanced tweaks ] | [ Modifying shapes > ] |
5.5.3 Modifying stencils
All layout objects have a stencil
property which is part of
the grob-interface
. By default, this property is usually
set to a function specific to the object that is tailor-made to
render the symbol which represents it in the output. For example,
the standard setting for the stencil
property of the
MultiMeasureRest
object is ly:multi-measure-rest::print
.
The standard symbol for any object can be replaced by modifying the
stencil
property to reference a different, specially-written,
procedure. This requires a high level of knowledge of the internal
workings of LilyPond, but there is an easier way which can often
produce adequate results.
This is to set the stencil
property to the procedure which
prints text – ly:text-interface::print
– and to add a
text
property to the object which is set to contain the
markup text which produces the required symbol. Due to the
flexibility of markup, much can be achieved – see in particular
Graphic notation inside markup.
The following example demonstrates this by changing the note head symbol to a cross within a circle.
XinO = { \once \override NoteHead.stencil = #ly:text-interface::print \once \override NoteHead.text = \markup { \combine \halign #-0.7 \draw-circle #0.85 #0.2 ##f \musicglyph #"noteheads.s2cross" } } \relative { a' a \XinO a a }
Any of the Feta glyphs used in the Emmentaler font can be
supplied to the \musicglyph
markup command – see
The Emmentaler font.
‘EPS’ files and Postscript commands can both be inserted inline
using the \epsfile
and \postscript
markup commands
respectively – see Graphic.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Graphic notation inside markup, Formatting text, Text markup commands, The Emmentaler font, Graphic.
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[ < Modifying stencils ] | [ Amunt : Advanced tweaks ] | [ Modifying ties and slurs > ] |
5.5.4 Modifying shapes
Modifying ties and slurs |
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[ < Modifying shapes ] | [ Amunt : Modifying shapes ] | [ Modifying broken spanners > ] |
Modifying ties and slurs
Tie
s, Slur
s, PhrasingSlur
s,
LaissezVibrerTie
s and RepeatTie
s are all drawn as
third-order Bézier curves. If the shape of the tie or slur which
is calculated automatically is not optimum, the shape may be
modified manually in two ways:
- by specifying the displacements to be made to the control points of the automatically calculated Bézier curve, or
- by explicitly specifying the positions of the four control points required to define the wanted curve.
Both methods are explained below. The first method is more suitable if only slight adjustments to the curve are required; the second may be better for creating curves which are related to just a single note.
Cubic Bézier curves
Third-order or cubic Bézier curves are defined by four control points. The first and fourth control points are precisely the starting and ending points of the curve. The intermediate two control points define the shape. Animations showing how the curve is drawn can be found on the web, but the following description may be helpful. The curve starts from the first control point heading directly towards the second, gradually bending over to head towards the third and continuing to bend over to head towards the fourth, arriving there travelling directly from the third control point. The curve is entirely contained in the quadrilateral defined by the four control points. Translations, rotations and scaling of the control points all result in exactly the same operations on the curve.
Specifying displacements from current control points
In this example the automatic placement of the tie is not optimum,
and \tieDown
would not help.
<< { e'1~ 1 } \\ \relative { r4 <g' c,> <g c,> <g c,> } >>
Adjusting the control points of the tie with \shape
allows
the collisions to be avoided.
The syntax of \shape
is
[-]\shape displacements item
This will reposition the control-points of item by the amounts
given by displacements. The displacements argument is a
list of number pairs or a list of such lists. Each element of a pair
represents the displacement of one of the coordinates of a
control-point. If item is a string, the result is
\once\override
for the specified grob type. If item is
a music expression, the result is the same music expression with an
appropriate tweak applied.
In other words, the \shape
function can act as either a
\once\override
command or a \tweak
command depending
on whether the item argument is a grob name, like “Slur”,
or a music expression, like “(”. The displacements argument
specifies the displacements of the four control points as a list of
four pairs of (dx . dy) values in units of staff-spaces (or a list
of such lists if the curve has more than one segment).
The leading hyphen is required if and only if the \tweak
form
is being used.
So, using the same example as above and the \once\override
form of \shape
, this will raise the tie by half a staff-space:
<< { \shape #'((0 . 0.5) (0 . 0.5) (0 . 0.5) (0 . 0.5)) Tie e'1~ 1 } \\ \relative { r4 <g' c,> <g c,> <g c,> } >>
This positioning of the tie is better, but maybe it should be raised
more in the center. The following example does this, this time using
the alternative \tweak
form:
<< { e'1-\shape #'((0 . 0.5) (0 . 1) (0 . 1) (0 . 0.5)) ~ e' } \\ \relative { r4 <g' c,> <g c,> <g c,> } >>
Changes to the horizontal positions of the control points may be made in the same way, and two different curves starting at the same musical moment may also be shaped:
\relative { c''8(\( a) a'4 e c\) \shape #'((0.7 . -0.4) (0.5 . -0.4) (0.3 . -0.3) (0 . -0.2)) Slur \shape #'((0 . 0) (0 . 0.5) (0 . 0.5) (0 . 0)) PhrasingSlur c8(\( a) a'4 e c\) }
The \shape
function can also displace the control points of
curves which stretch across line breaks. Each piece of the broken
curve can be given its own list of offsets. If changes to a
particular segment are not needed, the empty list can serve as a
placeholder. In this example the line break makes the single slur
look like two:
\relative { c'4( f g c \break d,4 c' f, c) }
Changing the shapes of the two halves of the slur makes it clearer that the slur continues over the line break:
% () may be used as a shorthand for ((0 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . 0)) % if any of the segments does not need to be changed \relative c' { \shape #'( (( 0 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . 1)) ((0.5 . 1.5) (1 . 0) (0 . 0) (0 . -1.5)) ) Slur c4( f g c \break d,4 c' f, c) }
If an S-shaped curve is required the control points must always be adjusted manually — LilyPond will never select such shapes automatically.
\relative c'' { c8( e b-> f d' a e-> g) \shape #'((0 . -1) (5.5 . -0.5) (-5.5 . -10.5) (0 . -5.5)) PhrasingSlur c8\( e b-> f d' a e-> g\) }
Specifying control points explicitly
The coordinates of the Bézier control points are specified in units of staff-spaces. The X coordinate is relative to the reference point of the note to which the tie or slur is attached, and the Y coordinate is relative to the staff center line. The coordinates are specified as a list of four pairs of decimal numbers (reals). One approach is to estimate the coordinates of the two end points, and then guess the two intermediate points. The optimum values are then found by trial and error. Be aware that these values may need to be manually adjusted if any further changes are made to the music or the layout.
One situation where specifying the control points explicitly is preferable to specifying displacements is when they need to be specified relative to a single note. Here is an example of this. It shows one way of indicating a slur extending into alternative sections of a volta repeat.
\relative { c''1 \repeat volta 3 { c4 d( e f } \alternative { { g2) d } { g2 % create a slur and move it to a new position % the <> is just an empty chord to carry the slur termination -\tweak control-points #'((-2 . 3.8) (-1 . 3.9) (0 . 4) (1 . 3.4)) ( <> ) f, } { e'2 % create a slur and move it to a new position -\tweak control-points #'((-2 . 3) (-1 . 3.1) (0 . 3.2) (1 . 2.4)) ( <> ) f, } } }
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
It is not possible to modify shapes of ties or slurs by changing
the control-points
property if there are multiple ties or slurs
at the same musical moment – the \tweak
command will also not
work in this case. However, the tie-configuration
property of
TieColumn
can be overridden to set start line and direction as
required.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: TieColumn.
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[ < Modifying ties and slurs ] | [ Amunt : Advanced tweaks ] | [ Using alterBroken > ] |
5.5.5 Modifying broken spanners
Using \alterBroken |
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[ < Modifying broken spanners ] | [ Amunt : Modifying broken spanners ] | [ Unpure-pure containers > ] |
Using \alterBroken
When a spanner crosses a line break or breaks, each piece
inherits the attributes of the original spanner. Thus, ordinary
tweaking of a broken spanner applies the same modifications to
each of its segments. In the example below, overriding
thickness
affects the slur on either side of the line
break.
\relative c'' { r2 \once\override Slur.thickness = 10 c8( d e f \break g8 f e d) r2 }
Independently modifying the appearance of individual pieces
of a broken spanner is possible with the \alterBroken
command. This command can produce either an \override
or a \tweak
of a spanner property.
The syntax for \alterBroken
is
[-]\alterBroken property values item
The argument values is a list of values, one for each
broken piece. If item is a grob name like Slur
or
Staff.PianoPedalBracket
, the result is an \override
of the specified grob type. If item is a music expression
such as “(” or “[” the result is the same music expression
with an appropriate tweak applied.
The leading hyphen must be used with the \tweak
form. Do
not add it when \alterBroken
is used as an
\override
.
In its \override
usage, \alterBroken
may be
prefaced by \once
or \temporary
and reverted by
using \revert
with property.
The following code applies an independent \override
to
each of the slur segments in the previous example:
\relative c'' { r2 \alterBroken thickness #'(10 1) Slur c8( d e f \break g8 f e d) r2 }
The \alterBroken
command may be used with any spanner
object, including Tie
, PhrasingSlur
, Beam
and TextSpanner
. For example, an editor preparing a
scholarly edition may wish to indicate the absence of part of a
phrasing slur in a source by dashing only the segment which has
been added. The following example illustrates how this can be
done, in this case using the \tweak
form of the command:
% The empty list is conveniently used below, because it is the % default setting of dash-definition, resulting in a solid curve. \relative { c''2-\alterBroken dash-definition #'(() ((0 1.0 0.4 0.75))) \(e \break g2 e\) }
It is important to understand that \alterBroken
will set
each piece of a broken spanner to the corresponding value in
values. When there are fewer values than pieces, any
additional piece will be assigned the empty list. This may lead
to undesired results if the layout property is not set to the
empty list by default. In such cases, each segment should be
assigned an appropriate value.
Advertiments i problemes coneguts
Line breaks may occur in different places following changes in
layout. Settings chosen for \alterBroken
may be unsuitable
for a spanner that is no longer broken or is split into more
segments than before. Explicit use of \break
can guard
against this situation.
The \alterBroken
command is ineffective for spanner
properties accessed before line-breaking such as
direction
.
Vegeu també
Extending LilyPond: Difficult tweaks.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Using alterBroken ] | [ Amunt : Advanced tweaks ] | [ Using music functions > ] |
5.5.6 Unpure-pure containers
Unpure-pure containers are useful for overriding Y-axis spacing
calculations - specifically Y-offset
and Y-extent
- with a
Scheme function instead of a literal (i.e., a number or pair).
For certain grobs, the Y-extent
is based on the stencil
property, overriding the stencil property of one of these will
require an additional Y-extent
override with an unpure-pure
container. When a function overrides a Y-offset
and/or
Y-extent
it is assumed that this will trigger line breaking
calculations too early during compilation. So the function is not
evaluated at all (usually returning a value of ‘0’ or
‘'(0 . 0)’) which can result in collisions. A ‘pure’ function
will not affect properties, objects or grob suicides and therefore will
always have its Y-axis-related evaluated correctly.
Currently, there are about thirty functions that are already considered ‘pure’ and Unpure-pure containers are a way to set functions not on this list as ‘pure’. The ‘pure’ function is evaluated before any line-breaking and so the horizontal spacing can be adjusted ‘in time’. The ‘unpure’ function is then evaluated after line breaking.
Nota: As it is difficult to always know which functions are on this
list we recommend that any ‘pure’ functions you create do not use
Beam
or VerticalAlignment
grobs.
An unpure-pure container is constructed as follows;
(ly:make-unpure-pure-container f0 f1)
where f0
is a function taking n arguments (n >= 1)
and the first argument must always be the grob. This is the function
that gives the actual result. f1 is the function being labeled
as ‘pure’ that takes n + 2 arguments. Again, the first argument
must always still be the grob but the second and third are ‘start’
and ‘end’ arguments.
start and end are, for all intents and purposes, dummy
values that only matter for Spanners
(i.e Hairpin
or
Beam
), that can return different height estimations based on a
starting and ending column.
The rest are the other arguments to the first function (which may be none if n = 1).
The results of the second function are used as an approximation of the value needed which is then used by the first function to get the real value which is then used for fine-tuning much later during the spacing process.
#(define (square-line-circle-space grob) (let* ((pitch (ly:event-property (ly:grob-property grob 'cause) 'pitch)) (notename (ly:pitch-notename pitch))) (if (= 0 (modulo notename 2)) (make-circle-stencil 0.5 0.0 #t) (make-filled-box-stencil '(0 . 1.0) '(-0.5 . 0.5))))) squareLineCircleSpace = { \override NoteHead.stencil = #square-line-circle-space } smartSquareLineCircleSpace = { \squareLineCircleSpace \override NoteHead.Y-extent = #(ly:make-unpure-pure-container ly:grob::stencil-height (lambda (grob start end) (ly:grob::stencil-height grob))) } \new Voice \with { \remove "Stem_engraver" } \relative c'' { \squareLineCircleSpace cis4 ces disis d \smartSquareLineCircleSpace cis4 ces disis d }
In the first measure, without the unpure-pure container, the spacing engine does not know the width of the note head and lets it collide with the accidentals. In the second measure, with unpure-pure containers, the spacing engine knows the width of the note heads and avoids the collision by lengthening the line accordingly.
Usually for simple calculations nearly-identical functions for
both the ‘unpure’ and ‘pure’ parts can be used, by only
changing the number of arguments passed to, and the scope of, the
function. This use case is frequent enough that
ly:make-unpure-pure-container
constructs such a second
function by default when called with only one function argument.
Nota: If a function is labeled as ‘pure’ and it turns out not to be, the results can be unexpected.
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Notation manual tables >> ] | ||
[ < Unpure-pure containers ] | [ Amunt : Changing defaults ] | [ Substitution function syntax > ] |
5.6 Using music functions
Where tweaks need to be reused with different music expressions, it is often convenient to make the tweak part of a music function. In this section, we discuss only substitution functions, where the object is to substitute a variable into a piece of LilyPond input code. Other more complex functions are described in Music functions.
5.6.1 Substitution function syntax | ||
5.6.2 Substitution function examples |
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[ < Using music functions ] | [ Amunt : Using music functions ] | [ Substitution function examples > ] |
5.6.1 Substitution function syntax
Making a function that substitutes a variable into LilyPond code is easy. The general form of these functions is
function = #(define-music-function (arg1 arg2 …) (type1? type2? …) #{ …music… #})
where
argN | nth argument |
typeN? | a scheme type predicate for which argN
must return #t . |
…music… | normal LilyPond input, using $ (in places where only
LilyPond constructs are allowed) or # (to use it as a Scheme
value or music function argument or music inside of music lists) to
reference arguments
(eg. ‘#arg1’). |
The list of type predicates is required. Some of the most common type predicates used in music functions are:
boolean? cheap-list? (use instead of ‘list?’ for faster processing) ly:duration? ly:music? ly:pitch? markup? number? pair? string? symbol?
For a list of available type predicates, see Predefined type predicates. User-defined type predicates are also allowed.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Predefined type predicates.
Extending LilyPond: Music functions.
Installed Files: ‘lily/music-scheme.cc’, ‘scm/c++.scm’, ‘scm/lily.scm’.
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[ < Substitution function syntax ] | [ Amunt : Using music functions ] | [ Notation manual tables > ] |
5.6.2 Substitution function examples
This section introduces some substitution function examples. These are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to demonstrate some of the possibilities of simple substitution functions.
In the first example, a function is defined that simplifies setting the padding of a TextScript:
padText = #(define-music-function (padding) (number?) #{ \once \override TextScript.padding = #padding #}) \relative { c''4^"piu mosso" b a b \padText #1.8 c4^"piu mosso" b a b \padText #2.6 c4^"piu mosso" b a b }
In addition to numbers, we can use music expressions such as notes for arguments to music functions:
custosNote = #(define-music-function (note) (ly:music?) #{ \tweak NoteHead.stencil #ly:text-interface::print \tweak NoteHead.text \markup \musicglyph #"custodes.mensural.u0" \tweak Stem.stencil ##f #note #}) \relative { c'4 d e f \custosNote g }
Both of those functions are simple single expressions where only
the last element of a function call or override is missing. For
those particular function definitions, there is a simpler
alternative syntax, namely just writing out the constant part of
the expression and replacing its final missing element with
\etc
:
padText = \once \override TextScript.padding = \etc \relative { c''4^"piu mosso" b a b \padText #1.8 c4^"piu mosso" b a b \padText #2.6 c4^"piu mosso" b a b }
custosNote = \tweak NoteHead.stencil #ly:text-interface::print \tweak NoteHead.text \markup \musicglyph #"custodes.mensural.u0" \tweak Stem.stencil ##f \etc \relative { c'4 d e f \custosNote g }
Substitution functions with multiple arguments can be defined:
tempoPadded = #(define-music-function (padding tempotext) (number? markup?) #{ \once \override Score.MetronomeMark.padding = #padding \tempo \markup { \bold #tempotext } #}) \relative { \tempo \markup { "Low tempo" } c''4 d e f g1 \tempoPadded #4.0 "High tempo" g4 f e d c1 }
[ << Changing defaults ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Cheat sheet >> ] | ||
[ < Substitution function examples ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Chord name chart > ] |
A. Notation manual tables
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[ < Notation manual tables ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Common chord modifiers > ] |
A.1 Chord name chart
The following chart shows two standard systems for printing chord names, along with the pitches they represent.
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[ < Chord name chart ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Predefined string tunings > ] |
A.2 Common chord modifiers
The following table shows chord modifiers that can be used to generate standard chord structures.
Type | Interval | Modifier | Example | Output |
Major | Major third, perfect fifth | 5 or nothing | c1:5 | |
Minor | Minor third, perfect fifth | m or m5 | c1:m | |
Augmented | Major third, augmented fifth | aug | c1:aug | |
Diminished | Minor third, diminished fifth | dim | c1:dim | |
Dominant seventh | Major triad, minor seventh | 7 | c1:7 | |
Major seventh | Major triad, major seventh | maj7 or maj | c1:maj7 | |
Minor seventh | Minor triad, minor seventh | m7 | c1:m7 | |
Diminished seventh | Diminished triad, diminished seventh | dim7 | c1:dim7 | |
Augmented seventh | Augmented triad, minor seventh | aug7 | c1:aug7 | |
Half-diminished seventh | Diminished triad, minor seventh | m7.5- | c1:m7.5- | |
Minor-major seventh | Minor triad, major seventh | m7+ | c1:m7+ | |
Major sixth | Major triad, sixth | 6 | c1:6 | |
Minor sixth | Minor triad, sixth | m6 | c1:m6 | |
Dominant ninth | Dominant seventh, major ninth | 9 | c1:9 | |
Major ninth | Major seventh, major ninth | maj9 | c1:maj9 | |
Minor ninth | Minor seventh, major ninth | m9 | c1:m9 | |
Dominant eleventh | Dominant ninth, perfect eleventh | 11 | c1:11 | |
Major eleventh | Major ninth, perfect eleventh | maj11 | c1:maj11 | |
Minor eleventh | Minor ninth, perfect eleventh | m11 | c1:m11 | |
Dominant thirteenth | Dominant ninth, major thirteenth | 13 | c1:13 | |
Dominant thirteenth | Dominant eleventh, major thirteenth | 13.11 | c1:13.11 | |
Major thirteenth | Major eleventh, major thirteenth | maj13.11 | c1:maj13.11 | |
Minor thirteenth | Minor eleventh, major thirteenth | m13.11 | c1:m13.11 | |
Suspended second | Major second, perfect fifth | sus2 | c1:sus2 | |
Suspended fourth | Perfect fourth, perfect fifth | sus4 | c1:sus4 | |
Power chord (two-voiced) | Perfect fifth | 1.5 | \powerChords c1:5 | |
Power chord (three-voiced) | Perfect fifth, octave | 1.5.8 | \powerChords c1:5.8 |
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[ < Common chord modifiers ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Predefined fretboard diagrams > ] |
A.3 Predefined string tunings
The chart below shows the predefined string tunings.
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[ < Predefined string tunings ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Diagrams for Guitar > ] |
A.4 Predefined fretboard diagrams
Diagrams for Guitar | ||
Diagrams for Ukulele | ||
Diagrams for Mandolin |
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[ < Predefined fretboard diagrams ] | [ Amunt : Predefined fretboard diagrams ] | [ Diagrams for Ukulele > ] |
Diagrams for Guitar
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[ < Diagrams for Guitar ] | [ Amunt : Predefined fretboard diagrams ] | [ Diagrams for Mandolin > ] |
Diagrams for Ukulele
[ << Notation manual tables ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Cheat sheet >> ] | ||
[ < Diagrams for Ukulele ] | [ Amunt : Predefined fretboard diagrams ] | [ Predefined paper sizes > ] |
Diagrams for Mandolin
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[ < Diagrams for Mandolin ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ MIDI instruments > ] |
A.5 Predefined paper sizes
Paper sizes are defined in ‘scm/paper.scm’
The “ISO 216” A Series
-
"a10"
(26 x 37 mm)
-
"a9"
(37 x 52 mm)
-
"a8"
(52 x 74 mm)
-
"a7"
(74 x 105 mm)
-
"a6"
(105 x 148 mm)
-
"a5"
(148 x 210 mm)
-
"a4"
(210 x 297 mm)
-
"a3"
(297 x 420 mm)
-
"a2"
(420 x 594 mm)
-
"a1"
(594 x 841 mm)
-
"a0"
(841 x 1189 mm)
The “ISO 216” B Series
-
"b10"
(31 x 44 mm)
-
"b9"
(44 x 62 mm)
-
"b8"
(62 x 88 mm)
-
"b7"
(88 x 125 mm)
-
"b6"
(125 x 176 mm)
-
"b5"
(176 x 250 mm)
-
"b4"
(250 x 353 mm)
-
"b3"
(353 x 500 mm)
-
"b2"
(500 x 707 mm)
-
"b1"
(707 x 1000 mm)
-
"b0"
(1000 x 1414 mm)
Two extended sizes as defined in “DIN 476”
-
"4a0"
(1682 x 2378 mm)
-
"2a0"
(1189 x 1682 mm)
“ISO 269” standard C series
-
"c10"
(28 x 40 mm)
-
"c9"
(40 x 57 mm)
-
"c8"
(57 x 81 mm)
-
"c7"
(81 x 114 mm)
-
"c6"
(114 x 162 mm)
-
"c5"
(162 x 229 mm)
-
"c4"
(229 x 324 mm)
-
"c3"
(324 x 458 mm)
-
"c2"
(458 x 648 mm)
-
"c1"
(648 x 917 mm)
-
"c0"
(917 x 1297 mm)
North American paper sizes
-
"junior-legal"
(8.0 x 5.0 in)
-
"legal"
(8.5 x 14.0 in)
-
"ledger"
(17.0 x 11.0 in)
-
"letter"
(8.5 x 11.0 in)
-
"tabloid"
(11.0 x 17.0 in)
-
"11x17"
(11.0 x 17.0 in)
-
"17x11"
(17.0 x 11.0 in)
Government-letter by IEEE Printer Working Group, for children’s writing
-
"government-letter"
(8 x 10.5 in)
-
"government-legal"
(8.5 x 13.0 in)
-
"philippine-legal"
(8.5 x 13.0 in)
ANSI sizes
-
"ansi a"
(8.5 x 11.0 in)
-
"ansi b"
(17.0 x 11.0 in)
-
"ansi c"
(17.0 x 22.0 in)
-
"ansi d"
(22.0 x 34.0 in)
-
"ansi e"
(34.0 x 44.0 in)
-
"engineering f"
(28.0 x 40.0 in)
North American Architectural sizes
-
"arch a"
(9.0 x 12.0 in)
-
"arch b"
(12.0 x 18.0 in)
-
"arch c"
(18.0 x 24.0 in)
-
"arch d"
(24.0 x 36.0 in)
-
"arch e"
(36.0 x 48.0 in)
-
"arch e1"
(30.0 x 42.0 in)
Antique sizes still used in the United Kingdom
-
"statement"
(5.5 x 8.5 in)
-
"half letter"
(5.5 x 8.5 in)
-
"quarto"
(8.0 x 10.0 in)
-
"octavo"
(6.75 x 10.5 in)
-
"executive"
(7.25 x 10.5 in)
-
"monarch"
(7.25 x 10.5 in)
-
"foolscap"
(8.27 x 13.0 in)
-
"folio"
(8.27 x 13.0 in)
-
"super-b"
(13.0 x 19.0 in)
-
"post"
(15.5 x 19.5 in)
-
"crown"
(15.0 x 20.0 in)
-
"large post"
(16.5 x 21.0 in)
-
"demy"
(17.5 x 22.5 in)
-
"medium"
(18.0 x 23.0 in)
-
"broadsheet"
(18.0 x 24.0 in)
-
"royal"
(20.0 x 25.0 in)
-
"elephant"
(23.0 x 28.0 in)
-
"double demy"
(22.5 x 35.0 in)
-
"quad demy"
(35.0 x 45.0 in)
-
"atlas"
(26.0 x 34.0 in)
-
"imperial"
(22.0 x 30.0 in)
-
"antiquarian"
(31.0 x 53.0 in)
PA4 based sizes
-
"pa0"
(840 x 1120 mm)
-
"pa1"
(560 x 840 mm)
-
"pa2"
(420 x 560 mm)
-
"pa3"
(280 x 420 mm)
-
"pa4"
(210 x 280 mm)
-
"pa5"
(140 x 210 mm)
-
"pa6"
(105 x 140 mm)
-
"pa7"
(70 x 105 mm)
-
"pa8"
(52 x 70 mm)
-
"pa9"
(35 x 52 mm)
-
"pa10"
(26 x 35 mm)
Used in Southeast Asia and Australia
-
"f4"
(210 x 330 mm)
Used for very small @lilypond
examples in the
documentation based on a8 landscape.
-
"a8landscape"
(74 x 52 mm)
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[ < Predefined paper sizes ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ List of colors > ] |
A.6 MIDI instruments
The following is a list of names that can be used for the
midiInstrument
property. The order of the instruments
below, starting in the left-hand column moving down, corresponds
to the General MIDI Standard’s 128 Program Numbers.
acoustic grand contrabass lead 7 (fifths) bright acoustic tremolo strings lead 8 (bass+lead) electric grand pizzicato strings pad 1 (new age) honky-tonk orchestral harp pad 2 (warm) electric piano 1 timpani pad 3 (polysynth) electric piano 2 string ensemble 1 pad 4 (choir) harpsichord string ensemble 2 pad 5 (bowed) clav synthstrings 1 pad 6 (metallic) celesta synthstrings 2 pad 7 (halo) glockenspiel choir aahs pad 8 (sweep) music box voice oohs fx 1 (rain) vibraphone synth voice fx 2 (soundtrack) marimba orchestra hit fx 3 (crystal) xylophone trumpet fx 4 (atmosphere) tubular bells trombone fx 5 (brightness) dulcimer tuba fx 6 (goblins) drawbar organ muted trumpet fx 7 (echoes) percussive organ french horn fx 8 (sci-fi) rock organ brass section sitar church organ synthbrass 1 banjo reed organ synthbrass 2 shamisen accordion soprano sax koto harmonica alto sax kalimba concertina tenor sax bagpipe acoustic guitar (nylon) baritone sax fiddle acoustic guitar (steel) oboe shanai electric guitar (jazz) english horn tinkle bell electric guitar (clean) bassoon agogo electric guitar (muted) clarinet steel drums overdriven guitar piccolo woodblock distorted guitar flute taiko drum guitar harmonics recorder melodic tom acoustic bass pan flute synth drum electric bass (finger) blown bottle reverse cymbal electric bass (pick) shakuhachi guitar fret noise fretless bass whistle breath noise slap bass 1 ocarina seashore slap bass 2 lead 1 (square) bird tweet synth bass 1 lead 2 (sawtooth) telephone ring synth bass 2 lead 3 (calliope) helicopter violin lead 4 (chiff) applause viola lead 5 (charang) gunshot cello lead 6 (voice)
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[ < MIDI instruments ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ The Emmentaler font > ] |
A.7 List of colors
Normal colors
Usage syntax is detailed in Coloring objects.
black white red green blue cyan magenta yellow grey darkred darkgreen darkblue darkcyan darkmagenta darkyellow
X color names
X color names come several variants:
Any name that is spelled as a single word with capitalization (e.g., ‘LightSlateBlue’) can also be spelled as space separated words without capitalization (e.g., ‘light slate blue’).
The word ‘grey’ can always be spelled ‘gray’ (e.g., ‘DarkSlateGray’).
Some names can take a numerical suffix (e.g., ‘LightSalmon4’).
Color Names without a numerical suffix:
snow GhostWhite WhiteSmoke gainsboro FloralWhite OldLace linen AntiqueWhite PapayaWhip BlanchedAlmond bisque PeachPuff NavajoWhite moccasin cornsilk ivory LemonChiffon seashell honeydew MintCream azure AliceBlue lavender LavenderBlush MistyRose white black DarkSlateGrey DimGrey SlateGrey LightSlateGrey grey LightGrey MidnightBlue navy NavyBlue CornflowerBlue DarkSlateBlue SlateBlue MediumSlateBlue LightSlateBlue MediumBlue RoyalBlue blue DodgerBlue DeepSkyBlue SkyBlue LightSkyBlue SteelBlue LightSteelBlue LightBlue PowderBlue PaleTurquoise DarkTurquoise MediumTurquoise turquoise cyan LightCyan CadetBlue MediumAquamarine aquamarine DarkGreen DarkOliveGreen DarkSeaGreen SeaGreen MediumSeaGreen LightSeaGreen PaleGreen SpringGreen LawnGreen green chartreuse MediumSpringGreen GreenYellow LimeGreen YellowGreen ForestGreen OliveDrab DarkKhaki khaki PaleGoldenrod LightGoldenrodYellow LightYellow yellow gold LightGoldenrod goldenrod DarkGoldenrod RosyBrown IndianRed SaddleBrown sienna peru burlywood beige wheat SandyBrown tan chocolate firebrick brown DarkSalmon salmon LightSalmon orange DarkOrange coral LightCoral tomato OrangeRed red HotPink DeepPink pink LightPink PaleVioletRed maroon MediumVioletRed VioletRed magenta violet plum orchid MediumOrchid DarkOrchid DarkViolet BlueViolet purple MediumPurple thistle DarkGrey DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkMagenta DarkRed LightGreen
Color names with a numerical suffix
In the following names the suffix N can be a number in the range 1-4:
snowN seashellN AntiqueWhiteN bisqueN PeachPuffN NavajoWhiteN LemonChiffonN cornsilkN ivoryN honeydewN LavenderBlushN MistyRoseN azureN SlateBlueN RoyalBlueN blueN DodgerBlueN SteelBlueN DeepSkyBlueN SkyBlueN LightSkyBlueN LightSteelBlueN LightBlueN LightCyanN PaleTurquoiseN CadetBlueN turquoiseN cyanN aquamarineN DarkSeaGreenN SeaGreenN PaleGreenN SpringGreenN greenN chartreuseN OliveDrabN DarkOliveGreenN khakiN LightGoldenrodN LightYellowN yellowN goldN goldenrodN DarkGoldenrodN RosyBrownN IndianRedN siennaN burlywoodN wheatN tanN chocolateN firebrickN brownN salmonN LightSalmonN orangeN DarkOrangeN coralN tomatoN OrangeRedN redN DeepPinkN HotPinkN pinkN LightPinkN PaleVioletRedN maroonN VioletRedN magentaN orchidN plumN MediumOrchidN DarkOrchidN purpleN MediumPurpleN thistleN
Grey Scale
A grey scale can be obtained using:
greyN
Where N is in the range 0-100.
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[ < List of colors ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Clef glyphs > ] |
A.8 The Emmentaler font
The Emmentaler font consists of two sub-sets of glyphs. “Feta”, used for classical notation and “Parmesan”, used for Ancient notation.
Any glyph within the Emmentaler font can be accessed directly by using text markup along with the name of the glyph (as shown in the tables below). For example;
g^\markup {\musicglyph #"scripts.segno" }
or
\markup {\musicglyph #"five"}
For more information see Formatting text.
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[ < The Emmentaler font ] | [ Amunt : The Emmentaler font ] | [ Time Signature glyphs > ] |
Clef glyphs
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[ < Clef glyphs ] | [ Amunt : The Emmentaler font ] | [ Number glyphs > ] |
Time Signature glyphs
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[ < Time Signature glyphs ] | [ Amunt : The Emmentaler font ] | [ Accidental glyphs > ] |
Number glyphs
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Accidental glyphs
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Default Notehead glyphs
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Special Notehead glyphs
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Shape-note Notehead glyphs
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Rest glyphs
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Flag glyphs
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Dot glyphs
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Dynamic glyphs
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Script glyphs
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Arrowhead glyphs
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Bracket-tip glyphs
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Pedal glyphs
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Accordion glyphs
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Tie glyphs
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[ < Tie glyphs ] | [ Amunt : The Emmentaler font ] | [ Medicaea glyphs > ] |
Vaticana glyphs
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Medicaea glyphs
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Hufnagel glyphs
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Mensural glyphs
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Neomensural glyphs
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Petrucci glyphs
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Solesmes glyphs
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Kievan Notation glyphs
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A.9 Note head styles
The following styles may be used for note heads.
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A.10 Clef styles
The following table shows all the clef styles possible (including where middle C sits relative to the clef).
Standard clefs | ||
Percussion staff clef | ||
Tab staff clefs | ||
Ancient music clefs |
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Standard clefs
Example | Output | Example | Output |
---|---|---|---|
\clef G | \clef "G2" | ||
\clef treble | \clef violin | ||
\clef french | \clef GG | ||
\clef tenorG |
| ||
\clef soprano | \clef mezzosoprano | ||
\clef C | \clef alto | ||
\clef tenor | \clef baritone |
| |
\clef varC | \clef altovarC | ||
\clef tenorvarC | \clef baritonevarC |
| |
\clef varbaritone | \clef baritonevarF | ||
\clef F | \clef bass | ||
\clef subbass |
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Percussion staff clef
Example | Output | Example | Output |
---|---|---|---|
\clef percussion | \clef varpercussion |
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Tab staff clefs
Example | Output | Example | Output |
---|---|---|---|
\new TabStaff { |
\new TabStaff { |
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Ancient music clefs
Gregorian
Example | Output | Example | Output |
---|---|---|---|
\clef "vaticana-do1" | \clef "vaticana-do2" | ||
\clef "vaticana-do3" | \clef "vaticana-fa1" | ||
\clef "vaticana-fa2" |
| ||
\clef "medicaea-do1" | \clef "medicaea-do2" | ||
\clef "medicaea-do3" | \clef "medicaea-fa1" | ||
\clef "medicaea-fa2" |
| ||
\clef "hufnagel-do1" | \clef "hufnagel-do2" | ||
\clef "hufnagel-do3" | \clef "hufnagel-fa1" | ||
\clef "hufnagel-fa2" | \clef |
Mensural
Example | Output | Example | Output |
---|---|---|---|
\clef "mensural-c1" | \clef "mensural-c2" | ||
\clef "mensural-c3" | \clef "mensural-c4" | ||
\clef "mensural-c5" |
| ||
\clef "mensural-f" | \clef "mensural-g" |
| |
\clef "blackmensural-c1" | \clef "blackmensural-c2" | ||
\clef "blackmensural-c3" | \clef "blackmensural-c4" | ||
\clef "blackmensural-c5" |
| ||
\clef "neomensural-c1" | \clef "neomensural-c2" | ||
\clef "neomensural-c3" | \clef "neomensural-c4" | ||
\clef "neomensural-c5" |
| ||
\clef "petrucci-c1" | \clef "petrucci-c2" | ||
\clef "petrucci-c3" | \clef "petrucci-c4" | ||
\clef "petrucci-c5" |
| ||
\clef "petrucci-f" | \clef "petrucci-f2" | ||
\clef "petrucci-f3" | \clef "petrucci-f4" | ||
\clef "petrucci-f5" |
| ||
\clef "petrucci-g1" | \clef "petrucci-g2" | ||
\clef "petrucci-g" |
Kievan
Example | Output | ||
---|---|---|---|
\clef "kievan-do" |
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A.11 Text markup commands
The following commands can all be used inside \markup { }
.
A.11.1 Font | ||
A.11.2 Align | ||
A.11.3 Graphic | ||
A.11.4 Music | ||
A.11.5 Instrument Specific Markup | ||
A.11.6 Accordion Registers | ||
A.11.7 Other |
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A.11.1 Font
-
\abs-fontsize
size (number) arg (markup) -
Use size as the absolute font size (in points) to display arg. Adjusts
baseline-skip
andword-space
accordingly.\markup { default text font size \hspace #2 \abs-fontsize #16 { text font size 16 } \hspace #2 \abs-fontsize #12 { text font size 12 } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
(3) -
word-space
(0.6)
-
-
\bold
arg (markup) -
Switch to bold font-series.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \bold bold }
-
\box
arg (markup) -
Draw a box round arg. Looks at
thickness
,box-padding
andfont-size
properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup.\markup { \override #'(box-padding . 0.5) \box \line { V. S. } }
Used properties:
-
box-padding
(0.2) -
font-size
(0) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\caps
arg (markup) -
Copy of the
\smallCaps
command.\markup { default \hspace #2 \caps { Text in small caps } }
-
\dynamic
arg (markup) -
Use the dynamic font. This font only contains s, f, m, z, p, and r. When producing phrases, like ‘più f’, the normal words (like ‘più’) should be done in a different font. The recommended font for this is bold and italic.
\markup { \dynamic { sfzp } }
-
\finger
arg (markup) -
Set arg as small numbers.
\markup { \finger { 1 2 3 4 5 } }
-
\fontCaps
arg (markup) -
Set
font-shape
tocaps
Note:
\fontCaps
requires the installation and selection of fonts which support thecaps
font shape. -
\fontsize
increment (number) arg (markup) -
Add increment to the font-size. Adjusts
baseline-skip
accordingly.\markup { default \hspace #2 \fontsize #-1.5 smaller }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
(2) -
word-space
(1) -
font-size
(0)
-
-
\huge
arg (markup) -
Set font size to +2.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \huge huge }
-
\italic
arg (markup) -
Use italic
font-shape
for arg.\markup { default \hspace #2 \italic italic }
-
\large
arg (markup) -
Set font size to +1.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \large large }
-
\larger
arg (markup) -
Increase the font size relative to the current setting.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \larger larger }
-
\magnify
sz (number) arg (markup) -
Set the font magnification for its argument. In the following example, the middle A is 10% larger:
A \magnify #1.1 { A } A
Note: Magnification only works if a font name is explicitly selected. Use
\fontsize
otherwise.\markup { default \hspace #2 \magnify #1.5 { 50% larger } }
-
\medium
arg (markup) -
Switch to medium font-series (in contrast to bold).
\markup { \bold { some bold text \hspace #2 \medium { medium font series } \hspace #2 bold again } }
-
\normal-size-sub
arg (markup) -
Set arg in subscript with a normal font size.
\markup { default \normal-size-sub { subscript in standard size } }
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\normal-size-super
arg (markup) -
Set arg in superscript with a normal font size.
\markup { default \normal-size-super { superscript in standard size } }
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\normal-text
arg (markup) -
Set all font related properties (except the size) to get the default normal text font, no matter what font was used earlier.
\markup { \huge \bold \sans \caps { huge bold sans caps \hspace #2 \normal-text { huge normal } \hspace #2 as before } }
-
\normalsize
arg (markup) -
Set font size to default.
\markup { \teeny { this is very small \hspace #2 \normalsize { normal size } \hspace #2 teeny again } }
-
\number
arg (markup) -
Set font family to
number
, which yields the font used for time signatures and fingerings. This font contains numbers and some punctuation; it has no letters.\markup { \number { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . , } }
-
\overtie
arg (markup) -
Overtie arg.
\markup \line { \overtie "overtied" \override #'(offset . 5) \override #'(thickness . 1) \overtie "overtied" \override #'(offset . 1) \override #'(thickness . 5) \overtie "overtied" }
Used properties:
-
shorten-pair
((0 . 0)) -
direction
(1) -
offset
(2) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\replace
replacements (list) arg (markup) -
Used to automatically replace a string by another in the markup arg. Each pair of the alist replacements specifies what should be replaced. The
key
is the string to be replaced by thevalue
string.\markup \replace #'(("thx" . "Thanks!")) thx
-
\roman
arg (markup) -
Set font family to
roman
.\markup { \sans \bold { sans serif, bold \hspace #2 \roman { text in roman font family } \hspace #2 return to sans } }
-
\sans
arg (markup) -
Switch to the sans serif font family.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \sans { sans serif } }
-
\simple
str (string) -
A simple text string;
\markup { foo }
is equivalent with\markup { \simple #"foo" }
.Note: for creating standard text markup or defining new markup commands, the use of
\simple
is unnecessary.\markup { \simple #"simple" \simple #"text" \simple #"strings" }
-
\small
arg (markup) -
Set font size to -1.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \small small }
-
\smallCaps
arg (markup) -
Emit arg as small caps.
Note:
\smallCaps
does not support accented characters.\markup { default \hspace #2 \smallCaps { Text in small caps } }
-
\smaller
arg (markup) -
Decrease the font size relative to the current setting.
\markup { \fontsize #3.5 { some large text \hspace #2 \smaller { a bit smaller } \hspace #2 more large text } }
-
\sub
arg (markup) -
Set arg in subscript.
\markup { \concat { H \sub { 2 } O } }
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\super
arg (markup) -
Set arg in superscript.
\markup { E = \concat { mc \super 2 } }
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\teeny
arg (markup) -
Set font size to -3.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \teeny teeny }
-
\text
arg (markup) -
Use a text font instead of music symbol or music alphabet font.
\markup { \number { 1, 2, \text { three, four, } 5 } }
-
\tie
arg (markup) -
Adds a horizontal bow created with
make-tie-stencil
at bottom or top of arg. Looks atthickness
to determine line thickness, andoffset
to determine y-offset. The added bow fits the extent of arg,shorten-pair
may be used to modify this. direction may be set using anoverride
or direction-modifiers orvoiceOne
, etc.\markup { \override #'(direction . 1) \tie "above" \override #'(direction . -1) \tie "below" }
Used properties:
-
shorten-pair
((0 . 0)) -
direction
(1) -
offset
(2) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\tiny
arg (markup) -
Set font size to -2.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \tiny tiny }
-
\typewriter
arg (markup) -
Use
font-family
typewriter for arg.\markup { default \hspace #2 \typewriter typewriter }
-
\underline
arg (markup) -
Underline arg. Looks at
thickness
to determine line thickness, andoffset
to determine line y-offset.\markup \fill-line { \underline "underlined" \override #'(offset . 5) \override #'(thickness . 1) \underline "underlined" \override #'(offset . 1) \override #'(thickness . 5) \underline "underlined" }
Used properties:
-
offset
(2) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\undertie
arg (markup) -
\markup \line { \undertie "undertied" \override #'(offset . 5) \override #'(thickness . 1) \undertie "undertied" \override #'(offset . 1) \override #'(thickness . 5) \undertie "undertied" }
Used properties:
-
shorten-pair
((0 . 0)) -
direction
(1) -
offset
(2) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\upright
arg (markup) -
Set
font-shape
toupright
. This is the opposite ofitalic
.\markup { \italic { italic text \hspace #2 \upright { upright text } \hspace #2 italic again } }
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A.11.2 Align
-
\center-align
arg (markup) -
Align
arg
to its X center.\markup { \column { one \center-align two three } }
-
\center-column
args (markup list) -
Put
args
in a centered column.\markup { \center-column { one two three } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\column
args (markup list) -
Stack the markups in args vertically. The property
baseline-skip
determines the space between markups in args.\markup { \column { one two three } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\combine
arg1 (markup) arg2 (markup) -
Print two markups on top of each other.
Note:
\combine
cannot take a list of markups enclosed in curly braces as an argument; for this purpose use\overlay
instead.\markup { \fontsize #5 \override #'(thickness . 2) \combine \draw-line #'(0 . 4) \arrow-head #Y #DOWN ##f }
-
\concat
args (markup list) -
Concatenate args in a horizontal line, without spaces in between. Strings and simple markups are concatenated on the input level, allowing ligatures. For example,
\concat { "f" \simple #"i" }
is equivalent to"fi"
.\markup { \concat { one two three } }
-
\dir-column
args (markup list) -
Make a column of args, going up or down, depending on the setting of the
direction
layout property.\markup { \override #`(direction . ,UP) { \dir-column { going up } } \hspace #1 \dir-column { going down } \hspace #1 \override #'(direction . 1) { \dir-column { going up } } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
direction
-
-
\fill-line
args (markup list) -
Put markups in a horizontal line of width line-width. The markups are spaced or flushed to fill the entire line. If there are no arguments, return an empty stencil.
\markup { \column { \fill-line { Words evenly spaced across the page } \null \fill-line { \line { Text markups } \line { \italic { evenly spaced } } \line { across the page } } } }
Used properties:
-
line-width
(#f) -
word-space
(0.6) -
text-direction
(1)
-
-
\fill-with-pattern
space (number) dir (direction) pattern (markup) left (markup) right (markup) -
Put left and right in a horizontal line of width
line-width
with a line of markups pattern in between. Patterns are spaced apart by space. Patterns are aligned to the dir markup.\markup \column { "right-aligned :" \fill-with-pattern #1 #RIGHT . first right \fill-with-pattern #1 #RIGHT . second right \null "center-aligned :" \fill-with-pattern #1.5 #CENTER - left right \null "left-aligned :" \override #'(line-width . 50) \fill-with-pattern #2 #LEFT : left first \override #'(line-width . 50) \fill-with-pattern #2 #LEFT : left second }
Used properties:
-
line-width
-
word-space
-
-
\general-align
axis (integer) dir (number) arg (markup) -
Align arg in axis direction to the dir side.
\markup { \column { one \general-align #X #LEFT two three \null one \general-align #X #CENTER two three \null \line { one \general-align #Y #UP two three } \null \line { one \general-align #Y #3.2 two three } } }
-
\halign
dir (number) arg (markup) -
Set horizontal alignment. If dir is
-1
, then it is left-aligned, while+1
is right. Values in between interpolate alignment accordingly.\markup { \column { one \halign #LEFT two three \null one \halign #CENTER two three \null one \halign #RIGHT two three \null one \halign #-5 two three } }
-
\hcenter-in
length (number) arg (markup) -
Center arg horizontally within a box of extending length/2 to the left and right.
\new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { \hcenter-in #12 Oboe } c''1 } \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { \hcenter-in #12 Bassoon } \clef tenor c'1 } >>
-
\hspace
amount (number) -
Create an invisible object taking up horizontal space amount.
\markup { one \hspace #2 two \hspace #8 three }
-
\justify-field
symbol (symbol) -
Justify the data which has been assigned to symbol.
\header { title = "My title" myText = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat." } \paper { bookTitleMarkup = \markup { \column { \fill-line { \fromproperty #'header:title } \null \justify-field #'header:myText } } } \markup { \null }
-
\justify-line
args (markup list) -
Put markups in a horizontal line of width line-width. The markups are spread to fill the entire line and separated by equal space. If there are no arguments, return an empty stencil.
\markup { \justify-line { Space between neighboring words is constant } }
Used properties:
-
line-width
(#f) -
word-space
(0.6) -
text-direction
(1)
-
-
\justify
args (markup list) -
Like
\wordwrap
, but with lines stretched to justify the margins. Use\override #'(line-width . X)
to set the line width; X is the number of staff spaces.\markup { \justify { Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. } }
Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
(#f) -
baseline-skip
-
-
\justify-string
arg (string) -
Justify a string. Paragraphs may be separated with double newlines
\markup { \override #'(line-width . 40) \justify-string #"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum" }
Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\left-align
arg (markup) -
Align arg on its left edge.
\markup { \column { one \left-align two three } }
-
\left-column
args (markup list) -
Put
args
in a left-aligned column.\markup { \left-column { one two three } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\line
args (markup list) -
Put args in a horizontal line. The property
word-space
determines the space between markups in args.\markup { \line { one two three } }
Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
-
\lower
amount (number) arg (markup) -
Lower arg by the distance amount. A negative amount indicates raising; see also
\raise
.\markup { one \lower #3 two three }
-
\overlay
args (markup list) -
Takes a list of markups combining them.
\markup { \fontsize #5 \override #'(thickness . 2) \overlay { \draw-line #'(0 . 4) \arrow-head #Y #DOWN ##f \translate #'(0 . 4)\arrow-head #Y #UP ##f } }
-
\pad-around
amount (number) arg (markup) -
Add padding amount all around arg.
\markup { \box { default } \hspace #2 \box { \pad-around #0.5 { padded } } }
-
\pad-markup
amount (number) arg (markup) -
Add space around a markup object. Identical to
pad-around
.\markup { \box { default } \hspace #2 \box { \pad-markup #1 { padded } } }
-
\pad-to-box
x-ext (pair of numbers) y-ext (pair of numbers) arg (markup) -
Make arg take at least x-ext, y-ext space.
\markup { \box { default } \hspace #4 \box { \pad-to-box #'(0 . 10) #'(0 . 3) { padded } } }
-
\pad-x
amount (number) arg (markup) -
Add padding amount around arg in the X direction.
\markup { \box { default } \hspace #4 \box { \pad-x #2 { padded } } }
-
\put-adjacent
axis (integer) dir (direction) arg1 (markup) arg2 (markup) -
Put arg2 next to arg1, without moving arg1.
-
\raise
amount (number) arg (markup) -
Raise arg by the distance amount. A negative amount indicates lowering, see also
\lower
.The argument to
\raise
is the vertical displacement amount, measured in (global) staff spaces.\raise
and\super
raise objects in relation to their surrounding markups.If the text object itself is positioned above or below the staff, then
\raise
cannot be used to move it, since the mechanism that positions it next to the staff cancels any shift made with\raise
. For vertical positioning, use thepadding
and/orextra-offset
properties.\markup { C \small \bold \raise #1.0 9/7+ }
-
\right-align
arg (markup) -
Align arg on its right edge.
\markup { \column { one \right-align two three } }
-
\right-column
args (markup list) -
Put
args
in a right-aligned column.\markup { \right-column { one two three } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\rotate
ang (number) arg (markup) -
Rotate object with ang degrees around its center.
\markup { default \hspace #2 \rotate #45 \line { rotated 45° } }
-
\translate
offset (pair of numbers) arg (markup) -
Translate arg relative to its surroundings. offset is a pair of numbers representing the displacement in the X and Y axis.
\markup { * \translate #'(2 . 3) \line { translated two spaces right, three up } }
-
\translate-scaled
offset (pair of numbers) arg (markup) -
Translate arg by offset, scaling the offset by the
font-size
.\markup { \fontsize #5 { * \translate #'(2 . 3) translate \hspace #2 * \translate-scaled #'(2 . 3) translate-scaled } }
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\vcenter
arg (markup) -
Align
arg
to its Y center.\markup { one \vcenter two three }
-
\vspace
amount (number) -
Create an invisible object taking up vertical space of amount multiplied by 3.
\markup { \center-column { one \vspace #2 two \vspace #5 three } }
-
\wordwrap-field
symbol (symbol) -
Wordwrap the data which has been assigned to symbol.
\header { title = "My title" myText = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat." } \paper { bookTitleMarkup = \markup { \column { \fill-line { \fromproperty #'header:title } \null \wordwrap-field #'header:myText } } } \markup { \null }
-
\wordwrap
args (markup list) -
Simple wordwrap. Use
\override #'(line-width . X)
to set the line width, where X is the number of staff spaces.\markup { \wordwrap { Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. } }
Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
(#f) -
baseline-skip
-
-
\wordwrap-string
arg (string) -
Wordwrap a string. Paragraphs may be separated with double newlines.
\markup { \override #'(line-width . 40) \wordwrap-string #"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum" }
Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
-
baseline-skip
-
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A.11.3 Graphic
-
\arrow-head
axis (integer) dir (direction) filled (boolean) -
Produce an arrow head in specified direction and axis. Use the filled head if filled is specified.
\markup { \fontsize #5 { \general-align #Y #DOWN { \arrow-head #Y #UP ##t \arrow-head #Y #DOWN ##f \hspace #2 \arrow-head #X #RIGHT ##f \arrow-head #X #LEFT ##f } } }
-
\beam
width (number) slope (number) thickness (number) -
Create a beam with the specified parameters.
\markup { \beam #5 #1 #2 }
-
\bracket
arg (markup) -
Draw vertical brackets around arg.
\markup { \bracket { \note {2.} #UP } }
-
\circle
arg (markup) -
Draw a circle around arg. Use
thickness
,circle-padding
andfont-size
properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup.\markup { \circle { Hi } }
Used properties:
-
circle-padding
(0.2) -
font-size
(0) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\draw-circle
radius (number) thickness (number) filled (boolean) -
A circle of radius radius and thickness thickness, optionally filled.
\markup { \draw-circle #2 #0.5 ##f \hspace #2 \draw-circle #2 #0 ##t }
-
\draw-dashed-line
dest (pair of numbers) -
A dashed line.
If
full-length
is set to #t (default) the dashed-line extends to the whole length given by dest, without white space at beginning or end.off
will then be altered to fit. To insist on the given (or default) values ofon
,off
use\override #'(full-length . #f)
Manual settings foron
,off
andphase
are possible.\markup { \draw-dashed-line #'(5.1 . 2.3) \override #'(on . 0.3) \override #'(off . 0.5) \draw-dashed-line #'(5.1 . 2.3) }
Used properties:
-
full-length
(#t) -
phase
(0) -
off
(1) -
on
(1) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\draw-dotted-line
dest (pair of numbers) -
A dotted line.
The dotted-line always extends to the whole length given by dest, without white space at beginning or end. Manual settings for
off
are possible to get larger or smaller space between the dots. The given (or default) value ofoff
will be altered to fit the line-length.\markup { \draw-dotted-line #'(5.1 . 2.3) \override #'(thickness . 2) \override #'(off . 0.2) \draw-dotted-line #'(5.1 . 2.3) }
Used properties:
-
phase
(0) -
off
(1) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\draw-hline
-
Draws a line across a page, where the property
span-factor
controls what fraction of the page is taken up.\markup { \column { \draw-hline \override #'(span-factor . 1/3) \draw-hline } }
Used properties:
-
span-factor
(1) -
line-width
-
draw-line-markup
-
-
\draw-line
dest (pair of numbers) -
A simple line.
\markup { \draw-line #'(4 . 4) \override #'(thickness . 5) \draw-line #'(-3 . 0) }
Used properties:
-
thickness
(1)
-
-
\draw-squiggle-line
sq-length (number) dest (pair of numbers) eq-end? (boolean) -
A squiggled line.
If
eq-end?
is set to#t
, it is ensured the squiggled line ends with a bow in same direction as the starting one.sq-length
is the length of the first bow.dest
is the end point of the squiggled line. To matchdest
the squiggled line is scaled accordingly. Its appearance may be customized by overrides forthickness
,angularity
,height
andorientation
.\markup \column { \draw-squiggle-line #0.5 #'(6 . 0) ##t \override #'(orientation . -1) \draw-squiggle-line #0.5 #'(6 . 0) ##t \draw-squiggle-line #0.5 #'(6 . 0) ##f \override #'(height . 1) \draw-squiggle-line #0.5 #'(6 . 0) ##t \override #'(thickness . 5) \draw-squiggle-line #0.5 #'(6 . 0) ##t \override #'(angularity . 2) \draw-squiggle-line #0.5 #'(6 . 0) ##t }
Used properties:
-
orientation
(1) -
height
(0.5) -
angularity
(0) -
thickness
(0.5)
-
-
\ellipse
arg (markup) -
Draw an ellipse around arg. Use
thickness
,x-padding
,y-padding
andfont-size
properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup.\markup { \ellipse { Hi } }
Used properties:
-
y-padding
(0.2) -
x-padding
(0.2) -
font-size
(0) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\epsfile
axis (number) size (number) file-name (string) -
Inline an EPS image. The image is scaled along axis to size.
\markup { \general-align #Y #DOWN { \epsfile #X #20 #"context-example.eps" \epsfile #Y #20 #"context-example.eps" } }
-
\filled-box
xext (pair of numbers) yext (pair of numbers) blot (number) -
Draw a box with rounded corners of dimensions xext and yext. For example,
\filled-box #'(-.3 . 1.8) #'(-.3 . 1.8) #0
creates a box extending horizontally from -0.3 to 1.8 and vertically from -0.3 up to 1.8, with corners formed from a circle of diameter 0 (i.e., sharp corners).
\markup { \filled-box #'(0 . 4) #'(0 . 4) #0 \filled-box #'(0 . 2) #'(-4 . 2) #0.4 \filled-box #'(1 . 8) #'(0 . 7) #0.2 \with-color #white \filled-box #'(-4.5 . -2.5) #'(3.5 . 5.5) #0.7 }
-
\hbracket
arg (markup) -
Draw horizontal brackets around arg.
\markup { \hbracket { \line { one two three } } }
-
\oval
arg (markup) -
Draw an oval around arg. Use
thickness
,x-padding
,x-padding
andfont-size
properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup.\markup { \oval { Hi } }
Used properties:
-
y-padding
(0.75) -
x-padding
(0.75) -
font-size
(0) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\parenthesize
arg (markup) -
Draw parentheses around arg. This is useful for parenthesizing a column containing several lines of text.
\markup { \line { \parenthesize { \column { foo bar } } \override #'(angularity . 2) { \parenthesize { \column { bah baz } } } } }
Used properties:
-
width
(0.25) -
line-thickness
(0.1) -
thickness
(1) -
size
(1) -
padding
-
angularity
(0)
-
-
\path
thickness (number) commands (list) -
Draws a path with line thickness according to the directions given in commands. commands is a list of lists where the
car
of each sublist is a drawing command and thecdr
comprises the associated arguments for each command.There are seven commands available to use in the list
commands
:moveto
,rmoveto
,lineto
,rlineto
,curveto
,rcurveto
, andclosepath
. Note that the commands that begin with r are the relative variants of the other three commands.The commands
moveto
,rmoveto
,lineto
, andrlineto
take 2 arguments; they are the X and Y coordinates for the destination point.The commands
curveto
andrcurveto
create cubic Bézier curves, and take 6 arguments; the first two are the X and Y coordinates for the first control point, the second two are the X and Y coordinates for the second control point, and the last two are the X and Y coordinates for the destination point.The
closepath
command takes zero arguments and closes the current subpath in the active path.Note that a sequence of commands must begin with a
moveto
orrmoveto
to work with the SVG output.Line-cap styles and line-join styles may be customized by overriding the
line-cap-style
andline-join-style
properties, respectively. Available line-cap styles are'butt
,'round
, and'square
. Available line-join styles are'miter
,'round
, and'bevel
.The property
filled
specifies whether or not the path is filled with color.samplePath = #'((moveto 0 0) (lineto -1 1) (lineto 1 1) (lineto 1 -1) (curveto -5 -5 -5 5 -1 0) (closepath)) \markup { \path #0.25 #samplePath \override #'(line-join-style . miter) \path #0.25 #samplePath \override #'(filled . #t) \path #0.25 #samplePath }
Used properties:
-
filled
(#f) -
line-join-style
(round) -
line-cap-style
(round)
-
-
\postscript
str (string) -
This inserts str directly into the output as a PostScript command string.
ringsps = #" 0.15 setlinewidth 0.9 0.6 moveto 0.4 0.6 0.5 0 361 arc stroke 1.0 0.6 0.5 0 361 arc stroke " rings = \markup { \with-dimensions #'(-0.2 . 1.6) #'(0 . 1.2) \postscript #ringsps } \relative c'' { c2^\rings a2_\rings }
-
\rounded-box
arg (markup) -
Draw a box with rounded corners around arg. Looks at
thickness
,box-padding
andfont-size
properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup; thecorner-radius
property makes it possible to define another shape for the corners (default is 1).c4^\markup { \rounded-box { Overtura } } c,8. c16 c4 r
Used properties:
-
box-padding
(0.5) -
font-size
(0) -
corner-radius
(1) -
thickness
(1)
-
-
\scale
factor-pair (pair of numbers) arg (markup) -
Scale arg. factor-pair is a pair of numbers representing the scaling-factor in the X and Y axes. Negative values may be used to produce mirror images.
\markup { \line { \scale #'(2 . 1) stretched \scale #'(1 . -1) mirrored } }
-
\triangle
filled (boolean) -
A triangle, either filled or empty.
\markup { \triangle ##t \hspace #2 \triangle ##f }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
(2) -
font-size
(0) -
thickness
(0.1)
-
-
\with-url
url (string) arg (markup) -
Add a link to URL url around arg. This only works in the PDF backend.
\markup { \with-url #"http://lilypond.org/" { LilyPond ... \italic { music notation for everyone } } }
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A.11.4 Music
-
\compound-meter
time-sig (number or pair) -
Draw a numeric time signature.
\markup { \column { \line { Single number: \compound-meter #3 } \line { Conventional: \compound-meter #'(4 . 4) or \compound-meter #'(4 4) } \line { Compound: \compound-meter #'(2 3 8) } \line { Single-number compound: \compound-meter #'((2) (3)) } \line { Complex compound: \compound-meter #'((2 3 8) (3 4)) } } }
-
\customTabClef
num-strings (integer) staff-space (number) -
Draw a tab clef sans-serif style.
-
\doubleflat
-
Draw a double flat symbol.
\markup { \doubleflat }
-
\doublesharp
-
Draw a double sharp symbol.
\markup { \doublesharp }
-
\fermata
-
Create a fermata glyph. When direction is
DOWN
, use an inverted glyph. Note that within music, one would usually use the\fermata
articulation instead of a markup.{ c''1^\markup \fermata d''1_\markup \fermata } \markup { \fermata \override #`(direction . ,DOWN) \fermata }
Used properties:
-
direction
(1)
-
-
\flat
-
Draw a flat symbol.
\markup { \flat }
-
\musicglyph
glyph-name (string) -
glyph-name is converted to a musical symbol; for example,
\musicglyph #"accidentals.natural"
selects the natural sign from the music font. See The Emmentaler font for a complete listing of the possible glyphs.\markup { \musicglyph #"f" \musicglyph #"rests.2" \musicglyph #"clefs.G_change" }
-
\natural
-
Draw a natural symbol.
\markup { \natural }
-
\note-by-number
log (number) dot-count (number) dir (number) -
Construct a note symbol, with stem and flag. By using fractional values for dir, longer or shorter stems can be obtained. Supports all note-head-styles. Ancient note-head-styles will get mensural-style-flags.
flag-style
may be overridden independently. Supported flag-styles aredefault
,old-straight-flag
,modern-straight-flag
,flat-flag
,mensural
andneomensural
. The latter two flag-styles will both result in mensural-flags. Both are supplied for convenience.\markup { \note-by-number #3 #0 #DOWN \hspace #2 \note-by-number #1 #2 #0.8 }
Used properties:
-
style
(’()) -
flag-style
(’()) -
font-size
(0)
-
-
\note
duration (duration) dir (number) -
This produces a note with a stem pointing in dir direction, with the duration for the note head type and augmentation dots. For example,
\note {4.} #-0.75
creates a dotted quarter note, with a shortened down stem.\markup { \override #'(style . cross) { \note {4..} #UP } \hspace #2 \note {\breve} #0 }
Used properties:
-
style
(’()) -
flag-style
(’()) -
font-size
(0)
-
-
\rest-by-number
log (number) dot-count (number) -
A rest or multi-measure-rest symbol.
\markup { \rest-by-number #3 #2 \hspace #2 \rest-by-number #0 #1 \hspace #2 \override #'(multi-measure-rest . #t) \rest-by-number #0 #0 }
Used properties:
-
multi-measure-rest
(#f) -
style
(’()) -
font-size
(0)
-
-
\rest
duration (string) -
This produces a rest, with the duration for the rest type and augmentation dots.
"breve"
,"longa"
and"maxima"
are valid input-strings.Printing MultiMeasureRests could be enabled with
\override #'(multi-measure-rest . #t)
If MultiMeasureRests are taken, the MultiMeasureRestNumber is printed above. This is enabled for all styles using default-glyphs. Could be disabled with\override #'(multi-measure-rest-number . #f)
\markup { \rest #"4.." \hspace #2 \rest #"breve" \hspace #2 \override #'(multi-measure-rest . #t) { \rest #"7" \hspace #2 \override #'(multi-measure-rest-number . #f) \rest #"7" } }
Used properties:
-
word-space
(0.6) -
multi-measure-rest-number
(#t) -
multi-measure-rest
(#f) -
style
(’())
-
-
\score
score (score) -
Inline an image of music. The reference point (usually the middle staff line) of the lowest staff in the top system is placed on the baseline.
\markup { \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c' { \key f \major \time 3/4 \mark \markup { Allegro } f2\p( a4) c2( a4) bes2( g'4) f8( e) e4 r } \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key f \major \time 3/4 f8( a c a c a f c' es c es c) f,( bes d bes d bes) f( g bes g bes g) } >> \layout { indent = 0.0\cm \context { \Score \override RehearsalMark #'break-align-symbols = #'(time-signature key-signature) \override RehearsalMark #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT } \context { \Staff \override TimeSignature #'break-align-anchor-alignment = #LEFT } } } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\semiflat
-
Draw a semiflat symbol.
\markup { \semiflat }
-
\semisharp
-
Draw a semisharp symbol.
\markup { \semisharp }
-
\sesquiflat
-
Draw a 3/2 flat symbol.
\markup { \sesquiflat }
-
\sesquisharp
-
Draw a 3/2 sharp symbol.
\markup { \sesquisharp }
-
\sharp
-
Draw a sharp symbol.
\markup { \sharp }
-
\tied-lyric
str (string) -
Like simple-markup, but use tie characters for ‘~’ tilde symbols.
\markup \column { \tied-lyric #"Siam navi~all'onde~algenti Lasciate~in abbandono" \tied-lyric #"Impetuosi venti I nostri~affetti sono" \tied-lyric #"Ogni diletto~e scoglio Tutta la vita~e~un mar." }
Used properties:
-
word-space
-
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A.11.5 Instrument Specific Markup
-
\fret-diagram
definition-string (string) -
Make a (guitar) fret diagram. For example, say
\markup \fret-diagram #"s:0.75;6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-2;"
for fret spacing 3/4 of staff space, D chord diagram
Syntax rules for definition-string:
- - Diagram items are separated by semicolons.
- -
Possible items:
-
s:
number – Set the fret spacing of the diagram (in staff spaces). Default: 1. -
t:
number – Set the line thickness (relative to normal line thickness). Default: 0.5. -
h:
number – Set the height of the diagram in frets. Default: 4. -
w:
number – Set the width of the diagram in strings. Default: 6. -
f:
number – Set fingering label type (0 = none, 1 = in circle on string, 2 = below string). Default: 0. -
d:
number – Set radius of dot, in terms of fret spacing. Default: 0.25. -
p:
number – Set the position of the dot in the fret space. 0.5 is centered; 1 is on lower fret bar, 0 is on upper fret bar. Default: 0.6. -
c:
string1-
string2-
fret – Include a barre mark from string1 to string2 on fret. -
string
-
fret – Place a dot on string at fret. If fret is ‘o’, string is identified as open. If fret is ‘x’, string is identified as muted. -
string
-
fret-
fingering – Place a dot on string at fret, and label with fingering as defined by thef:
code.
-
- - Note: There is no limit to the number of fret indications per string.
Used properties:
-
thickness
(0.5) -
fret-diagram-details
-
size
(1.0) -
align-dir
(-0.4)
-
\fret-diagram-terse
definition-string (string) -
Make a fret diagram markup using terse string-based syntax.
Here is an example
\markup \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2;3;2;"
for a D chord diagram.
Syntax rules for definition-string:
- Strings are terminated by semicolons; the number of semicolons is the number of strings in the diagram.
- Mute strings are indicated by ‘x’.
- Open strings are indicated by ‘o’.
- A number indicates a fret indication at that fret.
- If there are multiple fret indicators desired on a string, they should be separated by spaces.
-
Fingerings are given by following the fret number with a
-
, followed by the finger indicator, e.g. ‘3-2’ for playing the third fret with the second finger. -
Where a barre indicator is desired, follow the fret (or fingering) symbol
with
-(
to start a barre and-)
to end the barre.
Used properties:
-
thickness
(0.5) -
fret-diagram-details
-
size
(1.0) -
align-dir
(-0.4)
-
\fret-diagram-verbose
marking-list (pair) -
Make a fret diagram containing the symbols indicated in marking-list.
For example,
\markup \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (mute 5) (open 4) (place-fret 3 2) (place-fret 2 3) (place-fret 1 2))
produces a standard D chord diagram without fingering indications.
Possible elements in marking-list:
-
(mute string-number)
Place a small ‘x’ at the top of string string-number.
-
(open string-number)
Place a small ‘o’ at the top of string string-number.
-
(barre start-string end-string fret-number)
Place a barre indicator (much like a tie) from string start-string to string end-string at fret fret-number.
-
(capo fret-number)
Place a capo indicator (a large solid bar) across the entire fretboard at fret location fret-number. Also, set fret fret-number to be the lowest fret on the fret diagram.
(place-fret string-number fret-number [finger-value] [color-modifier] [color] [
'parenthesized
['default-paren-color
]]) Place a fret playing indication on string string-number at fret fret-number with an optional fingering label finger-value, an optional color modifier color-modifier, an optional color color, an optional parenthesis'parenthesized
and an optional paranthesis color'default-paren-color
. By default, the fret playing indicator is a solid dot. This can be globally changed by setting the value of the variable dot-color or for a single dot by setting the value of color. The dot can be parenthesized by adding'parenthesized
. By default the color for the parenthesis is taken from the dot. Adding'default-paren-color
will take the parenthesis-color from the global dot-color, as a fall-back black will be used. Setting color-modifier toinverted
inverts the dot color for a specific fingering. The values for string-number, fret-number, and the optional finger should be entered first in that order. The order of the other optional arguments does not matter. If the finger part of theplace-fret
element is present, finger-value will be displayed according to the setting of the variable finger-code. There is no limit to the number of fret indications per string.
Used properties:
-
thickness
(0.5) -
fret-diagram-details
-
size
(1.0) -
align-dir
(-0.4)
-
-
\harp-pedal
definition-string (string) -
Make a harp pedal diagram.
Possible elements in definition-string:
-
^
pedal is up
-
-
pedal is neutral
-
v
pedal is down
-
|
vertical divider line
-
o
the following pedal should be circled (indicating a change)
The function also checks if the string has the typical form of three pedals, then the divider and then the remaining four pedals. If not it prints out a warning. However, in any case, it will also print each symbol in the order as given. This means you can place the divider (even multiple dividers) anywhere you want, but you’ll have to live with the warnings.
The appearance of the diagram can be tweaked inter alia using the size property of the TextScript grob (
\override Voice.TextScript #'size = #0.3
) for the overall, the thickness property (\override Voice.TextScript #'thickness = #3
) for the line thickness of the horizontal line and the divider. The remaining configuration (box sizes, offsets and spaces) is done by the harp-pedal-details list of properties (\override Voice.TextScript #'harp-pedal-details #'box-width = #1
). It contains the following settings:box-offset
(vertical shift of the box center for up/down pedals),box-width
,box-height
,space-before-divider
(the spacing between two boxes before the divider) andspace-after-divider
(box spacing after the divider).\markup \harp-pedal #"^-v|--ov^"
Used properties:
-
thickness
(0.5) -
harp-pedal-details
(’()) -
size
(1.2)
-
-
\woodwind-diagram
instrument (symbol) user-draw-commands (list) -
Make a woodwind-instrument diagram. For example, say
\markup \woodwind-diagram #'oboe #'((lh . (d ees)) (cc . (five3qT1q)) (rh . (gis)))
for an oboe with the left-hand d key, left-hand ees key, and right-hand gis key depressed while the five-hole of the central column effectuates a trill between 1/4 and 3/4 closed.
The following instruments are supported:
- - piccolo
- - flute
- - oboe
- - clarinet
- - bass-clarinet
- - saxophone
- - bassoon
- - contrabassoon
To see all of the callable keys for a given instrument, include the function
(print-keys 'instrument)
in your .ly file, where instrument is the instrument whose keys you want to print.Certain keys allow for special configurations. The entire gamut of configurations possible is as follows:
- - 1q (1/4 covered)
- - 1h (1/2 covered)
- - 3q (3/4 covered)
- - R (ring depressed)
- - F (fully covered; the default if no state put)
Additionally, these configurations can be used in trills. So, for example,
three3qTR
effectuates a trill between 3/4 full and ring depressed on the three hole. As another example,threeRT
effectuates a trill between R and open, whereasthreeTR
effectuates a trill between open and shut. To see all of the possibilities for all of the keys of a given instrument, invoke(print-keys-verbose 'instrument)
.Lastly, substituting an empty list for the pressed-key alist will result in a diagram with all of the keys drawn but none filled, for example:
\markup \woodwind-diagram #'oboe #'()
Used properties:
-
graphical
(#t) -
thickness
(0.1) -
size
(1)
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A.11.6 Accordion Registers
-
\discant
name (string) -
\discant name
generates a discant accordion register symbol.To make it available,
#(use-modules (scm accreg))
is required near the top of your input file.
The register names in the default
\discant
register set have modeled after numeric Swiss notation like depicted in http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_%28Akkordeon%29, omitting the slashes and dropping leading zeros.The string name is basically a three-digit number with the lowest digit specifying the number of 16’ reeds, the tens the number of 8’ reeds, and the hundreds specifying the number of 4’ reeds. Without modification, the specified number of reeds in 8’ is centered in the symbol. Newer instruments may have registrations where 8’ can be used either within or without a tone chamber, ‘cassotto’. Notationally, the central dot then indicates use of cassotto. One can suffix the tens’ digits ‘1’ and ‘2’ with ‘+’ or ‘-’ to indicate clustering the dots at the right or left respectively rather than centered.
Some examples are
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\freeBass
name (string) -
\freeBass name
generates a free bass/converter accordion register symbol for the usual two-reed layout.To make it available,
#(use-modules (scm accreg))
is required near the top of your input file.
Available registrations are
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\stdBass
name (string) -
\stdBass name
generates a standard bass accordion register symbol.To make it available,
#(use-modules (scm accreg))
is required near the top of your input file.
The default bass register definitions have been modeled after the article http://www.accordions.com/index/art/stradella.shtml originally appearing in Accord Magazine.
The underlying register model is
This kind of overlapping arrangement is common for Italian instruments though the exact location of the octave breaks differ.
When not composing for a particular target instrument, using the five reed definitions makes more sense than using a four reed layout: in that manner, the ‘Master’ register is unambiguous. This is rather the rule in literature bothering about bass registrations at all.
Available registrations are
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\stdBassIV
name (string) -
\stdBassIV name
generates a standard bass accordion register symbol.To make it available,
#(use-modules (scm accreg))
is required near the top of your input file.
The main use is for four-reed standard bass instruments with reedbank layout
Notable instruments are Morino models with MIII (the others are five-reed instead) and the Atlantic IV. Most of those models have three register switches. Some newer Morinos with MIII might have five or even seven.
The prevalent three-register layout uses the middle three switches ‘Tenor’, ‘Master’, ‘Soft Bass’. Note that the sound is quite darker than the same registrations of ‘c,’-based instruments.
Available registrations are
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\stdBassV
name (string) -
\stdBassV name
generates a standard bass accordion register symbol.To make it available,
#(use-modules (scm accreg))
is required near the top of your input file.
The main use is for five-reed standard bass instruments with reedbank layout
This tends to be the bass layout for Hohner’s Morino series without convertor or MIII manual.
With the exception of the rather new 7-register layout, the highest two chord reeds are usually sounded together. The Older instruments offer 5 or 3 bass registers. The Tango VM offers an additional ‘Solo Bass’ setting that mutes the chord reeds. The symbol on the register buttons of the Tango VM would actually match the physical five-octave layout reflected here, but it is not used in literature.
Composers should likely prefer the five-reed versions of these symbols. The mismatch of a four-reed instrument with five-reed symbols is easier to resolve for the player than the other way round.
Available registrations are
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\stdBassVI
name (string) -
\stdBassVI name
generates a standard bass accordion register symbol for six reed basses.To make it available,
#(use-modules (scm accreg))
is required near the top of your input file.
This is primarily the register layout for the Hohner “Gola” model. The layout is
The registers are effectively quite similar to that of
\stdBass
. An additional bass reed at alto pitch is omitted for esthetical reasons from the ‘Master’ setting, so the symbols are almost the same except for the ‘Alto/Soprano’ register with bass notes at Alto pitch and chords at Soprano pitch.Available registrations are
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
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A.11.7 Other
-
\auto-footnote
mkup (markup) note (markup) -
Have footnote note act as an annotation to the markup mkup.
\markup { \auto-footnote a b \override #'(padding . 0.2) \auto-footnote c d }
The footnote will be annotated automatically.
Used properties:
-
padding
(0.0) -
raise
(0.5)
-
-
\backslashed-digit
num (integer) -
A feta number, with backslash. This is for use in the context of figured bass notation.
\markup { \backslashed-digit #5 \hspace #2 \override #'(thickness . 3) \backslashed-digit #7 }
Used properties:
-
thickness
(1.6) -
font-size
(0)
-
-
\char
num (integer) -
Produce a single character. Characters encoded in hexadecimal format require the prefix
#x
.\markup { \char #65 \char ##x00a9 }
-
\eyeglasses
-
Prints out eyeglasses, indicating strongly to look at the conductor.
\markup { \eyeglasses }
-
\first-visible
args (markup list) -
Use the first markup in args that yields a non-empty stencil and ignore the rest.
\markup { \first-visible { \fromproperty #'header:composer \italic Unknown } }
-
\footnote
mkup (markup) note (markup) -
Have footnote note act as an annotation to the markup mkup.
\markup { \auto-footnote a b \override #'(padding . 0.2) \auto-footnote c d }
The footnote will not be annotated automatically.
-
\fraction
arg1 (markup) arg2 (markup) -
Make a fraction of two markups.
\markup { π ≈ \fraction 355 113 }
Used properties:
-
font-size
(0)
-
-
\fromproperty
symbol (symbol) -
Read the symbol from property settings, and produce a stencil from the markup contained within. If symbol is not defined, it returns an empty markup.
\header { myTitle = "myTitle" title = \markup { from \italic \fromproperty #'header:myTitle } } \markup { \null }
-
\left-brace
size (number) -
A feta brace in point size size.
\markup { \left-brace #35 \hspace #2 \left-brace #45 }
-
\lookup
glyph-name (string) -
Lookup a glyph by name.
\markup { \override #'(font-encoding . fetaBraces) { \lookup #"brace200" \hspace #2 \rotate #180 \lookup #"brace180" } }
-
\markalphabet
num (integer) -
Make a markup letter for num. The letters start with A to Z and continue with double letters.
\markup { \markalphabet #8 \hspace #2 \markalphabet #26 }
-
\markletter
num (integer) -
Make a markup letter for num. The letters start with A to Z (skipping letter I), and continue with double letters.
\markup { \markletter #8 \hspace #2 \markletter #26 }
-
\null
-
An empty markup with extents of a single point.
\markup { \null }
-
\on-the-fly
procedure (procedure) arg (markup) -
Apply the procedure markup command to arg. procedure takes the same arguments as
interpret-markup
and returns a stencil. -
\override
new-prop (pair) arg (markup) -
Add the argument new-prop to the property list. Properties may be any property supported by font-interface, text-interface and instrument-specific-markup-interface.
\markup { \line { \column { default baseline-skip } \hspace #2 \override #'(baseline-skip . 4) { \column { increased baseline-skip } } } }
-
\page-link
page-number (number) arg (markup) -
Add a link to the page page-number around arg. This only works in the PDF backend.
\markup { \page-link #2 { \italic { This links to page 2... } } }
-
\page-ref
label (symbol) gauge (markup) default (markup) -
Reference to a page number. label is the label set on the referenced page (using the
\label
command), gauge a markup used to estimate the maximum width of the page number, and default the value to display when label is not found.(If the current book or bookpart is set to use roman numerals for page numbers, the reference will be formatted accordingly – in which case the gauge’s width may require additional tweaking.)
-
\pattern
count (integer) axis (integer) space (number) pattern (markup) -
Prints count times a pattern markup. Patterns are spaced apart by space. Patterns are distributed on axis.
\markup \column { "Horizontally repeated :" \pattern #7 #X #2 \flat \null "Vertically repeated :" \pattern #3 #Y #0.5 \flat }
-
\property-recursive
symbol (symbol) -
Print out a warning when a header field markup contains some recursive markup definition.
-
\right-brace
size (number) -
A feta brace in point size size, rotated 180 degrees.
\markup { \right-brace #45 \hspace #2 \right-brace #35 }
-
\slashed-digit
num (integer) -
A feta number, with slash. This is for use in the context of figured bass notation.
\markup { \slashed-digit #5 \hspace #2 \override #'(thickness . 3) \slashed-digit #7 }
Used properties:
-
thickness
(1.6) -
font-size
(0)
-
-
\stencil
stil (stencil) -
Use a stencil as markup.
\markup { \stencil #(make-circle-stencil 2 0 #t) }
-
\strut
-
Create a box of the same height as the space in the current font.
-
\transparent
arg (markup) -
Make arg transparent.
\markup { \transparent { invisible text } }
-
\verbatim-file
name (string) -
Read the contents of file name, and include it verbatim.
\markup { \verbatim-file #"simple.ly" }
-
\whiteout
arg (markup) -
Provide a white background for arg. The shape of the white background is determined by
style
. The default isbox
which produces a rectangle.rounded-box
produces a rounded rectangle.outline
approximates the outline of the markup.\markup { \combine \filled-box #'(-1 . 15) #'(-3 . 4) #1 \override #'(thickness . 1.5) \whiteout whiteout-box } \markup { \combine \filled-box #'(-1 . 24) #'(-3 . 4) #1 \override #'(style . rounded-box) \override #'(thickness . 3) \whiteout whiteout-rounded-box } \markup { \combine \filled-box #'(-1 . 18) #'(-3 . 4) #1 \override #'(style . outline) \override #'(thickness . 3) \whiteout whiteout-outline }
Used properties:
-
thickness
(’()) -
style
(box)
-
-
\with-color
color (color) arg (markup) -
Draw arg in color specified by color.
\markup { \with-color #red red \hspace #2 \with-color #green green \hspace #2 \with-color #blue blue }
-
\with-dimensions-from
arg1 (markup) arg2 (markup) -
Print arg2 with the dimensions of arg1.
-
\with-dimensions
x (pair of numbers) y (pair of numbers) arg (markup) -
Set the dimensions of arg to x and y.
-
\with-link
label (symbol) arg (markup) -
Add a link to the page holding label label around arg. This only works in the PDF backend.
\markup { \with-link #'label { \italic { This links to the page containing the label... } } }
-
\with-outline
outline (markup) arg (markup) -
Print arg with the outline and dimensions of outline.
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A.12 Text markup list commands
The following commands can all be used with \markuplist
:
-
\column-lines
args (markup list) -
Like
\column
, but return a list of lines instead of a single markup.baseline-skip
determines the space between each markup in args.Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\justified-lines
args (markup list) -
Like
\justify
, but return a list of lines instead of a single markup. Use\override-lines #'(line-width . X)
to set the line width; X is the number of staff spaces.Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
(#f) -
baseline-skip
-
-
\map-markup-commands
compose (procedure) args (markup list) -
This applies the function compose to every markup in args (including elements of markup list command calls) in order to produce a new markup list. Since the return value from a markup list command call is not a markup list but rather a list of stencils, this requires passing those stencils off as the results of individual markup calls. That way, the results should work out as long as no markups rely on side effects.
-
\override-lines
new-prop (pair) args (markup list) -
Like
\override
, for markup lists. -
\score-lines
score (score) -
This is the same as the
\score
markup but delivers its systems as a list of lines. Its score argument is entered in braces like it would be for\score
. -
\table
column-align (number list) lst (markup list) -
Returns a table.
column-align specifies how each column is aligned, possible values are -1, 0, 1. The number of elements in column-align determines how many columns will be printed. The entries to print are given by lst, a markup-list. If needed, the last row is filled up with
point-stencil
s. Overridingpadding
may be used to increase columns horizontal distance. Overridingbaseline-skip
to increase rows vertical distance.\markuplist { \override #'(padding . 2) \table #'(0 1 0 -1) { \underline { center-aligned right-aligned center-aligned left-aligned } one \number 1 thousandth \number 0.001 eleven \number 11 hundredth \number 0.01 twenty \number 20 tenth \number 0.1 thousand \number 1000 one \number 1.0 } }
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
padding
(0)
-
-
\table-of-contents
-
Used properties:
-
baseline-skip
-
-
\wordwrap-internal
justify (boolean) args (markup list) -
Internal markup list command used to define
\justify
and\wordwrap
.Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
(#f)
-
-
\wordwrap-lines
args (markup list) -
Like
\wordwrap
, but return a list of lines instead of a single markup. Use\override-lines #'(line-width . X)
to set the line width, where X is the number of staff spaces.Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
(#f) -
baseline-skip
-
-
\wordwrap-string-internal
justify (boolean) arg (string) -
Internal markup list command used to define
\justify-string
and\wordwrap-string
.Used properties:
-
text-direction
(1) -
word-space
-
line-width
-
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A.13 List of special characters
The following special characters references can be used; for more details, see ASCII aliases.
The HTML syntax is used and most of these references are the same as HTML. The rest of them are inspired by LaTeX.
The characters are boxed so that you can see their size. A small padding has been added between the character and the box for more readability.
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[ < List of special characters ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Articulation scripts > ] |
A.14 List of articulations
The following lists show all the scripts in the Feta font that may be attached to notes (eg. ‘f\accent’ or ‘f->’). Each example shows the script in the up, down and neutral positions respectively.
Articulation scripts | ||
Ornament scripts | ||
Fermata scripts | ||
Instrument-specific scripts | ||
Repeat sign scripts | ||
Ancient scripts |
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Articulation scripts
\accent or ->
| \espressivo
| \marcato or -^
| \portato or -_
|
\staccatissimo or -!
| \staccato or -.
| \tenuto or --
|
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Ornament scripts
\prall
| \prallup
| \pralldown
| \upprall
|
\downprall
| \prallprall
| \lineprall
| \prallmordent
|
\mordent
| \upmordent
| \downmordent
| \trill
|
\turn
| \reverseturn
|
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Fermata scripts
\shortfermata
| \fermata
| \longfermata
| \verylongfermata
|
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Instrument-specific scripts
\upbow
| \downbow
| \flageolet
| \open
|
\halfopen
| \lheel
| \rheel
| \ltoe
|
\rtoe
| \snappizzicato
| \stopped or -+
|
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Repeat sign scripts
\segno
| \coda
| \varcoda
|
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[ < Repeat sign scripts ] | [ Amunt : List of articulations ] | [ Percussion notes > ] |
Ancient scripts
\accentus
| \circulus
| \ictus
|
\semicirculus
| \signumcongruentiae
|
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[ < Ancient scripts ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Technical glossary > ] |
A.15 Percussion notes
bassdrum
| acousticbassdrum
| snare
| acousticsnare
|
electricsnare
| lowfloortom
| highfloortom
| lowtom
|
hightom
| lowmidtom
| highmidtom
| highhat
|
closedhihat
| openhighhat
| halfopenhihat
| pedalhihat
|
crashcymbal
| crashcymbala
| crashcymbalb
| ridecymbal
|
ridecymbala
| ridecymbalb
| chinesecymbal
| splashcymbal
|
ridebell
| cowbell
| hibongo
| openhibongo
|
mutehibongo
| lobongo
| openlobongo
| mutelobongo
|
hiconga
| openhiconga
| mutehiconga
| loconga
|
openloconga
| muteloconga
| hitimbale
| lotimbale
|
hiagogo
| loagogo
| sidestick
| hisidestick
|
losidestick
| guiro
| shortguiro
| longguiro
|
cabasa
| maracas
| shortwhistle
| longwhistle
|
handclap
| tambourine
| vibraslap
| tamtam
|
claves
| hiwoodblock
| lowoodblock
| opencuica
|
mutecuica
| triangle
| opentriangle
| mutetriangle
|
oneup
| twoup
| threeup
| fourup
|
fiveup
| onedown
| twodown
| threedown
|
fourdown
| fivedown
|
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[ < Percussion notes ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ alist > ] |
A.16 Technical glossary
A glossary of the technical terms and concepts used internally in LilyPond. These terms may appear in the manuals, on mailing lists or in the source code.
alist | ||
callback | ||
closure | ||
glyph | ||
grob | ||
immutable | ||
interface | ||
lexer | ||
mutable | ||
output-def | ||
parser | ||
parser variable | ||
prob | ||
smob | ||
stencil |
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[ < Technical glossary ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ callback > ] |
alist
An association list or alist for short is a Scheme pair
which associates a value with a key: (key . value)
. For
example, in ‘scm/lily.scm’, the alist
“type-p-name-alist” associates certain type predicates
(e.g., ly:music?
) with names (e.g., “music”) so
that type-check failures can be reported with a console message that
includes the name of the expected type predicate.
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[ < alist ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ closure > ] |
callback
A callback is a routine, function or method whose reference is passed as an argument in a call to another routine, so allowing the called routine to invoke it. The technique enables a lower- level software layer to call a function defined in a higher layer. Callbacks are used extensively in LilyPond to permit user-level Scheme code to define how many low-level actions are performed.
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[ < callback ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ glyph > ] |
closure
In Scheme, a closure is created when a function, usually a lambda expression, is passed as a variable. The closure contains the function’s code plus references to the lexical bindings of the function’s free variables (i.e., those variables used in the expression but defined outside it). When this function is applied to different arguments later, the free variable bindings that were captured in the closure are used to obtain the values of the free variables to be used in the calculation. One useful property of closures is the retention of internal variable values between invocations, so permitting state to be maintained.
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[ < closure ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ grob > ] |
glyph
A glyph is a particular graphical representation of a typographic character, or a combination of two characters formating a ligature. A set of glyphs with a single style and shape comprise a font, and a set of fonts covering several styles and sizes comprise a typeface.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: Fonts, Special characters.
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[ < glyph ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ immutable > ] |
grob
LilyPond objects which represent items of notation in the printed
output such as note heads, stems, slurs, ties, fingering, clefs,
etc are called ‘Layout objects’, often known as ‘GRaphical
OBjects’, or grobs for short. They are represented by
instances of the Grob
class.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Objects and interfaces, Naming conventions of objects and properties, Properties of layout objects.
Internals Reference: grob-interface, All layout objects.
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[ < grob ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ interface > ] |
immutable
An immutable object is one whose state cannot be modified after creation, in contrast to a mutable object, which can be modified after creation.
In LilyPond, immutable or shared properties define the default
style and behavior of grobs. They are shared between many objects.
In apparent contradiction to the name, they can be changed using
\override
and \revert
.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: mutable.
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[ < immutable ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ lexer > ] |
interface
Actions and properties which are common to a number of grobs are
grouped together in an object called a grob-interface
, or
just ‘interface’ for short.
Vegeu també
Learning Manual: Objects and interfaces, Naming conventions of objects and properties, Properties found in interfaces.
Notation Reference: Layout interfaces.
Internals Reference: Graphical Object Interfaces.
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[ < interface ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ mutable > ] |
lexer
A lexer is a program which converts a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens, a process called lexical analysis. The LilyPond lexer converts the stream obtained from an input ‘.ly’ file into a tokenized stream more suited to the next stage of processing - parsing, for which see parser. The LilyPond lexer is built with Flex from the lexer file ‘lily/lexer.ll’ which contains the lexical rules. This file is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond binary installation.
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[ < lexer ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ output-def > ] |
mutable
A mutable object is one whose state can be modified after creation, in contrast to an immutable object, whose state is fixed at the time of creation.
In LilyPond, mutable properties contain values that are specific to one grob. Typically, lists of other objects or results from computations are stored in mutable properties.
Vegeu també
Notation Reference: immutable.
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[ < mutable ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ parser > ] |
output-def
An instance of the Output-def
class contains the methods and
data structures associated with an output block. Instances are
created for midi, layout and paper blocks.
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[ < output-def ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ parser variable > ] |
parser
A parser analyzes the sequence of tokens produced by a lexer to determine its grammatical structure, grouping the tokens progressively into larger groupings according to the rules of the grammar. If the sequence of tokens is valid the end product is a tree of tokens whose root is the grammar’s start symbol. If this cannot be achieved the file is invalid and an appropriate error message is produced. The syntactic groupings and the rules for constructing the groupings from their parts for the LilyPond syntax are defined in ‘lily/parser.yy’ and shown in Backus Normal Form (BNF) in LilyPond grammar. This file is used to build the parser during the program build by the parser generator, Bison. It is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond binary installation.
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[ < parser ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ prob > ] |
parser variable
These are variables defined directly in Scheme. Their direct use by users is strongly discouraged, because their scoping semantics can be confusing.
When the value of such a variable is changed in a ‘.ly’ file,
the change is global, and unless explicitly reverted, the new value
will persist to the end of the file, affecting subsequent
\score
blocks as well as external files added with the
\include
command. This can lead to unintended consequences
and in complex typesetting projects the consequent errors can be
difficult to track down.
LilyPond uses the following parser variables:
- afterGraceFraction
- musicQuotes
- mode
- output-count
- output-suffix
- partCombineListener
- pitchnames
- toplevel-bookparts
- toplevel-scores
- showLastLength
- showFirstLength
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[ < parser variable ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ smob > ] |
prob
PRoperty OBjects, or probs for short, are instances of
the Prob
class, a simple base class for objects which have
mutable and immutable property alists and the methods to manipulate
them. The Music
and Stream_event
classes derive from
Prob
. Instances of the Prob
class are also created
to hold the formatted content of system grobs and titling blocks
during page layout.
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[ < prob ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ stencil > ] |
smob
Smobs, or ScheMe OBjects, are part of the mechanism used by Guile to export C and C++ objects to Scheme code. In LilyPond, smobs are created from C++ objects through macros. There are two types of smob objects: simple smobs, intended for simple immutable objects like numbers, and complex smobs, used for objects with identities. If you have access to the LilyPond sources, more information can be found in ‘lily/includes/smob.hh’.
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[ < smob ] | [ Amunt : Technical glossary ] | [ All context properties > ] |
stencil
An instance of the stencil class holds the information required to print a typographical object. It is a simple smob containing a confining box, which defines the vertical and horizontal extents of the object, and a Scheme expression which will print the object when evaluated. Stencils may be combined to form more complex stencils defined by a tree of Scheme expressions formed from the Scheme expressions of the component stencils.
The stencil
property, which connects a grob to its stencil,
is defined in the grob-interface
interface.
Vegeu també
Internals Reference: grob-interface.
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[ < stencil ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Layout properties > ] |
A.17 All context properties
-
accidentalGrouping
(symbol) If set to
'voice
, accidentals on the same note in different octaves may be horizontally staggered if in different voices.-
additionalBassStrings
(list) The additional tablature bass-strings, which will not get a seprate line in TabStaff. It is a list of the pitches of each string (starting with the lowest numbered one).
-
additionalPitchPrefix
(string) Text with which to prefix additional pitches within a chord name.
-
aDueText
(markup) Text to print at a unisono passage.
-
alignAboveContext
(string) Where to insert newly created context in vertical alignment.
-
alignBassFigureAccidentals
(boolean) If true, then the accidentals are aligned in bass figure context.
-
alignBelowContext
(string) Where to insert newly created context in vertical alignment.
-
alternativeNumberingStyle
(symbol) The style of an alternative’s bar numbers. Can be
numbers
for going back to the same number ornumbers-with-letters
for going back to the same number with letter suffixes. No setting will not go back in measure-number time.-
alternativeRestores
(symbol list) Timing variables that are restored to their value at the start of the first alternative in subsequent alternatives.
-
associatedVoice
(string) Name of the context (see
associatedVoiceType
for its type, usuallyVoice
) that has the melody for thisLyrics
line.-
associatedVoiceType
(symbol) Type of the context that has the melody for this
Lyrics
line.-
autoAccidentals
(list) List of different ways to typeset an accidental.
For determining when to print an accidental, several different rules are tried. The rule that gives the highest number of accidentals is used.
Each entry in the list is either a symbol or a procedure.
- symbol
The symbol is the name of the context in which the following rules are to be applied. For example, if context is Score then all staves share accidentals, and if context is Staff then all voices in the same staff share accidentals, but staves do not.
- procedure
The procedure represents an accidental rule to be applied to the previously specified context.
The procedure takes the following arguments:
-
context
The current context to which the rule should be applied.
-
pitch
The pitch of the note to be evaluated.
-
barnum
The current bar number.
-
measurepos
The current measure position.
The procedure returns a pair of booleans. The first states whether an extra natural should be added. The second states whether an accidental should be printed.
(#t . #f)
does not make sense.-
-
autoBeamCheck
(procedure) A procedure taking three arguments, context, dir [start/stop (-1 or 1)], and test [shortest note in the beam]. A non-
#f
return value starts or stops the auto beam.-
autoBeaming
(boolean) If set to true then beams are generated automatically.
-
autoCautionaries
(list) List similar to
autoAccidentals
, but it controls cautionary accidentals rather than normal ones. Both lists are tried, and the one giving the most accidentals wins. In case of draw, a normal accidental is typeset.-
automaticBars
(boolean) If set to false then bar lines will not be printed automatically; they must be explicitly created with a
\bar
command. Unlike the\cadenzaOn
keyword, measures are still counted. Bar line generation will resume according to that count if this property is unset.-
barAlways
(boolean) If set to true a bar line is drawn after each note.
-
barCheckSynchronize
(boolean) If true then reset
measurePosition
when finding a bar check.-
barNumberFormatter
(procedure) A procedure that takes a bar number, measure position, and alternative number and returns a markup of the bar number to print.
-
barNumberVisibility
(procedure) A procedure that takes a bar number and a measure position and returns whether the corresponding bar number should be printed. Note that the actual print-out of bar numbers is controlled with the
break-visibility
property.The following procedures are predefined:
-
all-bar-numbers-visible
Enable bar numbers for all bars, including the first one and broken bars (which get bar numbers in parentheses).
-
first-bar-number-invisible
Enable bar numbers for all bars (including broken bars) except the first one. If the first bar is broken, it doesn’t get a bar number either.
-
first-bar-number-invisible-save-broken-bars
Enable bar numbers for all bars (including broken bars) except the first one. A broken first bar gets a bar number.
-
first-bar-number-invisible-and-no-parenthesized-bar-numbers
Enable bar numbers for all bars except the first bar and broken bars. This is the default.
-
(every-nth-bar-number-visible n)
Assuming n is value 2, for example, this enables bar numbers for bars 2, 4, 6, etc.
-
(modulo-bar-number-visible n m)
If bar numbers 1, 4, 7, etc., should be enabled, n (the modulo) must be set to 3 and m (the division remainder) to 1.
-
-
baseMoment
(moment) Smallest unit of time that will stand on its own as a subdivided section.
-
bassFigureFormatFunction
(procedure) A procedure that is called to produce the formatting for a
BassFigure
grob. It takes a list ofBassFigureEvent
s, a context, and the grob to format.-
beamExceptions
(list) An alist of exceptions to autobeam rules that normally end on beats.
-
beamHalfMeasure
(boolean) Whether to allow a beam to begin halfway through the measure in triple time, which could look like 6/8.
-
beatStructure
(list) List of
baseMoment
s that are combined to make beats.-
chordChanges
(boolean) Only show changes in chords scheme?
-
chordNameExceptions
(list) An alist of chord exceptions. Contains
(chord . markup)
entries.-
chordNameExceptionsFull
(list) An alist of full chord exceptions. Contains
(chord . markup)
entries.-
chordNameExceptionsPartial
(list) An alist of partial chord exceptions. Contains
(chord . (prefix-markup suffix-markup))
entries.-
chordNameFunction
(procedure) The function that converts lists of pitches to chord names.
-
chordNameLowercaseMinor
(boolean) Downcase roots of minor chords?
-
chordNameSeparator
(markup) The markup object used to separate parts of a chord name.
-
chordNoteNamer
(procedure) A function that converts from a pitch object to a text markup. Used for single pitches.
-
chordPrefixSpacer
(number) The space added between the root symbol and the prefix of a chord name.
-
chordRootNamer
(procedure) A function that converts from a pitch object to a text markup. Used for chords.
-
clefGlyph
(string) Name of the symbol within the music font.
-
clefPosition
(number) Where should the center of the clef symbol go, measured in half staff spaces from the center of the staff.
-
clefTransposition
(integer) Add this much extra transposition. Values of 7 and -7 are common.
-
clefTranspositionFormatter
(procedure) A procedure that takes the Transposition number as a string and the style as a symbol and returns a markup.
-
clefTranspositionStyle
(symbol) Determines the way the ClefModifier grob is displayed. Possible values are ‘default’, ‘parenthesized’ and ‘bracketed’.
-
completionBusy
(boolean) Whether a completion-note head is playing.
-
completionFactor
(an exact rational or procedure) When
Completion_heads_engraver
andCompletion_rest_engraver
need to split a note or rest with a scaled duration, such asc2*3
, this specifies the scale factor to use for the newly-split notes and rests created by the engraver.If
#f
, the completion engraver uses the scale-factor of each duration being split.If set to a callback procedure, that procedure is called with the context of the completion engraver, and the duration to be split.
-
completionUnit
(moment) Sub-bar unit of completion.
-
connectArpeggios
(boolean) If set, connect arpeggios across piano staff.
-
countPercentRepeats
(boolean) If set, produce counters for percent repeats.
-
createKeyOnClefChange
(boolean) Print a key signature whenever the clef is changed.
-
createSpacing
(boolean) Create
StaffSpacing
objects? Should be set for staves.-
crescendoSpanner
(symbol) The type of spanner to be used for crescendi. Available values are ‘hairpin’ and ‘text’. If unset, a hairpin crescendo is used.
-
crescendoText
(markup) The text to print at start of non-hairpin crescendo, i.e., ‘cresc.’.
-
cueClefGlyph
(string) Name of the symbol within the music font.
-
cueClefPosition
(number) Where should the center of the clef symbol go, measured in half staff spaces from the center of the staff.
-
cueClefTransposition
(integer) Add this much extra transposition. Values of 7 and -7 are common.
-
cueClefTranspositionFormatter
(procedure) A procedure that takes the Transposition number as a string and the style as a symbol and returns a markup.
-
cueClefTranspositionStyle
(symbol) Determines the way the ClefModifier grob is displayed. Possible values are ‘default’, ‘parenthesized’ and ‘bracketed’.
-
currentBarNumber
(integer) Contains the current barnumber. This property is incremented at every bar line.
-
decrescendoSpanner
(symbol) The type of spanner to be used for decrescendi. Available values are ‘hairpin’ and ‘text’. If unset, a hairpin decrescendo is used.
-
decrescendoText
(markup) The text to print at start of non-hairpin decrescendo, i.e., ‘dim.’.
-
defaultBarType
(string) Set the default type of bar line. See
whichBar
for information on available bar types.This variable is read by Timing_translator at Score level.
-
defaultStrings
(list) A list of strings to use in calculating frets for tablatures and fretboards if no strings are provided in the notes for the current moment.
-
doubleRepeatSegnoType
(string) Set the default bar line for the combinations double repeat with segno. Default is ‘:|.S.|:’.
-
doubleRepeatType
(string) Set the default bar line for double repeats.
-
doubleSlurs
(boolean) If set, two slurs are created for every slurred note, one above and one below the chord.
-
drumPitchTable
(hash table) A table mapping percussion instruments (symbols) to pitches.
-
drumStyleTable
(hash table) A hash table which maps drums to layout settings. Predefined values: ‘drums-style’, ‘agostini-drums-style’, ‘timbales-style’, ‘congas-style’, ‘bongos-style’, and ‘percussion-style’.
The layout style is a hash table, containing the drum-pitches (e.g., the symbol ‘hihat’) as keys, and a list
(notehead-style script vertical-position)
as values.-
endRepeatSegnoType
(string) Set the default bar line for the combinations ending of repeat with segno. Default is ‘:|.S’.
-
endRepeatType
(string) Set the default bar line for the ending of repeats.
-
explicitClefVisibility
(vector) ‘break-visibility’ function for clef changes.
-
explicitCueClefVisibility
(vector) ‘break-visibility’ function for cue clef changes.
-
explicitKeySignatureVisibility
(vector) ‘break-visibility’ function for explicit key changes. ‘\override’ of the
break-visibility
property will set the visibility for normal (i.e., at the start of the line) key signatures.-
extendersOverRests
(boolean) Whether to continue extenders as they cross a rest.
-
extraNatural
(boolean) Whether to typeset an extra natural sign before accidentals that reduce the effect of a previous alteration.
-
figuredBassAlterationDirection
(direction) Where to put alterations relative to the main figure.
-
figuredBassCenterContinuations
(boolean) Whether to vertically center pairs of extender lines. This does not work with three or more lines.
-
figuredBassFormatter
(procedure) A routine generating a markup for a bass figure.
-
figuredBassPlusDirection
(direction) Where to put plus signs relative to the main figure.
-
fingeringOrientations
(list) A list of symbols, containing ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘up’ and/or ‘down’. This list determines where fingerings are put relative to the chord being fingered.
-
firstClef
(boolean) If true, create a new clef when starting a staff.
-
followVoice
(boolean) If set, note heads are tracked across staff switches by a thin line.
-
fontSize
(number) The relative size of all grobs in a context.
-
forbidBreak
(boolean) If set to
#t
, prevent a line break at this point.-
forceClef
(boolean) Show clef symbol, even if it has not changed. Only active for the first clef after the property is set, not for the full staff.
-
fretLabels
(list) A list of strings or Scheme-formatted markups containing, in the correct order, the labels to be used for lettered frets in tablature.
-
glissandoMap
(list) A map in the form of ’((source1 . target1) (source2 . target2) (sourcen . targetn)) showing the glissandi to be drawn for note columns. The value ’() will default to ’((0 . 0) (1 . 1) (n . n)), where n is the minimal number of note-heads in the two note columns between which the glissandi occur.
-
gridInterval
(moment) Interval for which to generate
GridPoint
s.-
handleNegativeFrets
(symbol) How the automatic fret calculator should handle calculated negative frets. Values include
'ignore
, to leave them out of the diagram completely,'include
, to include them as calculated, and'recalculate
, to ignore the specified string and find a string where they will fit with a positive fret number.-
harmonicAccidentals
(boolean) If set, harmonic notes in chords get accidentals.
-
harmonicDots
(boolean) If set, harmonic notes in dotted chords get dots.
-
highStringOne
(boolean) Whether the first string is the string with highest pitch on the instrument. This used by the automatic string selector for tablature notation.
-
ignoreBarChecks
(boolean) Ignore bar checks.
-
ignoreFiguredBassRest
(boolean) Don’t swallow rest events.
-
ignoreMelismata
(boolean) Ignore melismata for this Lyrics line.
-
implicitBassFigures
(list) A list of bass figures that are not printed as numbers, but only as extender lines.
-
includeGraceNotes
(boolean) Do not ignore grace notes for Lyrics.
-
initialTimeSignatureVisibility
(vector) break visibility for the initial time signature.
-
instrumentCueName
(markup) The name to print if another instrument is to be taken.
-
instrumentEqualizer
(procedure) A function taking a string (instrument name), and returning a
(min . max)
pair of numbers for the loudness range of the instrument.-
instrumentName
(markup) The name to print left of a staff. The
instrumentName
property labels the staff in the first system, and theshortInstrumentName
property labels following lines.-
instrumentTransposition
(pitch) Define the transposition of the instrument. Its value is the pitch that sounds when the instrument plays written middle C. This is used to transpose the MIDI output, and
\quote
s.-
internalBarNumber
(integer) Contains the current barnumber. This property is used for internal timekeeping, among others by the
Accidental_engraver
.-
keepAliveInterfaces
(list) A list of symbols, signifying grob interfaces that are worth keeping a staff with
remove-empty
set around for.-
keyAlterationOrder
(list) An alist that defines in what order alterations should be printed. The format is
(step . alter)
, where step is a number from 0 to 6 and alter from -2 (sharp) to 2 (flat).-
keyAlterations
(list) The current key signature. This is an alist containing
(step . alter)
or((octave . step) . alter)
, where step is a number in the range 0 to 6 and alter a fraction, denoting alteration. For alterations, use symbols, e.g.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,FLAT))
.-
lyricMelismaAlignment
(number) Alignment to use for a melisma syllable.
-
magnifyStaffValue
(positive number) The most recent value set with
\magnifyStaff
.-
majorSevenSymbol
(markup) How should the major 7th be formatted in a chord name?
-
markFormatter
(procedure) A procedure taking as arguments the context and the rehearsal mark. It should return the formatted mark as a markup object.
-
maximumFretStretch
(number) Don’t allocate frets further than this from specified frets.
-
measureLength
(moment) Length of one measure in the current time signature.
-
measurePosition
(moment) How much of the current measure have we had. This can be set manually to create incomplete measures.
-
melismaBusyProperties
(list) A list of properties (symbols) to determine whether a melisma is playing. Setting this property will influence how lyrics are aligned to notes. For example, if set to
'(melismaBusy beamMelismaBusy)
, only manual melismata and manual beams are considered. Possible values includemelismaBusy
,slurMelismaBusy
,tieMelismaBusy
, andbeamMelismaBusy
.-
metronomeMarkFormatter
(procedure) How to produce a metronome markup. Called with two arguments: a
TempoChangeEvent
and context.-
middleCClefPosition
(number) The position of the middle C, as determined only by the clef. This can be calculated by looking at
clefPosition
andclefGlyph
.-
middleCCuePosition
(number) The position of the middle C, as determined only by the clef of the cue notes. This can be calculated by looking at
cueClefPosition
andcueClefGlyph
.-
middleCOffset
(number) The offset of middle C from the position given by
middleCClefPosition
This is used for ottava brackets.-
middleCPosition
(number) The place of the middle C, measured in half staff-spaces. Usually determined by looking at
middleCClefPosition
andmiddleCOffset
.-
midiBalance
(number) Stereo balance for the MIDI channel associated with the current context. Ranges from -1 to 1, where the values -1 (
#LEFT
), 0 (#CENTER
) and 1 (#RIGHT
) correspond to leftmost emphasis, center balance, and rightmost emphasis, respectively.-
midiChannelMapping
(symbol) How to map MIDI channels: per
staff
(default),instrument
orvoice
.-
midiChorusLevel
(number) Chorus effect level for the MIDI channel associated with the current context. Ranges from 0 to 1 (0=off, 1=full effect).
-
midiExpression
(number) Expression control for the MIDI channel associated with the current context. Ranges from 0 to 1 (0=off, 1=full effect).
-
midiInstrument
(string) Name of the MIDI instrument to use.
-
midiMaximumVolume
(number) Analogous to
midiMinimumVolume
.-
midiMergeUnisons
(boolean) If true, output only one MIDI note-on event when notes with the same pitch, in the same MIDI-file track, overlap.
-
midiMinimumVolume
(number) Set the minimum loudness for MIDI. Ranges from 0 to 1.
-
midiPanPosition
(number) Pan position for the MIDI channel associated with the current context. Ranges from -1 to 1, where the values -1 (
#LEFT
), 0 (#CENTER
) and 1 (#RIGHT
) correspond to hard left, center, and hard right, respectively.-
midiReverbLevel
(number) Reverb effect level for the MIDI channel associated with the current context. Ranges from 0 to 1 (0=off, 1=full effect).
-
minimumFret
(number) The tablature auto string-selecting mechanism selects the highest string with a fret at least
minimumFret
.-
minimumPageTurnLength
(moment) Minimum length of a rest for a page turn to be allowed.
-
minimumRepeatLengthForPageTurn
(moment) Minimum length of a repeated section for a page turn to be allowed within that section.
-
minorChordModifier
(markup) Markup displayed following the root for a minor chord
-
noChordSymbol
(markup) Markup to be displayed for rests in a ChordNames context.
-
noteToFretFunction
(procedure) Convert list of notes and list of defined strings to full list of strings and fret numbers. Parameters: The context, a list of note events, a list of tabstring events, and the fretboard grob if a fretboard is desired.
-
nullAccidentals
(boolean) The
Accidental_engraver
generates no accidentals for notes in contexts were this is set. In addition to supressing the printed accidental, this option removes any effect the note would have had on accidentals in other voices.-
ottavation
(markup) If set, the text for an ottava spanner. Changing this creates a new text spanner.
-
output
(music output) The output produced by a score-level translator during music interpretation.
-
partCombineForced
(symbol) Override for the partcombine decision. Can be
apart
,chords
,unisono
,solo1
, orsolo2
.-
partCombineTextsOnNote
(boolean) Print part-combine texts only on the next note rather than immediately on rests or skips.
-
pedalSostenutoStrings
(list) See
pedalSustainStrings
.-
pedalSostenutoStyle
(symbol) See
pedalSustainStyle
.-
pedalSustainStrings
(list) A list of strings to print for sustain-pedal. Format is
(up updown down)
, where each of the three is the string to print when this is done with the pedal.-
pedalSustainStyle
(symbol) A symbol that indicates how to print sustain pedals:
text
,bracket
ormixed
(both).-
pedalUnaCordaStrings
(list) See
pedalSustainStrings
.-
pedalUnaCordaStyle
(symbol) See
pedalSustainStyle
.-
predefinedDiagramTable
(hash table) The hash table of predefined fret diagrams to use in FretBoards.
-
printKeyCancellation
(boolean) Print restoration alterations before a key signature change.
-
printOctaveNames
(boolean) Print octave marks for the
NoteNames
context.-
printPartCombineTexts
(boolean) Set ‘Solo’ and ‘A due’ texts in the part combiner?
-
proportionalNotationDuration
(moment) Global override for shortest-playing duration. This is used for switching on proportional notation.
-
rehearsalMark
(integer) The last rehearsal mark printed.
-
repeatCommands
(list) This property is a list of commands of the form
(list 'volta x)
, where x is a string or#f
.'end-repeat
is also accepted as a command.-
repeatCountVisibility
(procedure) A procedure taking as arguments an integer and context, returning whether the corresponding percent repeat number should be printed when
countPercentRepeats
is set.-
restCompletionBusy
(boolean) Signal whether a completion-rest is active.
-
restNumberThreshold
(number) If a multimeasure rest has more measures than this, a number is printed.
-
restrainOpenStrings
(boolean) Exclude open strings from the automatic fret calculator.
-
searchForVoice
(boolean) Signal whether a search should be made of all contexts in the context hierarchy for a voice to provide rhythms for the lyrics.
-
segnoType
(string) Set the default bar line for a requested segno. Default is ‘S’.
-
shapeNoteStyles
(vector) Vector of symbols, listing style for each note head relative to the tonic (qv.) of the scale.
-
shortInstrumentName
(markup) See
instrumentName
.-
shortVocalName
(markup) Name of a vocal line, short version.
-
skipBars
(boolean) If set to true, then skip the empty bars that are produced by multimeasure notes and rests. These bars will not appear on the printed output. If not set (the default), multimeasure notes and rests expand into their full length, printing the appropriate number of empty bars so that synchronization with other voices is preserved.
{ r1 r1*3 R1*3 \set Score.skipBars= ##t r1*3 R1*3 }
-
skipTypesetting
(boolean) If true, no typesetting is done, speeding up the interpretation phase. Useful for debugging large scores.
-
slashChordSeparator
(markup) The markup object used to separate a chord name from its root note in case of inversions or slash chords.
-
soloIIText
(markup) The text for the start of a solo for voice ‘two’ when part-combining.
-
soloText
(markup) The text for the start of a solo when part-combining.
-
squashedPosition
(integer) Vertical position of squashing for Pitch_squash_engraver.
-
staffLineLayoutFunction
(procedure) Layout of staff lines,
traditional
, orsemitone
.-
stanza
(markup) Stanza ‘number’ to print before the start of a verse. Use in
Lyrics
context.-
startRepeatSegnoType
(string) Set the default bar line for the combinations beginning of repeat with segno. Default is ‘S.|:’.
-
startRepeatType
(string) Set the default bar line for the beginning of repeats.
-
stemLeftBeamCount
(integer) Specify the number of beams to draw on the left side of the next note. Overrides automatic beaming. The value is only used once, and then it is erased.
-
stemRightBeamCount
(integer) See
stemLeftBeamCount
.-
strictBeatBeaming
(boolean) Should partial beams reflect the beat structure even if it causes flags to hang out?
-
stringNumberOrientations
(list) See
fingeringOrientations
.-
stringOneTopmost
(boolean) Whether the first string is printed on the top line of the tablature.
-
stringTunings
(list) The tablature strings tuning. It is a list of the pitches of each string (starting with the lowest numbered one).
-
strokeFingerOrientations
(list) See
fingeringOrientations
.-
subdivideBeams
(boolean) If set, multiple beams will be subdivided at
baseMoment
positions by only drawing one beam over the beat.-
suggestAccidentals
(boolean) If set, accidentals are typeset as cautionary suggestions over the note.
-
supportNonIntegerFret
(boolean) If set in
Score
theTabStaff
will print micro-tones as ‘2½’-
suspendRestMerging
(boolean) When using the Merge_rest_engraver do not merge rests when this is set to true.
-
systemStartDelimiter
(symbol) Which grob to make for the start of the system/staff? Set to
SystemStartBrace
,SystemStartBracket
orSystemStartBar
.-
systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
(pair) A nested list, indicating the nesting of a start delimiters.
-
tablatureFormat
(procedure) A function formatting a tablature note head. Called with three arguments: context, string number and, fret number. It returns the text as a markup.
-
tabStaffLineLayoutFunction
(procedure) A function determining the staff position of a tablature note head. Called with two arguments: the context and the string.
-
tempoHideNote
(boolean) Hide the note = count in tempo marks.
-
tempoWholesPerMinute
(moment) The tempo in whole notes per minute.
-
tieWaitForNote
(boolean) If true, tied notes do not have to follow each other directly. This can be used for writing out arpeggios.
-
timeSignatureFraction
(fraction, as pair) A pair of numbers, signifying the time signature. For example,
'(4 . 4)
is a 4/4 time signature.-
timeSignatureSettings
(list) A nested alist of settings for time signatures. Contains elements for various time signatures. The element for each time signature contains entries for
baseMoment
,beatStructure
, andbeamExceptions
.-
timing
(boolean) Keep administration of measure length, position, bar number, etc.? Switch off for cadenzas.
-
tonic
(pitch) The tonic of the current scale.
-
topLevelAlignment
(boolean) If true, the Vertical_align_engraver will create a VerticalAlignment; otherwise, it will create a StaffGrouper
-
tupletFullLength
(boolean) If set, the tuplet is printed up to the start of the next note.
-
tupletFullLengthNote
(boolean) If set, end at the next note, otherwise end on the matter (time signatures, etc.) before the note.
-
tupletSpannerDuration
(moment) Normally, a tuplet bracket is as wide as the
\times
expression that gave rise to it. By setting this property, you can make brackets last shorter.{ \set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4) \times 2/3 { c8 c c c c c } }
-
useBassFigureExtenders
(boolean) Whether to use extender lines for repeated bass figures.
-
vocalName
(markup) Name of a vocal line.
-
voltaSpannerDuration
(moment) This specifies the maximum duration to use for the brackets printed for
\alternative
. This can be used to shrink the length of brackets in the situation where one alternative is very large.-
whichBar
(string) This property is read to determine what type of bar line to create.
Example:
\set Staff.whichBar = ".|:"
This will create a start-repeat bar in this staff only. Valid values are described in ‘scm/bar-line.scm’.
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A.18 Layout properties
-
add-stem-support
(boolean) If set, the
Stem
object is included in this script’s support.-
after-line-breaking
(boolean) Dummy property, used to trigger callback for
after-line-breaking
.-
align-dir
(direction) Which side to align?
-1
: left side,0
: around center of width,1
: right side.-
allow-loose-spacing
(boolean) If set, column can be detached from main spacing.
-
allow-span-bar
(boolean) If false, no inter-staff bar line will be created below this bar line.
-
alteration
(number) Alteration numbers for accidental.
-
alteration-alist
(list) List of
(pitch . accidental)
pairs for key signature.-
annotation
(string) Annotate a grob for debug purposes.
-
annotation-balloon
(boolean) Print the balloon around an annotation.
-
annotation-line
(boolean) Print the line from an annotation to the grob that it annotates.
-
arpeggio-direction
(direction) If set, put an arrow on the arpeggio squiggly line.
-
arrow-length
(number) Arrow length.
-
arrow-width
(number) Arrow width.
-
auto-knee-gap
(dimension, in staff space) If a gap is found between note heads where a horizontal beam fits that is larger than this number, make a kneed beam.
-
automatically-numbered
(boolean) Should a footnote be automatically numbered?
-
average-spacing-wishes
(boolean) If set, the spacing wishes are averaged over staves.
-
avoid-note-head
(boolean) If set, the stem of a chord does not pass through all note heads, but starts at the last note head.
-
avoid-scripts
(boolean) If set, a tuplet bracket avoids the scripts associated with the note heads it encompasses.
-
avoid-slur
(symbol) Method of handling slur collisions. Choices are
inside
,outside
,around
, andignore
.inside
adjusts the slur if needed to keep the grob inside the slur.outside
moves the grob vertically to the outside of the slur.around
moves the grob vertically to the outside of the slur only if there is a collision.ignore
does not move either. In grobs whose notational significance depends on vertical position (such as accidentals, clefs, etc.),outside
andaround
behave likeignore
.-
axes
(list) List of axis numbers. In the case of alignment grobs, this should contain only one number.
-
bar-extent
(pair of numbers) The Y-extent of the actual bar line. This may differ from
Y-extent
because it does not include the dots in a repeat bar line.-
base-shortest-duration
(moment) Spacing is based on the shortest notes in a piece. Normally, pieces are spaced as if notes at least as short as this are present.
-
baseline-skip
(dimension, in staff space) Distance between base lines of multiple lines of text.
-
beam-thickness
(dimension, in staff space) Beam thickness, measured in
staff-space
units.-
beam-width
(dimension, in staff space) Width of the tremolo sign.
-
beamed-stem-shorten
(list) How much to shorten beamed stems, when their direction is forced. It is a list, since the value is different depending on the number of flags and beams.
-
beaming
(pair) Pair of number lists. Each number list specifies which beams to make.
0
is the central beam,1
is the next beam toward the note, etc. This information is used to determine how to connect the beaming patterns from stem to stem inside a beam.-
beamlet-default-length
(pair) A pair of numbers. The first number specifies the default length of a beamlet that sticks out of the left hand side of this stem; the second number specifies the default length of the beamlet to the right. The actual length of a beamlet is determined by taking either the default length or the length specified by
beamlet-max-length-proportion
, whichever is smaller.-
beamlet-max-length-proportion
(pair) The maximum length of a beamlet, as a proportion of the distance between two adjacent stems.
-
before-line-breaking
(boolean) Dummy property, used to trigger a callback function.
-
between-cols
(pair) Where to attach a loose column to.
-
bound-details
(list) An alist of properties for determining attachments of spanners to edges.
-
bound-padding
(number) The amount of padding to insert around spanner bounds.
-
bracket-flare
(pair of numbers) A pair of numbers specifying how much edges of brackets should slant outward. Value
0.0
means straight edges.-
bracket-visibility
(boolean or symbol) This controls the visibility of the tuplet bracket. Setting it to false prevents printing of the bracket. Setting the property to
if-no-beam
makes it print only if there is no beam associated with this tuplet bracket.-
break-align-anchor
(number) Grobs aligned to this breakable item will have their X-offsets shifted by this number. In bar lines, for example, this is used to position grobs relative to the (visual) center of the bar line.
-
break-align-anchor-alignment
(number) Read by
ly:break-aligned-interface::calc-extent-aligned-anchor
for aligning an anchor to a grob’s extent.-
break-align-orders
(vector) This is a vector of 3 lists:
#(end-of-line unbroken start-of-line
). Each list contains break-align symbols that specify an order of breakable items (see break-alignment-interface).For example, this places time signatures before clefs:
\override Score.BreakAlignment.break-align-orders = #(make-vector 3 '(left-edge cue-end-clef ambitus breathing-sign time-signature clef cue-clef staff-bar key-cancellation key-signature custos))
-
break-align-symbol
(symbol) This key is used for aligning, ordering, and spacing breakable items. See break-alignment-interface.
-
break-align-symbols
(list) A list of break-align symbols that determines which breakable items to align this to. If the grob selected by the first symbol in the list is invisible due to
break-visibility
, we will align to the next grob (and so on). Choices are listed in break-alignment-interface.-
break-overshoot
(pair of numbers) How much does a broken spanner stick out of its bounds?
-
break-visibility
(vector) A vector of 3 booleans,
#(end-of-line unbroken begin-of-line)
.#t
means visible,#f
means killed.-
breakable
(boolean) Allow breaks here.
-
broken-bound-padding
(number) The amount of padding to insert when a spanner is broken at a line break.
-
chord-dots-limit
(integer) Limits the column of dots on each chord to the height of the chord plus
chord-dots-limit
staff-positions.-
circled-tip
(boolean) Put a circle at start/end of hairpins (al/del niente).
-
clef-alignments
(list) An alist of parent-alignments that should be used for clef modifiers with various clefs
-
clip-edges
(boolean) Allow outward pointing beamlets at the edges of beams?
-
collapse-height
(dimension, in staff space) Minimum height of system start delimiter. If equal or smaller, the bracket/brace/line is removed.
-
collision-interfaces
(list) A list of interfaces for which automatic beam-collision resolution is run.
-
collision-voice-only
(boolean) Does automatic beam collsion apply only to the voice in which the beam was created?
-
color
(color) The color of this grob.
-
common-shortest-duration
(moment) The most common shortest note length. This is used in spacing. Enlarging this sets the score tighter.
-
concaveness
(number) A beam is concave if its inner stems are closer to the beam than the two outside stems. This number is a measure of the closeness of the inner stems. It is used for damping the slope of the beam.
-
connect-to-neighbor
(pair) Pair of booleans, indicating whether this grob looks as a continued break.
-
control-points
(list of number pairs) List of offsets (number pairs) that form control points for the tie, slur, or bracket shape. For Béziers, this should list the control points of a third-order Bézier curve.
-
count-from
(integer) The first measure in a measure count receives this number. The following measures are numbered in increments from this initial value.
-
damping
(number) Amount of beam slope damping.
-
dash-definition
(pair) List of
dash-elements
defining the dash structure. Eachdash-element
has a starting t value, an ending t-value, adash-fraction
, and adash-period
.-
dash-fraction
(number) Size of the dashes, relative to
dash-period
. Should be between0.1
and1.0
(continuous line). If set to0.0
, a dotted line is produced-
dash-period
(number) The length of one dash together with whitespace. If negative, no line is drawn at all.
-
default-direction
(direction) Direction determined by note head positions.
-
default-staff-staff-spacing
(list) The settings to use for
staff-staff-spacing
when it is unset, for ungrouped staves and for grouped staves that do not have the relevantStaffGrouper
property set (staff-staff-spacing
orstaffgroup-staff-spacing
).-
details
(list) Alist of parameters for detailed grob behavior. More information on the allowed parameters for a grob can be found by looking at the top of the Internals Reference page for each interface having a
details
property.-
digit-names
(vector) Names for string finger digits.
-
direction
(direction) If
side-axis
is0
(orX
), then this property determines whether the object is placedLEFT
,CENTER
orRIGHT
with respect to the other object. Otherwise, it determines whether the object is placedUP
,CENTER
orDOWN
. Numerical values may also be used:UP
=1
,DOWN
=-1
,LEFT
=-1
,RIGHT
=1
,CENTER
=0
.-
dot-count
(integer) The number of dots.
-
dot-negative-kern
(number) The space to remove between a dot and a slash in percent repeat glyphs. Larger values bring the two elements closer together.
-
dot-placement-list
(list) List consisting of
(description string-number fret-number finger-number)
entries used to define fret diagrams.-
double-stem-separation
(number) The distance between the two stems of a half note in tablature when using
\tabFullNotation
, not counting the width of the stems themselves, expressed as a multiple of the default height of a staff-space in the traditional five-line staff.-
duration-log
(integer) The 2-log of the note head duration, i.e.,
0
= whole note,1
= half note, etc.-
eccentricity
(number) How asymmetrical to make a slur. Positive means move the center to the right.
-
edge-height
(pair) A pair of numbers specifying the heights of the vertical edges:
(left-height . right-height)
.-
edge-text
(pair) A pair specifying the texts to be set at the edges:
(left-text . right-text)
.-
expand-limit
(integer) Maximum number of measures expanded in church rests.
-
extra-dy
(number) Slope glissandi this much extra.
-
extra-offset
(pair of numbers) A pair representing an offset. This offset is added just before outputting the symbol, so the typesetting engine is completely oblivious to it. The values are measured in
staff-space
units of the staff’sStaffSymbol
.-
extra-spacing-height
(pair of numbers) In the horizontal spacing problem, we increase the height of each item by this amount (by adding the ‘car’ to the bottom of the item and adding the ‘cdr’ to the top of the item). In order to make a grob infinitely high (to prevent the horizontal spacing problem from placing any other grobs above or below this grob), set this to
(-inf.0 . +inf.0)
.-
extra-spacing-width
(pair of numbers) In the horizontal spacing problem, we pad each item by this amount (by adding the ‘car’ on the left side of the item and adding the ‘cdr’ on the right side of the item). In order to make a grob take up no horizontal space at all, set this to
(+inf.0 . -inf.0)
.-
flag-count
(number) The number of tremolo beams.
-
flag-style
(symbol) The style of the flag to be used with
MetronomeMark
. Available are'modern-straight-flag
,'old-straight-flag
,flat-flag
,mensural
and'default
-
flat-positions
(list) Flats in key signatures are placed within the specified ranges of staff-positions. The general form is a list of pairs, with one pair for each type of clef, in order of the staff-position at which each clef places C:
(alto treble tenor soprano baritone mezzosoprano bass)
. If the list contains a single element it applies for all clefs. A single number in place of a pair sets accidentals within the octave ending at that staff-position.-
font-encoding
(symbol) The font encoding is the broadest category for selecting a font. Currently, only lilypond’s system fonts (Emmentaler) are using this property. Available values are
fetaMusic
(Emmentaler),fetaBraces
,fetaText
(Emmentaler).-
font-family
(symbol) The font family is the broadest category for selecting text fonts. Options include:
sans
,roman
.-
font-features
(list) Opentype features.
-
font-name
(string) Specifies a file name (without extension) of the font to load. This setting overrides selection using
font-family
,font-series
andfont-shape
.-
font-series
(symbol) Select the series of a font. Choices include
medium
,bold
,bold-narrow
, etc.-
font-shape
(symbol) Select the shape of a font. Choices include
upright
,italic
,caps
.-
font-size
(number) The font size, compared to the ‘normal’ size.
0
is style-sheet’s normal size,-1
is smaller,+1
is bigger. Each step of 1 is approximately 12% larger; 6 steps are exactly a factor 2 larger. If the context propertyfontSize
is set, its value is added to this before the glyph is printed. Fractional values are allowed.-
footnote
(boolean) Should this be a footnote or in-note?
-
footnote-music
(music) Music creating a footnote.
-
footnote-text
(markup) A footnote for the grob.
-
force-hshift
(number) This specifies a manual shift for notes in collisions. The unit is the note head width of the first voice note. This is used by note-collision-interface.
-
forced-spacing
(number) Spacing forced between grobs, used in various ligature engravers.
-
fraction
(fraction, as pair) Numerator and denominator of a time signature object.
-
french-beaming
(boolean) Use French beaming style for this stem. The stem stops at the innermost beams.
-
fret-diagram-details
(list) An alist of detailed grob properties for fret diagrams. Each alist entry consists of a
(property . value)
pair. The properties which can be included infret-diagram-details
include the following:-
barre-type
– Type of barre indication used. Choices includecurved
,straight
, andnone
. Defaultcurved
. -
capo-thickness
– Thickness of capo indicator, in multiples of fret-space. Default value 0.5. -
dot-color
– Color of dots. Options includeblack
andwhite
. Defaultblack
. -
dot-label-font-mag
– Magnification for font used to label fret dots. Default value 1. -
dot-position
– Location of dot in fret space. Default 0.6 for dots without labels, 0.95-dot-radius
for dots with labels. -
dot-radius
– Radius of dots, in terms of fret spaces. Default value 0.425 for labeled dots, 0.25 for unlabeled dots. -
finger-code
– Code for the type of fingering indication used. Options includenone
,in-dot
, andbelow-string
. Defaultnone
for markup fret diagrams,below-string
forFretBoards
fret diagrams. -
fret-count
– The number of frets. Default 4. -
fret-distance
– Multiplier to adjust the distance between frets. Default 1.0. -
fret-label-custom-format
– The format string to be used label the lowest fret number, whennumber-type
equals tocustom
. Default "~a". -
fret-label-font-mag
– The magnification of the font used to label the lowest fret number. Default 0.5. -
fret-label-vertical-offset
– The offset of the fret label from the center of the fret in direction parallel to strings. Default 0. -
fret-label-horizontal-offset
– The offset of the fret label from the center of the fret in direction orthogonal to strings. Default 0. -
paren-padding
– The padding for the parenthesis. Default 0.05. -
label-dir
– Side to which the fret label is attached.-1
,LEFT
, orDOWN
for left or down;1
,RIGHT
, orUP
for right or up. DefaultRIGHT
. -
mute-string
– Character string to be used to indicate muted string. Default"x"
. -
number-type
– Type of numbers to use in fret label. Choices includeroman-lower
,roman-upper
,arabic
andcustom
. In the later case, the format string is supplied by thefret-label-custom-format
property. Defaultroman-lower
. -
open-string
– Character string to be used to indicate open string. Default"o"
. -
orientation
– Orientation of fret-diagram. Options includenormal
,landscape
, andopposing-landscape
. Defaultnormal
. -
string-count
– The number of strings. Default 6. -
string-distance
– Multiplier to adjust the distance between strings. Default 1.0. -
string-label-font-mag
– The magnification of the font used to label fingerings at the string, rather than in the dot. Default value 0.6 fornormal
orientation, 0.5 forlandscape
andopposing-landscape
. -
string-thickness-factor
– Factor for changing thickness of each string in the fret diagram. Thickness of string k is given bythickness
* (1+string-thickness-factor
) ^ (k-1). Default 0. -
top-fret-thickness
– The thickness of the top fret line, as a multiple of the standard thickness. Default value 3. -
xo-font-magnification
– Magnification used for mute and open string indicators. Default value 0.5. -
xo-padding
– Padding for open and mute indicators from top fret. Default value 0.25.
-
-
full-length-padding
(number) How much padding to use at the right side of a full-length tuplet bracket.
-
full-length-to-extent
(boolean) Run to the extent of the column for a full-length tuplet bracket.
-
full-measure-extra-space
(number) Extra space that is allocated at the beginning of a measure with only one note. This property is read from the NonMusicalPaperColumn that begins the measure.
-
full-size-change
(boolean) Don’t make a change clef smaller.
-
gap
(dimension, in staff space) Size of a gap in a variable symbol.
-
gap-count
(integer) Number of gapped beams for tremolo.
-
glissando-skip
(boolean) Should this
NoteHead
be skipped by glissandi?-
glyph
(string) A string determining what ‘style’ of glyph is typeset. Valid choices depend on the function that is reading this property.
In combination with (span) bar lines, it is a string resembling the bar line appearance in ASCII form.
-
glyph-name
(string) The glyph name within the font.
In the context of (span) bar lines, glyph-name represents a processed form of
glyph
, where decisions about line breaking etc. are already taken.-
glyph-name-alist
(list) An alist of key-string pairs.
-
graphical
(boolean) Display in graphical (vs. text) form.
-
grow-direction
(direction) Crescendo or decrescendo?
-
hair-thickness
(number) Thickness of the thin line in a bar line, expressed as a multiple of the default staff-line thickness (i.e. the visual output is not influenced by changes to
Staff.StaffSymbol.thickness
).-
harp-pedal-details
(list) An alist of detailed grob properties for harp pedal diagrams. Each alist entry consists of a
(property . value)
pair. The properties which can be included in harp-pedal-details include the following:-
box-offset
– Vertical shift of the center of flat/sharp pedal boxes above/below the horizontal line. Default value 0.8. -
box-width
– Width of each pedal box. Default value 0.4. -
box-height
– Height of each pedal box. Default value 1.0. -
space-before-divider
– Space between boxes before the first divider (so that the diagram can be made symmetric). Default value 0.8. -
space-after-divider
– Space between boxes after the first divider. Default value 0.8. -
circle-thickness
– Thickness (in unit of the line-thickness) of the ellipse around circled pedals. Default value 0.5. -
circle-x-padding
– Padding in X direction of the ellipse around circled pedals. Default value 0.15. -
circle-y-padding
– Padding in Y direction of the ellipse around circled pedals. Default value 0.2.
-
-
head-direction
(direction) Are the note heads left or right in a semitie?
-
height
(dimension, in staff space) Height of an object in
staff-space
units.-
height-limit
(dimension, in staff space) Maximum slur height: The longer the slur, the closer it is to this height.
-
hide-tied-accidental-after-break
(boolean) If set, an accidental that appears on a tied note after a line break will not be displayed.
-
horizon-padding
(number) The amount to pad the axis along which a
Skyline
is built for theside-position-interface
.-
horizontal-shift
(integer) An integer that identifies ranking of
NoteColumn
s for horizontal shifting. This is used by note-collision-interface.-
horizontal-skylines
(pair of skylines) Two skylines, one to the left and one to the right of this grob.
-
id
(string) An id string for the grob.
-
ignore-ambitus
(boolean) If set, don’t consider this notehead for ambitus calculation.
-
ignore-collision
(boolean) If set, don’t do note collision resolution on this
NoteColumn
.-
implicit
(boolean) Is this an implicit bass figure?
-
inspect-index
(integer) If debugging is set, set beam and slur configuration to this index, and print the respective scores.
-
inspect-quants
(pair of numbers) If debugging is set, set beam and slur quants to this position, and print the respective scores.
-
keep-inside-line
(boolean) If set, this column cannot have objects sticking into the margin.
-
kern
(dimension, in staff space) The space between individual elements in any compound bar line, expressed as a multiple of the default staff-line thickness (i.e. the visual output is not influenced by changes to
Staff.StaffSymbol.thickness
).-
knee
(boolean) Is this beam kneed?
-
knee-spacing-correction
(number) Factor for the optical correction amount for kneed beams. Set between
0
for no correction and1
for full correction.-
knee-to-beam
(boolean) Determines whether a tuplet number will be positioned next to a kneed beam.
-
labels
(list) List of labels (symbols) placed on a column.
-
layer
(integer) An integer which determines the order of printing objects. Objects with the lowest value of layer are drawn first, then objects with progressively higher values are drawn, so objects with higher values overwrite objects with lower values. By default most objects are assigned a layer value of 1.
-
ledger-extra
(dimension, in staff space) Extra distance from staff line to draw ledger lines for.
-
ledger-line-thickness
(pair of numbers) The thickness of ledger lines. It is the sum of 2 numbers: The first is the factor for line thickness, and the second for staff space. Both contributions are added.
-
ledger-positions
(list) Vertical positions of ledger lines. When set on a
StaffSymbol
grob it defines a repeating pattern of ledger lines and any parenthesized groups will always be shown together.-
ledger-positions-function
(any type) A quoted Scheme procedure that takes a
StaffSymbol
grob and the vertical position of a note head as arguments and returns a list of ledger line positions.-
left-bound-info
(list) An alist of properties for determining attachments of spanners to edges.
-
left-padding
(dimension, in staff space) The amount of space that is put left to an object (e.g., a lyric extender).
-
length
(dimension, in staff space) User override for the stem length of unbeamed stems.
-
length-fraction
(number) Multiplier for lengths. Used for determining ledger lines and stem lengths.
-
line-break-penalty
(number) Penalty for a line break at this column. This affects the choices of the line breaker; it avoids a line break at a column with a positive penalty and prefers a line break at a column with a negative penalty.
-
line-break-permission
(symbol) Instructs the line breaker on whether to put a line break at this column. Can be
force
orallow
.-
line-break-system-details
(list) An alist of properties to use if this column is the start of a system.
-
line-count
(integer) The number of staff lines.
-
line-positions
(list) Vertical positions of staff lines.
-
line-thickness
(number) For slurs and ties, this is the diameter of the virtual “pen” that draws the two arcs of the curve’s outline, which intersect at the endpoints. This property is expressed as a multiple of the current staff-line thickness (i.e. the visual output is influenced by changes to
Staff.StaffSymbol.thickness
).-
long-text
(markup) Text markup. See Formatting text.
-
max-beam-connect
(integer) Maximum number of beams to connect to beams from this stem. Further beams are typeset as beamlets.
-
max-symbol-separation
(number) The maximum distance between symbols making up a church rest.
-
maximum-gap
(number) Maximum value allowed for
gap
property.-
measure-count
(integer) The number of measures for a multi-measure rest.
-
measure-length
(moment) Length of a measure. Used in some spacing situations.
-
merge-differently-dotted
(boolean) Merge note heads in collisions, even if they have a different number of dots. This is normal notation for some types of polyphonic music.
merge-differently-dotted
only applies to opposing stem directions (i.e., voice 1 & 2).-
merge-differently-headed
(boolean) Merge note heads in collisions, even if they have different note heads. The smaller of the two heads is rendered invisible. This is used in polyphonic guitar notation. The value of this setting is used by note-collision-interface.
merge-differently-headed
only applies to opposing stem directions (i.e., voice 1 & 2).-
minimum-distance
(dimension, in staff space) Minimum distance between rest and notes or beam.
-
minimum-length
(dimension, in staff space) Try to make a spanner at least this long, normally in the horizontal direction. This requires an appropriate callback for the
springs-and-rods
property. If added to aTie
, this sets the minimum distance between noteheads.-
minimum-length-after-break
(dimension, in staff space) If set, try to make a broken spanner starting a line this long. This requires an appropriate callback for the
springs-and-rods
property. If added to aTie
, this sets the minimum distance to the notehead.-
minimum-length-fraction
(number) Minimum length of ledger line as fraction of note head size.
-
minimum-space
(dimension, in staff space) Minimum distance that the victim should move (after padding).
-
minimum-X-extent
(pair of numbers) Minimum size of an object in X dimension, measured in
staff-space
units.-
minimum-Y-extent
(pair of numbers) Minimum size of an object in Y dimension, measured in
staff-space
units.-
neutral-direction
(direction) Which direction to take in the center of the staff.
-
neutral-position
(number) Position (in half staff spaces) where to flip the direction of custos stem.
-
next
(graphical (layout) object) Object that is next relation (e.g., the lyric syllable following an extender).
-
no-alignment
(boolean) If set, don’t place this grob in a
VerticalAlignment
; rather, place it using its ownY-offset
callback.-
no-ledgers
(boolean) If set, don’t draw ledger lines on this object.
-
no-stem-extend
(boolean) If set, notes with ledger lines do not get stems extending to the middle staff line.
-
non-break-align-symbols
(list) A list of symbols that determine which NON-break-aligned interfaces to align this to.
-
non-default
(boolean) Set for manually specified clefs and keys.
-
non-musical
(boolean) True if the grob belongs to a
NonMusicalPaperColumn
.-
nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing
(list) The spacing alist controlling the distance between the current non-staff line and the next non-staff line in the direction of
staff-affinity
, if both are on the same side of the related staff, andstaff-affinity
is eitherUP
orDOWN
. Seestaff-staff-spacing
for a description of the alist structure.-
nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing
(list) The spacing alist controlling the distance between the current non-staff line and the nearest staff in the direction of
staff-affinity
, if there are no non-staff lines between the two, andstaff-affinity
is eitherUP
orDOWN
. Ifstaff-affinity
isCENTER
, thennonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing
is used for the nearest staves on both sides, even if other non-staff lines appear between the current one and either of the staves. Seestaff-staff-spacing
for a description of the alist structure.-
nonstaff-unrelatedstaff-spacing
(list) The spacing alist controlling the distance between the current non-staff line and the nearest staff in the opposite direction from
staff-affinity
, if there are no other non-staff lines between the two, andstaff-affinity
is eitherUP
orDOWN
. Seestaff-staff-spacing
for a description of the alist structure.-
normalized-endpoints
(pair) Represents left and right placement over the total spanner, where the width of the spanner is normalized between 0 and 1.
-
note-collision-threshold
(dimension, in staff space) Simultaneous notes that are this close or closer in units of
staff-space
will be identified as vertically colliding. Used byStem
grobs for notes in the same voice, andNoteCollision
grobs for notes in different voices. Default value 1.-
note-names
(vector) Vector of strings containing names for easy-notation note heads.
-
number-type
(symbol) Numbering style. Choices include
roman-lower
,roman-upper
andarabic
.-
output-attributes
(list) An alist of attributes for the grob, to be included in output files. When the SVG typesetting backend is used, the attributes are assigned to a group (<g>) containing all of the stencils that comprise a given grob. For example,
'((id . 123) (class . foo) (data-whatever . “bar”))
will produce<g id=“123” class=“foo” data-whatever=“bar”> … </g>
. In the Postscript backend, where there is no way to group items, the setting of the output-attributes property will have no effect.-
outside-staff-horizontal-padding
(number) By default, an outside-staff-object can be placed so that is it very close to another grob horizontally. If this property is set, the outside-staff-object is raised so that it is not so close to its neighbor.
-
outside-staff-padding
(number) The padding to place between grobs when spacing according to
outside-staff-priority
. Two grobs with differentoutside-staff-padding
values have the larger value of padding between them.-
outside-staff-placement-directive
(symbol) One of four directives telling how outside staff objects should be placed.
-
left-to-right-greedy
– Place each successive grob from left to right. -
left-to-right-polite
– Place a grob from left to right only if it does not potentially overlap with another grob that has been placed on a pass through a grob array. If there is overlap, do another pass to determine placement. -
right-to-left-greedy
– Same asleft-to-right-greedy
, but from right to left. -
right-to-left-polite
– Same asleft-to-right-polite
, but from right to left.
-
-
outside-staff-priority
(number) If set, the grob is positioned outside the staff in such a way as to avoid all collisions. In case of a potential collision, the grob with the smaller
outside-staff-priority
is closer to the staff.-
packed-spacing
(boolean) If set, the notes are spaced as tightly as possible.
-
padding
(dimension, in staff space) Add this much extra space between objects that are next to each other.
-
padding-pairs
(list) An alist mapping
(name . name)
to distances.-
page-break-penalty
(number) Penalty for page break at this column. This affects the choices of the page breaker; it avoids a page break at a column with a positive penalty and prefers a page break at a column with a negative penalty.
-
page-break-permission
(symbol) Instructs the page breaker on whether to put a page break at this column. Can be
force
orallow
.-
page-turn-penalty
(number) Penalty for a page turn at this column. This affects the choices of the page breaker; it avoids a page turn at a column with a positive penalty and prefers a page turn at a column with a negative penalty.
-
page-turn-permission
(symbol) Instructs the page breaker on whether to put a page turn at this column. Can be
force
orallow
.-
parent-alignment-X
(number) Specify on which point of the parent the object is aligned. The value
-1
means aligned on parent’s left edge,0
on center, and1
right edge, in X direction. Other numerical values may also be specified - the unit is half the parent’s width. If unset, the value fromself-alignment-X
property will be used.-
parent-alignment-Y
(number) Like
parent-alignment-X
but for the Y axis.-
parenthesis-friends
(list) A list of Grob types, as symbols. When parentheses enclose a Grob that has ’parenthesis-friends, the parentheses widen to include any child Grobs with type among ’parenthesis-friends.
-
parenthesized
(boolean) Parenthesize this grob.
-
positions
(pair of numbers) Pair of staff coordinates
(left . right)
, where both left and right are instaff-space
units of the current staff. For slurs, this value selects which slur candidate to use; if extreme positions are requested, the closest one is taken.-
prefer-dotted-right
(boolean) For note collisions, prefer to shift dotted up-note to the right, rather than shifting just the dot.
-
protrusion
(number) In an arpeggio bracket, the length of the horizontal edges.
-
ratio
(number) Parameter for slur shape. The higher this number, the quicker the slur attains its
height-limit
.-
remove-empty
(boolean) If set, remove group if it contains no interesting items.
-
remove-first
(boolean) Remove the first staff of an orchestral score?
-
remove-layer
(index or symbol) When set as a positive integer, the
Keep_alive_together_engraver
removes allVerticalAxisGroup
grobs with aremove-layer
larger than the smallest retainedremove-layer
. Set to#f
to make a layer independent of theKeep_alive_together_engraver
. Set to'()
, the layer does not participate in the layering decisions. The property can also be set as a symbol for common behaviors:#'any
to keep the layer alive with any other layer in the group;#'above
or#'below
to keep the layer alive with the context immediately before or after it, respectively.-
replacement-alist
(list) Alist of strings. The key is a string of the pattern to be replaced. The value is a string of what should be displayed. Useful for ligatures.
-
restore-first
(boolean) Print a natural before the accidental.
-
rhythmic-location
(rhythmic location) Where (bar number, measure position) in the score.
-
right-bound-info
(list) An alist of properties for determining attachments of spanners to edges.
-
right-padding
(dimension, in staff space) Space to insert on the right side of an object (e.g., between note and its accidentals).
-
rotation
(list) Number of degrees to rotate this object, and what point to rotate around. For example,
'(45 0 0)
rotates by 45 degrees around the center of this object.-
round-up-exceptions
(list) A list of pairs where car is the numerator and cdr the denominator of a moment. Each pair in this list means that the multi-measure rests of the corresponding length will be rounded up to the longer rest. See round-up-to-longer-rest.
-
round-up-to-longer-rest
(boolean) Displays the longer multi-measure rest when the length of a measure is between two values of
usable-duration-logs
. For example, displays a breve instead of a whole in a 3/2 measure.-
rounded
(boolean) Decide whether lines should be drawn rounded or not.
-
same-direction-correction
(number) Optical correction amount for stems that are placed in tight configurations. This amount is used for stems with the same direction to compensate for note head to stem distance.
-
script-priority
(number) A key for determining the order of scripts in a stack, by being added to the position of the script in the user input, the sum being the overall priority. Smaller means closer to the head.
-
segno-kern
(number) The space between the two thin lines of the segno bar line symbol, expressed as a multiple of the default staff-line thickness (i.e. the visual output is not influenced by changes to
Staff.StaffSymbol.thickness
).-
self-alignment-X
(number) Specify alignment of an object. The value
-1
means left aligned,0
centered, and1
right-aligned in X direction. Other numerical values may also be specified - the unit is half the object width.-
self-alignment-Y
(number) Like
self-alignment-X
but for the Y axis.-
shape
(symbol) This setting determines what shape a grob has. Valid choices depend on the
stencil
callback reading this property.-
sharp-positions
(list) Sharps in key signatures are placed within the specified ranges of staff-positions. The general form is a list of pairs, with one pair for each type of clef, in order of the staff-position at which each clef places C:
(alto treble tenor soprano baritone mezzosoprano bass)
. If the list contains a single element it applies for all clefs. A single number in place of a pair sets accidentals within the octave ending at that staff-position.-
shorten-pair
(pair of numbers) The lengths to shorten on both sides a hairpin or text-spanner such as a pedal bracket. Positive values shorten the hairpin or text-spanner, while negative values lengthen it.
-
shortest-duration-space
(number) Start with this multiple of
spacing-increment
space for the shortest duration. See also spacing-spanner-interface.-
shortest-playing-duration
(moment) The duration of the shortest note playing here.
-
shortest-starter-duration
(moment) The duration of the shortest note that starts here.
-
side-axis
(number) If the value is
X
(or equivalently0
), the object is placed horizontally next to the other object. If the value isY
or1
, it is placed vertically.-
side-relative-direction
(direction) Multiply direction of
direction-source
with this to get the direction of this object.-
simple-Y
(boolean) Should the Y placement of a spanner disregard changes in system heights?
-
size
(number) The ratio of the size of the object to its default size.
-
skip-quanting
(boolean) Should beam quanting be skipped?
-
skyline-horizontal-padding
(number) For determining the vertical distance between two staves, it is possible to have a configuration which would result in a tight interleaving of grobs from the top staff and the bottom staff. The larger this parameter is, the farther apart the staves are placed in such a configuration.
-
skyline-vertical-padding
(number) The amount by which the left and right skylines of a column are padded vertically, beyond the
Y-extent
s andextra-spacing-height
s of the constituent grobs in the column. Increase this to prevent interleaving of grobs from adjacent columns.-
slash-negative-kern
(number) The space to remove between slashes in percent repeat glyphs. Larger values bring the two elements closer together.
-
slope
(number) The slope of this object.
-
slur-padding
(number) Extra distance between slur and script.
-
snap-radius
(number) The maximum distance between two objects that will cause them to snap to alignment along an axis.
-
space-alist
(list) An alist that specifies distances from this grob to other breakable items, using the format:
'((break-align-symbol . (spacing-style . space)) (break-align-symbol . (spacing-style . space)) ...)
Standard choices for
break-align-symbol
are listed in break-alignment-interface. Additionally, three special break-align symbols available tospace-alist
are:-
first-note
used when the grob is just left of the first note on a line
-
next-note
used when the grob is just left of any other note; if not set, the value of
first-note
gets used-
right-edge
used when the grob is the last item on the line (only compatible with the
extra-space
spacing style)
Choices for
spacing-style
are:-
extra-space
Put this much space between the two grobs. The space is stretchable when paired with
first-note
ornext-note
; otherwise it is fixed.-
minimum-space
Put at least this much space between the left sides of both grobs, without allowing them to collide. The space is stretchable when paired with
first-note
ornext-note
; otherwise it is fixed. Not compatible withright-edge
.-
fixed-space
Only compatible with
first-note
andnext-note
. Put this much fixed space between the grob and the note.-
minimum-fixed-space
Only compatible with
first-note
andnext-note
. Put at least this much fixed space between the left side of the grob and the left side of the note, without allowing them to collide.-
semi-fixed-space
Only compatible with
first-note
andnext-note
. Put this much space between the grob and the note, such that half of the space is fixed and half is stretchable.
Rules for this spacing are much more complicated than this. See [Wanske] page 126–134, [Ross] page 143–147.
-
-
space-to-barline
(boolean) If set, the distance between a note and the following non-musical column will be measured to the bar line instead of to the beginning of the non-musical column. If there is a clef change followed by a bar line, for example, this means that we will try to space the non-musical column as though the clef is not there.
-
spacing-increment
(dimension, in staff space) The unit of length for note-spacing. Typically, the width of a note head. See also spacing-spanner-interface.
-
spacing-pair
(pair) A pair of alignment symbols which set an object’s spacing relative to its left and right
BreakAlignment
s.For example, a
MultiMeasureRest
will ignore prefatory items at its bounds (i.e., clefs, key signatures and time signatures) using the following override:\override MultiMeasureRest #'spacing-pair = #'(staff-bar . staff-bar)
-
spanner-id
(index or symbol) An identifier to distinguish concurrent spanners.
-
springs-and-rods
(boolean) Dummy variable for triggering spacing routines.
-
stacking-dir
(direction) Stack objects in which direction?
-
staff-affinity
(direction) The direction of the staff to use for spacing the current non-staff line. Choices are
UP
,DOWN
, andCENTER
. IfCENTER
, the non-staff line will be placed equidistant between the two nearest staves on either side, unless collisions or other spacing constraints prevent this. Settingstaff-affinity
for a staff causes it to be treated as a non-staff line. Settingstaff-affinity
to#f
causes a non-staff line to be treated as a staff.-
staff-padding
(dimension, in staff space) Maintain this much space between reference points and the staff. Its effect is to align objects of differing sizes (like the dynamics p and f) on their baselines.
-
staff-position
(number) Vertical position, measured in half staff spaces, counted from the middle line.
-
staff-space
(dimension, in staff space) Amount of space between staff lines, expressed in global
staff-space
.-
staff-staff-spacing
(list) When applied to a staff-group’s
StaffGrouper
grob, this spacing alist controls the distance between consecutive staves within the staff-group. When applied to a staff’sVerticalAxisGroup
grob, it controls the distance between the staff and the nearest staff below it in the same system, replacing any settings inherited from theStaffGrouper
grob of the containing staff-group, if there is one. This property remains in effect even when non-staff lines appear between staves. The alist can contain the following keys:-
basic-distance
– the vertical distance, measured in staff-spaces, between the reference points of the two items when no collisions would result, and no stretching or compressing is in effect. -
minimum-distance
– the smallest allowable vertical distance, measured in staff-spaces, between the reference points of the two items, when compressing is in effect. -
padding
– the minimum required amount of unobstructed vertical whitespace between the bounding boxes (or skylines) of the two items, measured in staff-spaces. -
stretchability
– a unitless measure of the dimension’s relative propensity to stretch. If zero, the distance will not stretch (unless collisions would result).
-
-
staffgroup-staff-spacing
(list) The spacing alist controlling the distance between the last staff of the current staff-group and the staff just below it in the same system, even if one or more non-staff lines exist between the two staves. If the
staff-staff-spacing
property of the staff’sVerticalAxisGroup
grob is set, that is used instead. Seestaff-staff-spacing
for a description of the alist structure.-
stem-attachment
(pair of numbers) An
(x . y)
pair where the stem attaches to the notehead.-
stem-begin-position
(number) User override for the begin position of a stem.
-
stem-spacing-correction
(number) Optical correction amount for stems that are placed in tight configurations. For opposite directions, this amount is the correction for two normal sized stems that overlap completely.
-
stemlet-length
(number) How long should be a stem over a rest?
-
stencil
(stencil) The symbol to print.
-
stencils
(list) Multiple stencils, used as intermediate value.
-
strict-grace-spacing
(boolean) If set, main notes are spaced normally, then grace notes are put left of the musical columns for the main notes.
-
strict-note-spacing
(boolean) If set, unbroken columns with non-musical material (clefs, bar lines, etc.) are not spaced separately, but put before musical columns.
-
stroke-style
(string) Set to
"grace"
to turn stroke through flag on.-
style
(symbol) This setting determines in what style a grob is typeset. Valid choices depend on the
stencil
callback reading this property.-
text
(markup) Text markup. See Formatting text.
-
text-direction
(direction) This controls the ordering of the words. The default
RIGHT
is for roman text. Arabic or Hebrew should useLEFT
.-
thick-thickness
(number) Thickness of the thick line in a bar line, expressed as a multiple of the default staff-line thickness (i.e. the visual output is not influenced by changes to
Staff.StaffSymbol.thickness
).-
thickness
(number) For grobs made up of lines, this is the thickness of the line. For slurs and ties, this is the distance between the two arcs of the curve’s outline at its thickest point, not counting the diameter of the virtual “pen” that draws the arcs. This property is expressed as a multiple of the current staff-line thickness (i.e. the visual output is influenced by changes to
Staff.StaffSymbol.thickness
).-
tie-configuration
(list) List of
(position . dir)
pairs, indicating the desired tie configuration, where position is the offset from the center of the staff in staff space and dir indicates the direction of the tie (1
=>up,-1
=>down,0
=>center). A non-pair entry in the list causes the corresponding tie to be formatted automatically.-
to-barline
(boolean) If true, the spanner will stop at the bar line just before it would otherwise stop.
-
toward-stem-shift
(number) Amount by which scripts are shifted toward the stem if their direction coincides with the stem direction.
0.0
means centered on the note head (the default position of most scripts);1.0
means centered on the stem. Interpolated values are possible.-
toward-stem-shift-in-column
(number) Amount by which a script is shifted toward the stem if its direction coincides with the stem direction and it is associated with a
ScriptColumn
object.0.0
means centered on the note head (the default position of most scripts);1.0
means centered on the stem. Interpolated values are possible.-
transparent
(boolean) This makes the grob invisible.
-
uniform-stretching
(boolean) If set, items stretch proportionally to their natural separation based on durations. This looks better in complex polyphonic patterns.
-
usable-duration-logs
(list) List of
duration-log
s that can be used in typesetting the grob.-
use-skylines
(boolean) Should skylines be used for side positioning?
-
used
(boolean) If set, this spacing column is kept in the spacing problem.
-
vertical-skylines
(pair of skylines) Two skylines, one above and one below this grob.
-
voiced-position
(number) The staff-position of a voiced
Rest
, negative if the rest hasdirection
DOWN
.-
when
(moment) Global time step associated with this column.
-
whiteout
(boolean-or-number) If a number or true, the grob is printed over a white background to white-out underlying material, if the grob is visible. A number indicates how far the white background extends beyond the bounding box of the grob as a multiple of the staff-line thickness. The
LyricHyphen
grob uses a special implementation of whiteout: A positive number indicates how far the white background extends beyond the bounding box in multiples ofline-thickness
. The shape of the background is determined bywhiteout-style
. Usually#f
by default.-
whiteout-style
(symbol) Determines the shape of the
whiteout
background. Available are'outline
,'rounded-box
, and the default'box
. There is one exception: Use'special
forLyricHyphen
.-
width
(dimension, in staff space) The width of a grob measured in staff space.
-
word-space
(dimension, in staff space) Space to insert between words in texts.
-
X-align-on-main-noteheads
(boolean) If true, this grob will ignore suspended noteheads when aligning itself on NoteColumn.
-
X-extent
(pair of numbers) Extent (size) in the X direction, measured in staff-space units, relative to object’s reference point.
-
X-offset
(number) The horizontal amount that this object is moved relative to its X-parent.
-
X-positions
(pair of numbers) Pair of X staff coordinates of a spanner in the form
(left . right)
, where both left and right are instaff-space
units of the current staff.-
Y-extent
(pair of numbers) Extent (size) in the Y direction, measured in staff-space units, relative to object’s reference point.
-
Y-offset
(number) The vertical amount that this object is moved relative to its Y-parent.
-
zigzag-length
(dimension, in staff space) The length of the lines of a zigzag, relative to
zigzag-width
. A value of1
gives 60-degree zigzags.-
zigzag-width
(dimension, in staff space) The width of one zigzag squiggle. This number is adjusted slightly so that the glissando line can be constructed from a whole number of squiggles.
[ << Notation manual tables ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Cheat sheet >> ] | ||
[ < Layout properties ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ Context modification identifiers > ] |
A.19 Available music functions
-
absolute
[music] - music (music) -
Make music absolute. This does not actually change the music itself but rather hides it from surrounding
\relative
and\fixed
commands. -
acciaccatura
[music] - music (music) -
Create an acciaccatura from the following music expression
-
accidentalStyle
[music] - style (symbol list) -
Set accidental style to symbol list style in the form ‘piano-cautionary’. If style has a form like ‘Staff.piano-cautionary’, the settings are applied to that context. Otherwise, the context defaults to ‘Staff’, except for piano styles, which use ‘GrandStaff’ as a context.
-
addChordShape
[void] - key-symbol (symbol) tuning (pair) shape-definition (string or pair) -
Add chord shape shape-definition to the chord-shape-table hash with the key
(cons key-symbol tuning)
. -
addInstrumentDefinition
[void] - name (string) lst (list) -
Create instrument name with properties list.
-
addQuote
[void] - name (string) music (music) -
Define music as a quotable music expression named name
-
afterGrace
[music] - fraction [fraction, as pair] main (music) grace (music) -
Create grace note(s) after a main music expression.
The musical position of the grace expression is after a given fraction of the main note’s duration has passed. If fraction is not specified as first argument, it is taken from
afterGraceFraction
which has a default value of3/4
. -
allowPageTurn
[music] -
Allow a page turn. May be used at toplevel (ie between scores or markups), or inside a score.
-
allowVoltaHook
[void] - bar (string) -
(undocumented; fixme)
-
alterBroken
[music] - property (key list or symbol) arg (list) item (key list or music) -
Override property for pieces of broken spanner item with values arg. item may either be music in the form of a starting spanner event, or a symbol list in the form ‘Context.Grob’ or just ‘Grob’. Iff item is in the form of a spanner event, property may also have the form ‘Grob.property’ for specifying a directed tweak.
-
appendToTag
[music] - tag (symbol) more (music) music (music) -
Append more to the
elements
of all music expressions in music that are tagged with tag. -
applyContext
[music] - proc (procedure) -
Modify context properties with Scheme procedure proc.
-
applyMusic
[music] - func (procedure) music (music) -
Apply procedure func to music.
-
applyOutput
[music] - target (symbol list or symbol) proc (procedure) -
Apply function
proc
to every layout object matched by target which takes the formContext
orContext.Grob
. -
appoggiatura
[music] - music (music) -
Create an appoggiatura from music
-
assertBeamQuant
[music] - l (pair) r (pair) -
Testing function: check whether the beam quants l and r are correct
-
assertBeamSlope
[music] - comp (procedure) -
Testing function: check whether the slope of the beam is the same as
comp
-
autochange
[music] - pitch [pitch] clef-1 [context modification] clef-2 [context modification] music (music) -
Make voices that switch between staves automatically. As an option the pitch where to switch staves may be specified. The clefs for the staves are optional as well. Setting clefs works only for implicitly instantiated staves.
-
balloonGrobText
[music] - grob-name (symbol) offset (pair of numbers) text (markup) -
Attach text to grob-name at offset offset (use like
\once
) -
balloonText
[post event] - offset (pair of numbers) text (markup) -
Attach text at offset (use like
\tweak
) -
bar
[music] - type (string) -
Insert a bar line of type type
-
barNumberCheck
[music] - n (integer) -
Print a warning if the current bar number is not n.
-
beamExceptions
(any type) - music (music) -
Extract a value suitable for setting
Timing.beamExceptions
from the given pattern with explicit beams in music. A bar check|
has to be used between bars of patterns in order to reset the timing. -
bendAfter
[post event] - delta (real number) -
Create a fall or doit of pitch interval delta.
-
bookOutputName
[void] - newfilename (string) -
Direct output for the current book block to newfilename.
-
bookOutputSuffix
[void] - newsuffix (string) -
Set the output filename suffix for the current book block to newsuffix.
-
breathe
[music] -
Insert a breath mark.
-
chordRepeats
[music] - event-types [list] music (music) -
Walk through music putting the notes of the previous chord into repeat chords, as well as an optional list of event-types such as
#'(string-number-event)
. -
clef
[music] - type (string) -
Set the current clef to type.
-
compoundMeter
[music] - args (pair) -
Create compound time signatures. The argument is a Scheme list of lists. Each list describes one fraction, with the last entry being the denominator, while the first entries describe the summands in the enumerator. If the time signature consists of just one fraction, the list can be given directly, i.e. not as a list containing a single list. For example, a time signature of (3+1)/8 + 2/4 would be created as
\compoundMeter #'((3 1 8) (2 4))
, and a time signature of (3+2)/8 as\compoundMeter #'((3 2 8))
or shorter\compoundMeter #'(3 2 8)
. -
compressMMRests
[music] - music (music) -
Remove the empty bars created by multi-measure rests, leaving just the first bar containing the MM rest itself.
-
crossStaff
[music] - notes (music) -
Create cross-staff stems
-
cueClef
[music] - type (string) -
Set the current cue clef to type.
-
cueClefUnset
[music] -
Unset the current cue clef.
-
cueDuring
[music] - what (string) dir (direction) main-music (music) -
Insert contents of quote what corresponding to main-music, in a CueVoice oriented by dir.
-
cueDuringWithClef
[music] - what (string) dir (direction) clef (string) main-music (music) -
Insert contents of quote what corresponding to main-music, in a CueVoice oriented by dir.
-
deadNote
[music] - note (music) -
Print note with a cross-shaped note head.
-
defineBarLine
[void] - bar (string) glyph-list (list) -
Define bar line settings for bar line bar. The list glyph-list must have three entries which define the appearance at the end of line, at the beginning of the next line, and the span bar, respectively.
-
displayLilyMusic
[music] - port [output port] music (music) -
Display the LilyPond input representation of music to port, defaulting to the console.
-
displayMusic
[music] - port [output port] music (music) -
Display the internal representation of music to port, default to the console.
-
displayScheme
(any type) - port [output port] expr (any type) -
Display the internal representation of expr to port, default to the console.
-
endSpanners
[music] - music (music) -
Terminate the next spanner prematurely after exactly one note without the need of a specific end spanner.
-
eventChords
[music] - music (music) -
Compatibility function wrapping
EventChord
around isolated rhythmic events occuring since version 2.15.28, after expanding repeat chords ‘q’. -
featherDurations
[music] - factor (moment) argument (music) -
Adjust durations of music in argument by rational factor.
-
finger
[post event] - finger (number or markup) -
Apply finger as a fingering indication.
-
fixed
[music] - pitch (pitch) music (music) -
Use the octave of pitch as the default octave for music.
-
footnote
[music] - mark [markup] offset (pair of numbers) footnote (markup) item (symbol list or music) -
Make the markup footnote a footnote on item. The footnote is marked with a markup mark moved by offset with respect to the marked music.
If mark is not given or specified as \default, it is replaced by an automatically generated sequence number. If item is a symbol list of form ‘Grob’ or ‘Context.Grob’, then grobs of that type will be marked at the current time step in the given context (default
Bottom
).If item is music, the music will get a footnote attached to a grob immediately attached to the event, like \tweak does. For attaching a footnote to an indirectly caused grob, write
\single\footnote
, use item to specify the grob, and follow it with the music to annotate.Like with
\tweak
, if you use a footnote on a following post-event, the\footnote
command itself needs to be attached to the preceding note or rest as a post-event with-
. -
grace
[music] - music (music) -
Insert music as grace notes.
-
grobdescriptions
(any type) - descriptions (list) -
Create a context modification from descriptions, a list in the format of
all-grob-descriptions
. -
harmonicByFret
[music] - fret (number) music (music) -
Convert music into mixed harmonics; the resulting notes resemble harmonics played on a fretted instrument by touching the strings at fret.
-
harmonicByRatio
[music] - ratio (number) music (music) -
Convert music into mixed harmonics; the resulting notes resemble harmonics played on a fretted instrument by touching the strings at the point given through ratio.
-
harmonicNote
[music] - note (music) -
Print note with a diamond-shaped note head.
-
harmonicsOn
[music] -
Set the default note head style to a diamond-shaped style.
-
hide
[music] - item (symbol list or music) -
Set item’s ‘transparent’ property to
#t
, making it invisible while still retaining its dimensions.If item is a symbol list of form
GrobName
orContext.GrobName
, the result is an override for the grob name specified by it. If item is a music expression, the result is the same music expression with an appropriate tweak applied to it. -
incipit
[music] - incipit-music (music) -
Output incipit-music before the main staff as an indication of its appearance in the original music.
-
inherit-acceptability
[void] - to (symbol) from (symbol) -
When used in an output definition, will modify all context definitions such that context to is accepted as a child by all contexts that also accept from.
-
inStaffSegno
[music] -
Put the segno variant ’varsegno’ at this position into the staff, compatible with the repeat command.
-
instrumentSwitch
[music] - name (string) -
Switch instrument to name, which must be predefined with
\addInstrumentDefinition
. -
inversion
[music] - around (pitch) to (pitch) music (music) -
Invert music about around and transpose from around to to.
-
keepWithTag
[music] - tags (symbol list or symbol) music (music) -
Include only elements of music that are tagged with one of the tags in tags. tags may be either a single symbol or a list of symbols.
Each tag may be declared as a member of at most one tag group (defined with
\tagGroup
). If none of a music element’s tags share a tag group with one of the specified tags, the element is retained. -
key
[music] - tonic [pitch] pitch-alist [list] -
Set key to tonic and scale pitch-alist. If both are null, just generate
KeyChangeEvent
. -
killCues
[music] - music (music) -
Remove cue notes from music.
-
label
[music] - label (symbol) -
Create label as a bookmarking label.
-
language
[void] - language (string) -
Set note names for language language.
-
languageRestore
[void] -
Restore a previously-saved pitchnames alist.
-
languageSaveAndChange
[void] - language (string) -
Store the previous pitchnames alist, and set a new one.
-
magnifyMusic
[music] - mag (positive number) music (music) -
Magnify the notation of music without changing the staff-size, using mag as a size factor. Stems, beams, slurs, ties, and horizontal spacing are adjusted automatically.
-
magnifyStaff
[music] - mag (positive number) -
Change the size of the staff, adjusting notation size and horizontal spacing automatically, using mag as a size factor.
-
makeClusters
[music] - arg (music) -
Display chords in arg as clusters.
-
makeDefaultStringTuning
[void] - symbol (symbol) pitches (list) -
This defines a string tuning symbol via a list of pitches. The symbol also gets registered in
defaultStringTunings
for documentation purposes. -
mark
[music] - label [number or markup] -
Make the music for the \mark command.
-
markupMap
[music] - path (symbol list or symbol) markupfun (markup-function) music (music) -
This applies the given markup function markupfun to all markup music properties matching path in music.
For example,
\new Voice { g'2 c'' } \addlyrics { \markupMap LyricEvent.text \markup \with-color #red \etc { Oh yes! } }
-
modalInversion
[music] - around (pitch) to (pitch) scale (music) music (music) -
Invert music about around using scale and transpose from around to to.
-
modalTranspose
[music] - from (pitch) to (pitch) scale (music) music (music) -
Transpose music from pitch from to pitch to using scale.
-
musicMap
[music] - proc (procedure) mus (music) -
Apply proc to mus and all of the music it contains.
-
noPageBreak
[music] -
Forbid a page break. May be used at toplevel (i.e., between scores or markups), or inside a score.
-
noPageTurn
[music] -
Forbid a page turn. May be used at toplevel (i.e., between scores or markups), or inside a score.
-
octaveCheck
[music] - pitch (pitch) -
Octave check.
-
offset
[music] - property (symbol list or symbol) offsets (any type) item (key list or music) -
Offset the default value of property of item by offsets. If item is a string, the result is
\override
for the specified grob type. If item is a music expression, the result is the same music expression with an appropriate tweak applied. -
omit
[music] - item (symbol list or music) -
Set item’s ‘stencil’ property to
#f
, effectively omitting it without taking up space.If item is a symbol list of form
GrobName
orContext.GrobName
, the result is an override for the grob name specified by it. If item is a music expression, the result is the same music expression with an appropriate tweak applied to it. -
once
[music] - music (music) -
Set
once
to#t
on all layout instruction events in music. This will complain about music with an actual duration. As a special exception, if music contains ‘tweaks’ it will be silently ignored in order to allow for\once \propertyTweak
to work as both one-time override and proper tweak. -
ottava
[music] - octave (integer) -
Set the octavation.
-
overrideProperty
[music] - grob-property-path (list of indexes or symbols) value (any type) -
Set the grob property specified by grob-property-path to value. grob-property-path is a symbol list of the form
Context.GrobName.property
orGrobName.property
, possibly with subproperties given as well.As opposed to
\override
which overrides the context-dependent defaults with which a grob is created, this command usesOutput_property_engraver
at the grob acknowledge stage. This may be necessary for overriding values set after the initial grob creation. -
overrideTimeSignatureSettings
[music] - time-signature (fraction, as pair) base-moment (fraction, as pair) beat-structure (list) beam-exceptions (list) -
Override
timeSignatureSettings
for time signatures of time-signature to have settings of base-moment, beat-structure, and beam-exceptions. -
pageBreak
[music] -
Force a page break. May be used at toplevel (i.e., between scores or markups), or inside a score.
-
pageTurn
[music] -
Force a page turn between two scores or top-level markups.
-
palmMute
[music] - note (music) -
Print note with a triangle-shaped note head.
-
palmMuteOn
[music] -
Set the default note head style to a triangle-shaped style.
-
parallelMusic
[void] - voice-ids (list) music (music) -
Define parallel music sequences, separated by ’|’ (bar check signs), and assign them to the identifiers provided in voice-ids.
voice-ids: a list of music identifiers (symbols containing only letters)
music: a music sequence, containing BarChecks as limiting expressions.
Example:
\parallelMusic #'(A B C) { c c | d d | e e | d d | e e | f f | } <==> A = { c c | d d } B = { d d | e e } C = { e e | f f }
The last bar checks in a sequence are not copied to the result in order to facilitate ending the last entry at non-bar boundaries.
-
parenthesize
[music] - arg (music) -
Tag arg to be parenthesized.
-
partcombine
[music] - chord-range [pair of numbers] part1 (music) part2 (music) -
Take the music in part1 and part2 and return a music expression containing simultaneous voices, where part1 and part2 are combined into one voice where appropriate. Optional chord-range sets the distance in steps between notes that may be combined into a chord or unison.
-
partcombineDown
[music] - chord-range [pair of numbers] part1 (music) part2 (music) -
Take the music in part1 and part2 and typeset so that they share a staff with stems directed downward.
-
partcombineForce
[music] - type [symbol] -
Override the part-combiner.
-
partcombineUp
[music] - chord-range [pair of numbers] part1 (music) part2 (music) -
Take the music in part1 and part2 and typeset so that they share a staff with stems directed upward.
-
partial
[music] - dur (duration) -
Make a partial measure.
-
phrasingSlurDashPattern
[music] - dash-fraction (number) dash-period (number) -
Set up a custom style of dash pattern for dash-fraction ratio of line to space repeated at dash-period interval for phrasing slurs.
-
pitchedTrill
[music] - main-note (music) secondary-note (music) -
Print a trill with main-note as the main note of the trill and print secondary-note as a stemless note head in parentheses.
-
pointAndClickOff
[void] -
Suppress generating extra code in final-format (e.g. pdf) files to point back to the lilypond source statement.
-
pointAndClickOn
[void] -
Enable generation of code in final-format (e.g. pdf) files to reference the originating lilypond source statement; this is helpful when developing a score but generates bigger final-format files.
-
pointAndClickTypes
[void] - types (symbol list or symbol) -
Set a type or list of types (such as
#'note-event
) for which point-and-click info is generated. -
propertyOverride
[music] - grob-property-path (list of indexes or symbols) value (any type) -
Set the grob property specified by grob-property-path to value. grob-property-path is a symbol list of the form
Context.GrobName.property
orGrobName.property
, possibly with subproperties given as well. This music function is mostly intended for use from Scheme as a substitute for the built-in\override
command. -
propertyRevert
[music] - grob-property-path (list of indexes or symbols) -
Revert the grob property specified by grob-property-path to its previous value. grob-property-path is a symbol list of the form
Context.GrobName.property
orGrobName.property
, possibly with subproperties given as well. This music function is mostly intended for use from Scheme as a substitute for the built-in\revert
command. -
propertySet
[music] - property-path (symbol list or symbol) value (any type) -
Set the context property specified by property-path to value. This music function is mostly intended for use from Scheme as a substitute for the built-in
\set
command. -
propertyTweak
[music] - prop (key list or symbol) value (any type) item (key list or music) -
Add a tweak to the following item, usually music. This generally behaves like
\tweak
but will turn into an\override
when item is a symbol list.In that case, item specifies the grob path to override. This is mainly useful when using
\propertyTweak
as as a component for building other functions like\omit
. It is not the default behavior for\tweak
since many input strings in\lyricmode
can serve equally as music or as symbols which causes surprising behavior when tweaking lyrics using the less specific semantics of\propertyTweak
.prop can contain additional elements in which case a nested property (inside of an alist) is tweaked.
-
propertyUnset
[music] - property-path (symbol list or symbol) -
Unset the context property specified by property-path. This music function is mostly intended for use from Scheme as a substitute for the built-in
\unset
command. -
pushToTag
[music] - tag (symbol) more (music) music (music) -
Add more to the front of
elements
of all music expressions in music that are tagged with tag. -
quoteDuring
[music] - what (string) main-music (music) -
Indicate a section of music to be quoted. what indicates the name of the quoted voice, as specified in an
\addQuote
command. main-music is used to indicate the length of music to be quoted; usually contains spacers or multi-measure rests. -
reduceChords
[music] - music (music) -
Reduce chords contained in music to single notes, intended mainly for reusing music in RhythmicStaff. Does not reduce parallel music.
-
relative
[music] - pitch [pitch] music (music) -
Make music relative to pitch. If pitch is omitted, the first note in music is given in absolute pitch.
-
removeWithTag
[music] - tags (symbol list or symbol) music (music) -
Remove elements of music that are tagged with one of the tags in tags. tags may be either a single symbol or a list of symbols.
-
resetRelativeOctave
[music] - pitch (pitch) -
Set the octave inside a \relative section.
-
retrograde
[music] - music (music) -
Return music in reverse order.
-
revertTimeSignatureSettings
[music] - time-signature (pair) -
Revert
timeSignatureSettings
for time signatures of time-signature. -
rightHandFinger
[post event] - finger (number or markup) -
Apply finger as a fingering indication.
-
scaleDurations
[music] - fraction (fraction, as pair) music (music) -
Multiply the duration of events in music by fraction.
-
settingsFrom
(any type) - ctx [symbol] music (music) -
Take the layout instruction events from music, optionally restricted to those applying to context type ctx, and return a context modification duplicating their effect.
-
shape
[music] - offsets (list) item (key list or music) -
Offset control-points of item by offsets. The argument is a list of number pairs or list of such lists. Each element of a pair represents an offset to one of the coordinates of a control-point. If item is a string, the result is
\once\override
for the specified grob type. If item is a music expression, the result is the same music expression with an appropriate tweak applied. -
shiftDurations
[music] - dur (integer) dots (integer) arg (music) -
Change the duration of arg by adding dur to the
durlog
of arg and dots to thedots
of arg. -
single
[music] - overrides (music) music (music) -
Convert overrides to tweaks and apply them to music. This does not convert
\revert
,\set
or\unset
. -
skip
[music] - dur (duration) -
Skip forward by dur.
-
slashedGrace
[music] - music (music) -
Create slashed graces (slashes through stems, but no slur) from the following music expression
-
slurDashPattern
[music] - dash-fraction (number) dash-period (number) -
Set up a custom style of dash pattern for dash-fraction ratio of line to space repeated at dash-period interval for slurs.
-
spacingTweaks
[music] - parameters (list) -
Set the system stretch, by reading the ’system-stretch property of the ‘parameters’ assoc list.
-
storePredefinedDiagram
[void] - fretboard-table (hash table) chord (music) tuning (pair) diagram-definition (string or pair) -
Add predefined fret diagram defined by diagram-definition for the chord pitches chord and the stringTuning tuning.
-
stringTuning
(any type) - chord (music) -
Convert chord to a string tuning. chord must be in absolute pitches and should have the highest string number (generally the lowest pitch) first.
-
styledNoteHeads
[music] - style (symbol) heads (symbol list or symbol) music (music) -
Set heads in music to style.
-
tabChordRepeats
[music] - event-types [list] music (music) -
Walk through music putting the notes, fingerings and string numbers of the previous chord into repeat chords, as well as an optional list of event-types such as
#'(articulation-event)
. -
tabChordRepetition
[void] -
Include the string and fingering information in a chord repetition. This function is deprecated; try using
\tabChordRepeats
instead. -
tag
[music] - tags (symbol list or symbol) music (music) -
Tag the following music with tags and return the result, by adding the single symbol or symbol list tags to the
tags
property of music. -
tagGroup
[void] - tags (symbol list) -
Define a tag group comprising the symbols in the symbol list tags. Tag groups must not overlap.
-
temporary
[music] - music (music) -
Make any
\override
in music replace an existing grob property value only temporarily, restoring the old value when a corresponding\revert
is executed. This is achieved by clearing the ‘pop-first’ property normally set on\override
s.An
\override
/\revert
sequence created by using\temporary
and\undo
on the same music containing overrides will cancel out perfectly or cause a warning.Non-property-related music is ignored, warnings are generated for any property-changing music that isn’t an
\override
. -
tieDashPattern
[music] - dash-fraction (number) dash-period (number) -
Set up a custom style of dash pattern for dash-fraction ratio of line to space repeated at dash-period interval for ties.
-
time
[music] - beat-structure [number list] fraction (fraction, as pair) -
Set fraction as time signature, with optional number list beat-structure before it.
-
times
[music] - fraction (fraction, as pair) music (music) -
Scale music in time by fraction.
-
tocItem
[music] - text (markup) -
Add a line to the table of content, using the
tocItemMarkup
paper variable markup -
transpose
[music] - from (pitch) to (pitch) music (music) -
Transpose music from pitch from to pitch to.
-
transposedCueDuring
[music] - what (string) dir (direction) pitch (pitch) main-music (music) -
Insert notes from the part what into a voice called
cue
, using the transposition defined by pitch. This happens simultaneously with main-music, which is usually a rest. The argument dir determines whether the cue notes should be notated as a first or second voice. -
transposition
[music] - pitch (pitch) -
Set instrument transposition
-
tuplet
[music] - ratio (fraction, as pair) tuplet-span [duration] music (music) -
Scale the given music to tuplets. ratio is a fraction that specifies how many notes are played in place of the nominal value: it will be ‘3/2’ for triplets, namely three notes being played in place of two. If the optional duration tuplet-span is specified, it is used instead of
tupletSpannerDuration
for grouping the tuplets. For example,\tuplet 3/2 4 { c8 c c c c c }
will result in two groups of three tuplets, each group lasting for a quarter note.
-
tupletSpan
[music] - tuplet-span [duration] -
Set
tupletSpannerDuration
, the length into which\tuplet
without an explicit ‘tuplet-span’ argument of its own will group its tuplets, to the duration tuplet-span. To revert to the default of not subdividing the contents of a\tuplet
command without explicit ‘tuplet-span’, use\tupletSpan \default
-
tweak
[music] - prop (key list or symbol) value (any type) music (music) -
Add a tweak to the following music. Layout objects created by music get their property prop set to value. If prop has the form ‘Grob.property’, like with
\tweak Accidental.color #red cis'
an indirectly created grob (‘Accidental’ is caused by ‘NoteHead’) can be tweaked; otherwise only directly created grobs are affected.
prop can contain additional elements in which case a nested property (inside of an alist) is tweaked.
-
undo
[music] - music (music) -
Convert
\override
and\set
in music to\revert
and\unset
, respectively. Any reverts and unsets already in music cause a warning. Non-property-related music is ignored. -
unfoldRepeats
[music] - types [symbol list or symbol] music (music) -
Force
\repeat volta
,\repeat tremolo
or\repeat percent
commands in music to be interpreted as\repeat unfold
, if specified in the optional symbol-list types. The default for types is an empty list, which will force any of those commands in music to be interpreted as\repeat unfold
. Possible entries arevolta
,tremolo
orpercent
. Multiple entries are possible. -
voices
[music] - ids (list of indexes or symbols) music (music) -
Take the given key list of numbers (indicating the use of ‘\voiceOne’…) or symbols (indicating voice names, typically converted from strings by argument list processing) and assign the following
\\
-separated music to contexts according to that list. Named rather than numbered contexts can be used for continuing one voice (for the sake of spanners and lyrics), usually requiring a\voiceOne
-style override at the beginning of the passage and a\oneVoice
override at its end.The default
<< … \\ … \\ … >>
construct would correspond to
\voices 1,2,3 << … \\ … \\ … >>
-
void
[void] - arg (any type) -
Accept a scheme argument, return a void expression. Use this if you want to have a scheme expression evaluated because of its side-effects, but its value ignored.
-
withMusicProperty
[music] - sym (symbol) val (any type) music (music) -
Set sym to val in music.
-
xNote
[music] - note (music) -
Print note with a cross-shaped note head.
-
\=
[post event] - id (index or symbol) event (post event) -
This sets the
spanner-id
property of the following event to the given id (non-negative integer or symbol). This can be used to tell LilyPond how to connect overlapping or parallel slurs or phrasing slurs within a singleVoice
.\fixed c' { c\=1( d\=2( e\=1) f\=2) }
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A.20 Context modification identifiers
The following commands are defined for use as context modifications
within a \layout
or \with
block.
-
RemoveAllEmptyStaves
-
Remove staves which are considered to be empty according to the list of interfaces set by
keepAliveInterfaces
, including those in the first system.- Sets grob property
remove-empty
inVerticalAxisGroup
to#t
. - Sets grob property
remove-first
inVerticalAxisGroup
to#t
.
- Sets grob property
-
RemoveEmptyStaves
-
Remove staves which are considered to be empty according to the list of interfaces set by
keepAliveInterfaces
.- Sets grob property
remove-empty
inVerticalAxisGroup
to#t
.
- Sets grob property
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[ < Context modification identifiers ] | [ Amunt : Notation manual tables ] | [ R5RS primary predicates > ] |
A.21 Predefined type predicates
R5RS primary predicates | ||
R5RS secondary predicates | ||
Guile predicates | ||
LilyPond scheme predicates | ||
LilyPond exported predicates |
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[ < Predefined type predicates ] | [ Amunt : Predefined type predicates ] | [ R5RS secondary predicates > ] |
R5RS primary predicates
Type predicate | Description |
---|---|
boolean? | boolean |
char? | character |
number? | number |
pair? | pair |
port? | port |
procedure? | procedure |
string? | string |
symbol? | symbol |
vector? | vector |
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R5RS secondary predicates
Type predicate | Description |
---|---|
char-alphabetic? | alphabetic character |
char-lower-case? | lower-case character |
char-numeric? | numeric character |
char-upper-case? | upper-case character |
char-whitespace? | whitespace character |
complex? | complex number |
eof-object? | end-of-file object |
even? | even number |
exact? | exact number |
inexact? | inexact number |
input-port? | input port |
integer? | integer |
list? | list (use cheap-list?
for faster processing) |
negative? | negative number |
null? | null |
odd? | odd number |
output-port? | output port |
positive? | positive number |
rational? | rational number |
real? | real number |
zero? | zero |
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Guile predicates
Type predicate | Description |
---|---|
hash-table? | hash table |
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[ < Guile predicates ] | [ Amunt : Predefined type predicates ] | [ LilyPond exported predicates > ] |
LilyPond scheme predicates
Type predicate | Description |
---|---|
boolean-or-symbol? | boolean or symbol |
cheap-list? | list (use this instead of
list? for faster processing) |
color? | color |
fraction? | fraction, as pair |
grob-list? | list of grobs |
index? | non-negative integer |
key? | index or symbol |
key-list? | list of indexes or symbols |
key-list-or-music? | key list or music |
key-list-or-symbol? | key list or symbol |
markup? | markup |
markup-command-list? | markup command list |
markup-list? | markup list |
moment-pair? | pair of moment objects |
number-list? | number list |
number-or-grob? | number or grob |
number-or-markup? | number or markup |
number-or-pair? | number or pair |
number-or-string? | number or string |
number-pair? | pair of numbers |
number-pair-list? | list of number pairs |
rational-or-procedure? | an exact rational or procedure |
rhythmic-location? | rhythmic location |
scheme? | any type |
string-or-music? | string or music |
string-or-pair? | string or pair |
string-or-symbol? | string or symbol |
symbol-list? | symbol list |
symbol-list-or-music? | symbol list or music |
symbol-list-or-symbol? | symbol list or symbol |
void? | void |
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LilyPond exported predicates
Type predicate | Description |
---|---|
ly:book? | book |
ly:box? | box |
ly:context? | context |
ly:context-def? | context definition |
ly:context-mod? | context modification |
ly:dimension? | dimension, in staff space |
ly:dir? | direction |
ly:dispatcher? | dispatcher |
ly:duration? | duration |
ly:event? | post event |
ly:font-metric? | font metric |
ly:grob? | graphical (layout) object |
ly:grob-array? | array of grobs |
ly:grob-properties? | grob properties |
ly:input-location? | input location |
ly:item? | item |
ly:iterator? | iterator |
ly:lily-lexer? | lily-lexer |
ly:lily-parser? | lily-parser |
ly:listener? | listener |
ly:moment? | moment |
ly:music? | music |
ly:music-function? | music function |
ly:music-list? | list of music objects |
ly:music-output? | music output |
ly:otf-font? | OpenType font |
ly:output-def? | output definition |
ly:page-marker? | page marker |
ly:pango-font? | pango font |
ly:paper-book? | paper book |
ly:paper-system? | paper-system Prob |
ly:pitch? | pitch |
ly:prob? | property object |
ly:score? | score |
ly:skyline? | skyline |
ly:skyline-pair? | pair of skylines |
ly:source-file? | source file |
ly:spanner? | spanner |
ly:spring? | spring |
ly:stencil? | stencil |
ly:stream-event? | stream event |
ly:translator? | translator |
ly:translator-group? | translator group |
ly:undead? | undead container |
ly:unpure-pure-container? | unpure/pure container |
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A.22 Scheme functions
- Function: ly:add-context-mod contextmods modification
Adds the given context modification to the list contextmods of context modifications.
- Function: ly:add-interface iface desc props
Add a new grob interface. iface is the interface name, desc is the interface description, and props is the list of user-settable properties for the interface.
- Function: ly:add-listener callback disp cl
Add the single-argument procedure callback as listener to the dispatcher disp. Whenever disp hears an event of class cl, it calls callback with it.
- Function: ly:add-option sym val description
Add a program option sym. val is the default value and description is a string description.
- Function: ly:angle x y
Calculates angle in degrees of given vector. With one argument, x is a number pair indicating the vector. With two arguments, x and y specify the respective coordinates.
- Function: ly:assoc-get key alist default-value strict-checking
Return value if key in alist, else default-value (or
#f
if not specified). If strict-checking is set to#t
and key is not in alist, a programming_error is output.
- Function: ly:axis-group-interface::add-element grob grob-element
Set grob the parent of grob-element on all axes of grob.
- Function: ly:basic-progress str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue a basic progress message str. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:book-process book-smob default-paper default-layout output
Print book. output is passed to the backend unchanged. For example, it may be a string (for file based outputs) or a socket (for network based output).
- Function: ly:book-process-to-systems book-smob default-paper default-layout output
Print book. output is passed to the backend unchanged. For example, it may be a string (for file based outputs) or a socket (for network based output).
- Function: ly:bracket a iv t p
Make a bracket in direction a. The extent of the bracket is given by iv. The wings protrude by an amount of p, which may be negative. The thickness is given by t.
- Function: ly:chain-assoc-get key achain default-value strict-checking
Return value for key from a list of alists achain. If no entry is found, return default-value or
#f
if default-value is not specified. With strict-checking set to#t
, a programming_error is output in such cases.
- Function: ly:check-expected-warnings
Check whether all expected warnings have really been triggered.
- Function: ly:context-def-lookup def sym val
Return the value of sym in context definition def (e.g.,
\Voice
). If no value is found, return val or'()
if val is undefined. sym can be any of ‘default-child’, ‘consists’, ‘description’, ‘aliases’, ‘accepts’, ‘property-ops’, ‘context-name’, ‘group-type’.
- Function: ly:context-def-modify def mod
Return the result of applying the context-mod mod to the context definition def. Does not change def.
- Function: ly:context-events-below context
Return a
stream-distributor
that distributes all events from context and all its subcontexts.
- Function: ly:context-find context name
Find a parent of context that has name or alias name. Return
#f
if not found.
- Function: ly:context-grob-definition context name
Return the definition of name (a symbol) within context as an alist.
- Function: ly:context-id context
Return the ID string of context, i.e., for
\context Voice = "one" …
return the stringone
.
- Function: ly:context-matched-pop-property context grob cell
This undoes a particular
\override
,\once \override
or\once \revert
when given the specific alist pair to undo.
- Function: ly:context-name context
Return the name of context, i.e., for
\context Voice = "one" …
return the symbolVoice
.
- Function: ly:context-property context sym def
Return the value for property sym in context. If def is given, and property value is
'()
, return def.
- Function: ly:context-property-where-defined context name
Return the context above context where name is defined.
- Function: ly:context-pushpop-property context grob eltprop val
Do
\temporary \override
or\revert
operation in context. The grob definition grob is extended with eltprop (if val is specified) or reverted (if unspecified).
- Function: ly:context-set-property! context name val
Set value of property name in context context to val.
- Function: ly:debug str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue a debug message str. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:dimension? d
Return d as a number. Used to distinguish length variables from normal numbers.
- Function: ly:dir? s
Is s a direction? Valid directions are
-1
,0
, or1
, where-1
represents left or down,1
represents right or up, and0
represents a neutral direction.
- Function: ly:directed direction magnitude
Calculates an
(x . y)
pair with optional magnitude (defaulting to1.0
) and direction specified either as an angle in degrees or a coordinate pair giving the direction. If magnitude is a pair, the respective coordinates are scaled independently, useful for ellipse drawings.
- Function: ly:encode-string-for-pdf str
Encode the given string to either Latin1 (which is a subset of the PDFDocEncoding) or if that’s not possible to full UTF-16BE with Byte-Order-Mark (BOM).
- Function: ly:engraver-announce-end-grob engraver grob cause
Announce the end of a grob (i.e., the end of a spanner) originating from given engraver instance, with grob being a grob. cause should either be another grob or a music event.
- Function: ly:engraver-make-grob engraver grob-name cause
Create a grob originating from given engraver instance, with given grob-name, a symbol. cause should either be another grob or a music event.
- Function: ly:error str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue the error str. The error is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:event-property sev sym val
Get the property sym of stream event sev. If sym is undefined, return val or
'()
if val is not specified.
- Function: ly:expect-warning str rest
A Scheme callable function to register a warning to be expected and subsequently suppressed. If the warning is not encountered, a warning about the missing warning will be shown. The message should be translated with
(_ ...)
and changing parameters given after the format string.
- Function: ly:font-design-size font
Given the font metric font, return the design size, relative to the current output-scale.
- Function: ly:font-get-glyph font name
Return a stencil from font for the glyph named name. If the glyph is not available, return an empty stencil.
Note that this command can only be used to access glyphs from fonts loaded with
ly:system-font-load
; currently, this means either the Emmentaler or Emmentaler-Brace fonts, corresponding to the font encodingsfetaMusic
andfetaBraces
, respectively.
- Function: ly:font-glyph-name-to-charcode font name
Return the character code for glyph name in font.
Note that this command can only be used to access glyphs from fonts loaded with
ly:system-font-load
; currently, this means either the Emmentaler or Emmentaler-Brace fonts, corresponding to the font encodingsfetaMusic
andfetaBraces
, respectively.
- Function: ly:font-glyph-name-to-index font name
Return the index for name in font.
Note that this command can only be used to access glyphs from fonts loaded with
ly:system-font-load
; currently, this means either the Emmentaler or Emmentaler-Brace fonts, corresponding to the font encodingsfetaMusic
andfetaBraces
, respectively.
- Function: ly:font-index-to-charcode font index
Return the character code for index in font.
Note that this command can only be used to access glyphs from fonts loaded with
ly:system-font-load
; currently, this means either the Emmentaler or Emmentaler-Brace fonts, corresponding to the font encodingsfetaMusic
andfetaBraces
, respectively.
- Function: ly:font-magnification font
Given the font metric font, return the magnification, relative to the current output-scale.
- Function: ly:font-sub-fonts font
Given the font metric font of an OpenType font, return the names of the subfonts within font.
- Function: ly:format str rest
LilyPond specific format, supporting
~a
and~[0-9]f
. Basic support for~s
is also provided.
- Function: ly:format-output context
Given a global context in its final state, process it and return the
Music_output
object in its final state.
- Function: ly:generic-bound-extent grob common
Determine the extent of grob relative to common along the X axis, finding its extent as a bound when it a has
bound-alignment-interfaces
property list set and otherwise the full extent.
- Function: ly:get-all-function-documentation
Get a hash table with all LilyPond Scheme extension functions.
- Function: ly:get-cff-offset font-file-name idx
Get the offset of ’CFF’ table for font_file_name, returning it as an integer. The optional idx argument is useful for OpenType/CFF collections (OTC) only; it specifies the font index within the OTC. The default value of idx is 0.
- Function: ly:get-context-mods contextmod
Returns the list of context modifications stored in contextmod.
- Function: ly:get-font-format font-file-name idx
Get the font format for font_file_name, returning it as a symbol. The optional idx argument is useful for TrueType Collections (TTC) and OpenType/CFF collections (OTC) only; it specifies the font index within the TTC/OTC. The default value of idx is 0.
- Function: ly:get-spacing-spec from-scm to-scm
Return the spacing spec going between the two given grobs, from_scm and to_scm.
- Function: ly:grob-alist-chain grob global
Get an alist chain for grob grob, with global as the global default. If unspecified,
font-defaults
from the layout block is taken.
- Function: ly:grob-chain-callback grob proc sym
Find the callback that is stored as property sym of grob grob and chain proc to the head of this, meaning that it is called using grob and the previous callback’s result.
- Function: ly:grob-common-refpoint grob other axis
Find the common refpoint of grob and other for axis.
- Function: ly:grob-common-refpoint-of-array grob others axis
Find the common refpoint of grob and others (a grob-array) for axis.
- Function: ly:grob-extent grob refp axis
Get the extent in axis direction of grob relative to the grob refp.
- Function: ly:grob-get-vertical-axis-group-index grob
Get the index of the vertical axis group the grob grob belongs to; return
-1
if none is found.
- Function: ly:grob-object grob sym
Return the value of a pointer in grob grob of property sym. It returns
'()
(end-of-list) if sym is undefined in grob.
- Function: ly:grob-parent grob axis
Get the parent of grob. axis is 0 for the X-axis, 1 for the Y-axis.
- Function: ly:grob-property grob sym val
Return the value for property sym of grob. If no value is found, return val or
'()
if val is not specified.
- Function: ly:grob-property-data grob sym
Return the value for property sym of grob, but do not process callbacks.
- Function: ly:grob-pure-height grob refp beg end val
Return the pure height of grob given refpoint refp. If no value is found, return val or
'()
if val is not specified.
- Function: ly:grob-pure-property grob sym beg end val
Return the pure value for property sym of grob. If no value is found, return val or
'()
if val is not specified.
- Function: ly:grob-relative-coordinate grob refp axis
Get the coordinate in axis direction of grob relative to the grob refp.
- Function: ly:grob-robust-relative-extent grob refp axis
Get the extent in axis direction of grob relative to the grob refp, or
(0,0)
if empty.
- Function: ly:grob-set-nested-property! grob symlist val
Set nested property symlist in grob grob to value val.
- Function: ly:grob-set-parent! grob axis parent-grob
Set parent-grob the parent of grob grob in axis axis.
- Function: ly:grob-spanned-rank-interval grob
Returns a pair with the
rank
of the furthest left column and therank
of the furthest right column spanned bygrob
.
- Function: ly:gulp-file name size
Read size characters from the file name, and return its contents in a string. If size is undefined, the entire file is read. The file is looked up using the search path.
- Function: ly:has-glyph-names? font-file-name idx
Does the font for font_file_name have glyph names? The optional idx argument is useful for TrueType Collections (TTC) and OpenType/CFF collections (OTC) only; it specifies the font index within the TTC/OTC. The default value of idx is 0.
- Function: ly:input-both-locations sip
Return input location in sip as
(file-name first-line first-column last-line last-column)
.
- Function: ly:input-file-line-char-column sip
Return input location in sip as
(file-name line char column)
.
- Function: ly:input-message sip msg rest
Print msg as a GNU compliant error message, pointing to the location in sip. msg is interpreted similar to
format
’s argument, using rest.
- Function: ly:input-warning sip msg rest
Print msg as a GNU compliant warning message, pointing to the location in sip. msg is interpreted similar to
format
’s argument, using rest.
- Function: ly:interpret-music-expression mus ctx
Interpret the music expression mus in the global context ctx. The context is returned in its final state.
- Function: ly:interpret-stencil-expression expr func arg1 offset
Parse expr, feed bits to func with first arg arg1 having offset offset.
- Function: ly:item-break-dir it
The break status direction of item it.
-1
means end of line,0
unbroken, and1
beginning of line.
- Function: ly:item-get-column it
Return the
PaperColumn
orNonMusicalPaperColumn
associated with thisItem
.
- Function: ly:length x y
Calculates magnitude of given vector. With one argument, x is a number pair indicating the vector. With two arguments, x and y specify the respective coordinates.
- Function: ly:lexer-keywords lexer
Return a list of
(KEY . CODE)
pairs, signifying the LilyPond reserved words list.
- Function: ly:line-interface::line grob startx starty endx endy
Make a line using layout information from grob grob.
- Function: ly:make-book paper header scores
Make a
\book
of paper and header (which may be#f
as well) containing\scores
.
- Function: ly:make-context-mod mod-list
Creates a context modification, optionally initialized via the list of modifications mod-list.
- Function: ly:make-duration length dotcount num den
length is the negative logarithm (base 2) of the duration: 1 is a half note, 2 is a quarter note, 3 is an eighth note, etc. The number of dots after the note is given by the optional argument dotcount.
The duration factor is optionally given by integers num and den, alternatively by a single rational number.
A duration is a musical duration, i.e., a length of time described by a power of two (whole, half, quarter, etc.) and a number of augmentation dots.
- Function: ly:make-global-context output-def
Set up a global interpretation context, using the output block output-def. The context is returned.
- Function: ly:make-global-translator global
Create a translator group and connect it to the global context global. The translator group is returned.
- Function: ly:make-grob-properties alist
This packages the given property list alist in a grob property container stored in a context property with the name of a grob.
- Function: ly:make-moment m g gn gd
Create the moment with rational main timing m, and optional grace timing g.
A moment is a point in musical time. It consists of a pair of rationals (m, g), where m is the timing for the main notes, and g the timing for grace notes. In absence of grace notes, g is zero.
For compatibility reasons, it is possible to write two numbers specifying numerator and denominator instead of the rationals. These forms cannot be mixed, and the two-argument form is disambiguated by the sign of the second argument: if it is positive, it can only be a denominator and not a grace timing.
- Function: ly:make-music props
Make a C++
Music
object and initialize it with props.This function is for internal use and is only called by
make-music
, which is the preferred interface for creating music objects.
- Function: ly:make-music-function signature func
Make a function to process music, to be used for the parser. func is the function, and signature describes its arguments. signature’s cdr is a list containing either
ly:music?
predicates or other type predicates. Its car is the syntax function to call.
- Function: ly:make-page-permission-marker symbol permission
Return page marker with page breaking and turning permissions.
- Function: ly:make-pango-description-string chain size
Make a
PangoFontDescription
string for the property alist chain at size size.
- Function: ly:make-paper-outputter port format
Create an outputter that evaluates within
output-
format, writing to port.
- Function: ly:make-pitch octave note alter
octave is specified by an integer, zero for the octave containing middle C. note is a number indexing the global default scale, with 0 corresponding to pitch C and 6 usually corresponding to pitch B. Optional alter is a rational number of 200-cent whole tones for alteration.
- Function: ly:make-scale steps
Create a scale. The argument is a vector of rational numbers, each of which represents the number of 200 cent tones of a pitch above the tonic.
- Function: ly:make-spring ideal min-dist
Make a spring. ideal is the ideal distance of the spring, and min-dist is the minimum distance.
- Function: ly:make-stencil expr xext yext
Stencils are device independent output expressions. They carry two pieces of information:
- A specification of how to print this object. This specification is processed by the output backends, for example ‘scm/output-ps.scm’.
-
The vertical and horizontal extents of the object, given as pairs. If an extent is unspecified (or if you use
empty-interval
as its value), it is taken to be empty.
- Function: ly:make-stream-event cl proplist
Create a stream event of class cl with the given mutable property list.
- Function: ly:make-undead object
This packages object in a manner that keeps it from triggering "Parsed object should be dead" messages.
- Function: ly:make-unpure-pure-container unpure pure
Make an unpure-pure container. unpure should be an unpure expression, and pure should be a pure expression. If pure is omitted, the value of unpure will be used twice, except that a callback is given two extra arguments that are ignored for the sake of pure calculations.
- Function: ly:message str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue the message str. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:minimal-breaking pb
Break (pages and lines) the
Paper_book
object pb without looking for optimal spacing: stack as many lines on a page before moving to the next one.
- Function: ly:modules-lookup modules sym def
Look up sym in the list modules, returning the first occurence. If not found, return def or
#f
if def isn’t specified.
- Function: ly:music-deep-copy m origin
Copy m and all sub expressions of m. m may be an arbitrary type; cons cells and music are copied recursively. If origin is given, it is used as the origin for one level of music by calling
ly:set-origin!
on the copy.
- Function: ly:music-length mus
Get the length of music expression mus and return it as a
Moment
object.
- Function: ly:music-mutable-properties mus
Return an alist containing the mutable properties of mus. The immutable properties are not available, since they are constant and initialized by the
make-music
function.
- Function: ly:music-property mus sym val
Return the value for property sym of music expression mus. If no value is found, return val or
'()
if val is not specified.
- Function: ly:note-column-accidentals note-column
Return the
AccidentalPlacement
grob from note-column if any, orSCM_EOL
otherwise.
- Function: ly:note-column-dot-column note-column
Return the
DotColumn
grob from note-column if any, orSCM_EOL
otherwise.
- Function: ly:note-head::stem-attachment font-metric glyph-name
Get attachment in font-metric for attaching a stem to notehead glyph-name.
- Function: ly:one-line-auto-height-breaking pb
Put each score on a single line, and put each line on its own page. Modify the paper-width setting so that every page is wider than the widest line. Modify the paper-height setting to fit the height of the tallest line.
- Function: ly:one-line-breaking pb
Put each score on a single line, and put each line on its own page. Modify the paper-width setting so that every page is wider than the widest line.
- Function: ly:one-page-breaking pb
Put each score on a single page. The paper-height settings are modified so each score fits on one page, and the height of the page matches the height of the full score.
- Function: ly:optimal-breaking pb
Optimally break (pages and lines) the
Paper_book
object pb to minimize badness in bother vertical and horizontal spacing.
- Function: ly:option-usage port
Print
ly:set-option
usage. Optional port argumentfor the destination defaults to current output port.
- Function: ly:otf->cff otf-file-name idx
Convert the contents of an OTF file to a CFF file, returning it as a string. The optional idx argument is useful for OpenType/CFF collections (OTC) only; it specifies the font index within the OTC. The default value of idx is 0.
- Function: ly:otf-font-glyph-info font glyph
Given the font metric font of an OpenType font, return the information about named glyph glyph (a string).
- Function: ly:otf-font-table-data font tag
Extract a table tag from font. Return empty string for non-existent tag.
- Function: ly:output-def-lookup def sym val
Return the value of sym in output definition def (e.g.,
\paper
). If no value is found, return val or'()
if val is undefined.
- Function: ly:output-find-context-def output-def context-name
Return an alist of all context defs (matching context-nameif given) in output-def.
- Function: ly:page-turn-breaking pb
Optimally break (pages and lines) the
Paper_book
object pb such that page turns only happen in specified places, returning its pages.
- Function: ly:pango-font-physical-fonts f
Return alist of
(ps-name file-name font-index)
lists for Pango font f.
- Function: ly:paper-book-paper pb
Return the paper output definition (
\paper
) inPaper_book
object pb.
- Function: ly:paper-column::break-align-width col align-syms
Determine the extent along the X-axis of a grob used for break-alignment organized by column col. The grob is specified by align-syms, which contains either a single
break-align-symbol
or a list of such symbols.
- Function: ly:paper-column::print
Optional stencil for
PaperColumn
orNonMusicalPaperColumn
. Draws therank number
of each column, its moment in time, a blue arrow showing the ideal distance, and a red arrow showing the minimum distance between columns.
- Function: ly:paper-fonts def
Return a list containing the fonts from output definition def (e.g.,
\paper
).
- Function: ly:paper-get-font def chain
Find a font metric in output definition def satisfying the font-qualifiers in alist chain chain, and return it. (An alist chain is a list of alists, containing grob properties.)
- Function: ly:paper-get-number def sym
Return the value of variable sym in output definition def as a double.
- Function: ly:paper-score-paper-systems paper-score
Return vector of
paper_system
objects from paper-score.
- Function: ly:paper-system-minimum-distance sys1 sys2
Measure the minimum distance between these two paper-systems, using their stored skylines if possible and falling back to their extents otherwise.
- Function: ly:parse-string-expression parser-smob ly-code filename line
Parse the string ly-code with parser-smob. Return the contained music expression. filename and line are optional source indicators.
- Function: ly:parsed-undead-list!
Return the list of objects that have been found live that should have been dead, and clear that list.
- Function: ly:parser-clone closures location
Return a clone of current parser. An association list of port positions to closures can be specified in closures in order to have
$
and#
interpreted in their original lexical environment. If location is a valid location, it becomes the source of all music expressions inside.
- Function: ly:parser-error msg input
Display an error message and make current parser fail. Without a current parser, trigger an ordinary error.
- Function: ly:parser-has-error? parser
Does parser (defaulting to current parser) have an error flag?
- Function: ly:parser-include-string ly-code
Include the string ly-code into the input stream for current parser. Can only be used in immediate Scheme expressions (
$
instead of#
).
- Function: ly:parser-lookup symbol
Look up symbol in current parser’s module. Return
'()
if not defined.
- Function: ly:parser-output-name parser
Return the base name of the output file. If
parser
is left off, use currently active parser.
- Function: ly:parser-parse-string parser-smob ly-code
Parse the string ly-code with parser-smob. Upon failure, throw
ly-file-failed
key.
- Function: ly:parser-set-note-names names
Replace current note names in parser. names is an alist of symbols. This only has effect if the current mode is notes.
- Function: ly:performance-write performance filename name
Write performance to filename storing name as the name of the performance in the file metadata.
- Function: ly:pitch-diff pitch root
Return pitch delta such that root transposed by delta equals pitch.
- Function: ly:pitch-transpose p delta
Transpose p by the amount delta, where delta is relative to middle C.
- Function: ly:pointer-group-interface::add-grob grob sym grob-element
Add grob-element to grob’s sym grob array.
- Function: ly:position-on-line? sg spos
Return whether spos is on a line of the staff associated with the grob sg (even on an extender line).
- Function: ly:prob-property prob sym val
Return the value for property sym of Prob object prob. If no value is found, return val or
'()
if val is not specified.
- Function: ly:programming-error str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue the internal warning str. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:progress str rest
A Scheme callable function to print progress str. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:property-lookup-stats sym
Return hash table with a property access corresponding to sym. Choices are
prob
,grob
, andcontext
.
- Function: ly:pure-call data grob start end rest
Convert property data (unpure-pure container or procedure) to value in a pure context defined by grob, start, end, and possibly rest arguments.
- Function: ly:register-translator creator name description
Register a translator creator (usually a descriptive alist or a function/closure returning one when given a context argument) with the given symbol name and the given description alist.
- Function: ly:relative-group-extent elements common axis
Determine the extent of elements relative to common in the axis direction.
- Function: ly:round-filled-box xext yext blot
Make a
Stencil
object that prints a black box of dimensions xext, yext and roundness blot.
- Function: ly:round-filled-polygon points blot extroversion
Make a
Stencil
object that prints a black polygon with corners at the points defined by points (list of coordinate pairs) and roundness blot. Optionalextroversion shifts the outline outward, with thedefault of-1.0
keeping the outer boundary ofthe outline just inside of the polygon.
- Function: ly:run-translator mus output-def
Process mus according to output-def. An interpretation context is set up, and mus is interpreted with it. The context is returned in its final state.
Optionally, this routine takes an object-key to to uniquely identify the score block containing it.
- Function: ly:score-embedded-format score layout
Run score through layout (an output definition) scaled to correct output-scale already, returning a list of layout-lines.
- Function: ly:separation-item::print
Optional stencil for
PaperColumn
orNonMusicalPaperColumn
. Draws thehorizontal-skylines
of eachPaperColumn
, showing the shapes used to determine the minimum distances betweenPaperColumns
at the note-spacing step, before staves have been spaced (vertically) on the page.
- Function: ly:set-default-scale scale
Set the global default scale. This determines the tuning of pitches with no accidentals or key signatures. The first pitch is C. Alterations are calculated relative to this scale. The number of pitches in this scale determines the number of scale steps that make up an octave. Usually the 7-note major scale.
- Function: ly:set-grob-modification-callback cb
Specify a procedure that will be called every time LilyPond modifies a grob property. The callback will receive as arguments the grob that is being modified, the name of the C++ file in which the modification was requested, the line number in the C++ file in which the modification was requested, the name of the function in which the modification was requested, the property to be changed, and the new value for the property.
- Function: ly:set-middle-C! context
Set the
middleCPosition
variable in context based on the variablesmiddleCClefPosition
andmiddleCOffset
.
- Function: ly:set-origin! m origin
This sets the origin given in origin to m. m will typically be a music expression or a list of music. List structures are searched recursively, but recursion stops at the changed music expressions themselves. origin is generally of type
ly:input-location?
, defaulting to(*location*)
. Other valid values fororigin
are a music expression which is then used as the source of location information, or#f
or'()
in which case no action is performed. The return value is m itself.
- Function: ly:set-property-cache-callback cb
Specify a procedure that will be called whenever lilypond calculates a callback function and caches the result. The callback will receive as arguments the grob whose property it is, the name of the property, the name of the callback that calculated the property, and the new (cached) value of the property.
- Function: ly:solve-spring-rod-problem springs rods length ragged
Solve a spring and rod problem for count objects, that are connected by count-1 springs, and an arbitrary number of rods. count is implicitly given by springs and rods. The springs argument has the format
(ideal, inverse_hook)
and rods is of the form(idx1, idx2, distance)
.length is a number, ragged a boolean.
The function returns a list containing the force (positive for stretching, negative for compressing and
#f
for non-satisfied constraints) followed by spring-count+1 positions of the objects.
- Function: ly:source-files parser-smob
A list of LilyPond files being processed;a PARSER may optionally be specified.
- Function: ly:spanner-bound spanner dir
Get one of the bounds of spanner. dir is
-1
for left, and1
for right.
- Function: ly:spanner-set-bound! spanner dir item
Set grob item as bound in direction dir for spanner.
- Function: ly:spawn command rest
Simple interface to g_spawn_sync str. The error is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:spring-set-inverse-compress-strength! spring strength
Set the inverse compress strength of spring.
- Function: ly:spring-set-inverse-stretch-strength! spring strength
Set the inverse stretch strength of spring.
- Function: ly:staff-symbol-line-thickness grob
Returns the current staff-line thickness in the staff associated with grob, expressed as a multiple of the current staff-space height.
- Function: ly:staff-symbol-staff-space grob
Returns the current staff-space height in the staff associated with grob, expressed as a multiple of the default height of a staff-space in the traditional five-line staff.
- Function: ly:start-environment
Return the environment (a list of strings) that was in effect at program start.
- Function: ly:stencil-aligned-to stil axis dir
Align stil using its own extents. dir is a number.
-1
and1
are left and right, respectively. Other values are interpolated (so0
means the center).
- Function: ly:stencil-combine-at-edge first axis direction second padding
Construct a stencil by putting second next to first. axis can be 0 (x-axis) or 1 (y-axis). direction can be -1 (left or down) or 1 (right or up). The stencils are juxtaposed with padding as extra space. first and second may also be
'()
or#f
.
- Function: ly:stencil-empty? stil axis
Return whether stil is empty. If an optional axis is supplied, the emptiness check is restricted to that axis.
- Function: ly:stencil-extent stil axis
Return a pair of numbers signifying the extent of stil in axis direction (
0
or1
for x and y axis, respectively).
- Function: ly:stencil-outline stil outline
Return a stencil with the stencil expression (inking) of stencil stil but with outline and dimensions from stencil outline.
- Function: ly:stencil-rotate stil angle x y
Return a stencil stil rotated angle degrees around the relative offset (x, y). E.g., an offset of (-1, 1) will rotate the stencil around the left upper corner.
- Function: ly:stencil-rotate-absolute stil angle x y
Return a stencil stil rotated angle degrees around point (x, y), given in absolute coordinates.
- Function: ly:stencil-scale stil x y
Scale stencil stil using the horizontal and vertical scaling factors x and y. Negative values will flip or mirror stil without changing its origin; this may result in collisions unless it is repositioned.
- Function: ly:stencil-stack first axis direction second padding mindist
Construct a stencil by stacking second next to first. axis can be 0 (x-axis) or 1 (y-axis). direction can be -1 (left or down) or 1 (right or up). The stencils are juxtaposed with padding as extra space. first and second may also be
'()
or#f
. As opposed toly:stencil-combine-at-edge
, metrics are suited for successively accumulating lines of stencils. Also, second stencil is drawn last.If mindist is specified, reference points are placed apart at least by this distance. If either of the stencils is spacing, padding and mindist do not apply.
- Function: ly:stencil-translate stil offset
Return a stil, but translated by offset (a pair of numbers).
- Function: ly:stencil-translate-axis stil amount axis
Return a copy of stil but translated by amount in axis direction.
- Function: ly:string-percent-encode str
Encode all characters in string str with hexadecimal percent escape sequences, with the following exceptions: characters
-
,.
,/
, and_
; and characters in ranges0-9
,A-Z
, anda-z
.
- Function: ly:system-font-load name
Load the OpenType system font ‘name.otf’. Fonts loaded with this command must contain three additional SFNT font tables called
LILC
,LILF
, andLILY
, needed for typesetting musical elements. Currently, only the Emmentaler and the Emmentaler-Brace fonts fulfill these requirements.Note that only
ly:font-get-glyph
and derived code (like\lookup
) can access glyphs from the system fonts; text strings are handled exclusively via the Pango interface.
- Function: ly:text-interface::interpret-markup
Convert a text markup into a stencil. Takes three arguments, layout, props, and markup.
layout is a
\layout
block; it may be obtained from a grob withly:grob-layout
. props is an alist chain, i.e. a list of alists. This is typically obtained with(ly:grob-alist-chain grob (ly:output-def-lookup layout 'text-font-defaults))
. markup is the markup text to be processed.
- Function: ly:translate-cpp-warning-scheme str
Translates a string in C++ printf format and modifies it to use it for scheme formatting.
- Function: ly:translator-description creator
Return an alist of properties of translator definition creator.
- Function: ly:translator-name creator
Return the type name of the translator definition creator. The name is a symbol.
- Function: ly:ttf->pfa ttf-file-name idx
Convert the contents of a TrueType font file to PostScript Type 42 font, returning it as a string. The optional idx argument is useful for TrueType collections (TTC) only; it specifies the font index within the TTC. The default value of idx is 0.
- Function: ly:ttf-ps-name ttf-file-name idx
Extract the PostScript name from a TrueType font. The optional idx argument is useful for TrueType collections (TTC) only; it specifies the font index within the TTC. The default value of idx is 0.
- Function: ly:type1->pfa type1-file-name
Convert the contents of a Type 1 font in PFB format to PFA format. If the file is already in PFA format, pass through it.
- Function: ly:unpure-call data grob rest
Convert property data (unpure-pure container or procedure) to value in an unpure context defined by grob and possibly rest arguments.
- Function: ly:warning str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue the warning str. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
- Function: ly:warning-located location str rest
A Scheme callable function to issue the warning str at the specified location in an input file. The message is formatted with
format
and rest.
[ << Notation manual tables ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ GNU Free Documentation License >> ] | ||
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B. Cheat sheet
Syntax | Description | Example |
1 2 8 16 | durations | |
c4. c4.. | augmentation dots | |
c d e f g a b | scale | |
fis bes | alteration | |
\clef treble \clef bass | clefs | |
\time 3/4 \time 4/4 | time signature | |
r4 r8 | rest | |
d ~ d | tie | |
\key es \major | key signature | |
note' | raise octave | |
note, | lower octave | |
c( d e) | slur | |
c\( c( d) e\) | phrasing slur | |
a8[ b] | beam | |
<< \new Staff … >> | more staves | |
c-> c-. | articulations | |
c2\mf c\sfz | dynamics | |
a\< a a\! | crescendo | |
a\> a a\! | decrescendo | |
< > | chord | |
\partial 8 | pickup / upbeat | |
\tuplet 3/2 {f g a} | triplets | |
\grace | grace notes | |
\lyricmode { twinkle } | entering lyrics | twinkle |
\new Lyrics | printing lyrics | |
twin -- kle | lyric hyphen | |
\chordmode { c:dim f:maj7 } | chords | |
\new ChordNames | printing chord names | |
<<{e f} \\ {c d}>> | polyphony | |
s4 s8 s16 | spacer rests |
[ << Cheat sheet ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Índex d'ordres del LilyPond >> ] | ||
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C. GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. |
-
PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
-
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
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The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
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VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
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COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
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MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
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- List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
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- Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
- Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
- Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
- Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
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[ << GNU Free Documentation License ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ Índex del LilyPond >> ] | ||
[ < GNU Free Documentation License ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ Índex del LilyPond > ] |
D. Índex d’ordres del LilyPond
Aquest índex fa una relació de totes les ordres i paraules clau del LilyPond, amb enllaços a aquelles seccions del manual que descriuen o s’ocupen del seu ús. Cadascú d’aquests enllaços consta de dues parts. La primera part apunta a la situació exacta del manual en el qual apareix l’ordre o paraula clau; la segona part apunta al començament de la secció corresponent del manual en la qual apareix l’ordre o paraula clau.
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[ << Índex d'ordres del LilyPond ] | [Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] | [ >> ] | ||
[ < Índex d'ordres del LilyPond ] | [ Amunt : Top ] | [ > ] |
E. Índex del LilyPond
A més de totes les ordres i paraules clau del LilyPond, aquest índex és una llista de termes musicals i les paraules que tenen relació amb cada u d’ells, amb enllaços a aquelles seccions del manual que descriuen o s’ocupen d’aquest terme. Cada un dels enllaços consta de dues parts. La primera part apunta a la situació exacta del manual en el qual apareix el terme; la segona part apunta al començament de la secció corresponent del manual en la qual es discuteix aquest terme.
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Notes a peu de pàgina
[1] Scheme tutorial, contains a short tutorial on entering numbers, lists, strings, and symbols in Scheme.
[Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] |
Taula de contingus
- 1. Notació musical
- 1.1 Altures
- 1.2 Duracions
- 1.3 Expressions
- 1.4 Repeticions
- 1.5 Notes simultànies
- 1.6 Notació dels pentagrames
- 1.7 Editorial annotations
- 1.8 Text
- 2. Specialist notation
- 2.1 Vocal music
- 2.2 Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
- 2.3 Unfretted string instruments
- 2.4 Fretted string instruments
- 2.5 Percussion
- 2.6 Wind instruments
- 2.7 Chord notation
- 2.8 Contemporary music
- 2.9 Ancient notation
- 2.10 World music
- 3. General input and output
- 3.1 Input structure
- 3.2 Titles and headers
- 3.3 Working with input files
- 3.4 Controlling output
- 3.5 Creating MIDI output
- 3.6 Extracting musical information
- 4. Spacing issues
- 4.1 Page layout
- 4.2 Score layout
- 4.3 Breaks
- 4.4 Vertical spacing
- 4.5 Horizontal spacing
- 4.6 Fitting music onto fewer pages
- 5. Changing defaults
- 5.1 Interpretation contexts
- 5.2 Explaining the Internals Reference
- 5.3 Modifying properties
- 5.4 Useful concepts and properties
- 5.5 Advanced tweaks
- 5.6 Using music functions
- A. Notation manual tables
- A.1 Chord name chart
- A.2 Common chord modifiers
- A.3 Predefined string tunings
- A.4 Predefined fretboard diagrams
- A.5 Predefined paper sizes
- A.6 MIDI instruments
- A.7 List of colors
- A.8 The Emmentaler font
- Clef glyphs
- Time Signature glyphs
- Number glyphs
- Accidental glyphs
- Default Notehead glyphs
- Special Notehead glyphs
- Shape-note Notehead glyphs
- Rest glyphs
- Flag glyphs
- Dot glyphs
- Dynamic glyphs
- Script glyphs
- Arrowhead glyphs
- Bracket-tip glyphs
- Pedal glyphs
- Accordion glyphs
- Tie glyphs
- Vaticana glyphs
- Medicaea glyphs
- Hufnagel glyphs
- Mensural glyphs
- Neomensural glyphs
- Petrucci glyphs
- Solesmes glyphs
- Kievan Notation glyphs
- A.9 Note head styles
- A.10 Clef styles
- A.11 Text markup commands
- A.12 Text markup list commands
- A.13 List of special characters
- A.14 List of articulations
- A.15 Percussion notes
- A.16 Technical glossary
- A.17 All context properties
- A.18 Layout properties
- A.19 Available music functions
- A.20 Context modification identifiers
- A.21 Predefined type predicates
- A.22 Scheme functions
- B. Cheat sheet
- C. GNU Free Documentation License
- D. Índex d’ordres del LilyPond
- E. Índex del LilyPond
[Part superior][Continguts][Índex][ ? ] |
Quant a aquest document
This document was generated by Karlin High on Octobre 3, 2017 using texi2html 1.82.
Els botons dels plafons de navegació tenen els significat següent:
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[ << ] | Endarrere ràpid | Inici d’aquest capítol o capítol previ | 1 |
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[Continguts] | Continguts | Taula de continguts | |
[Índex] | Índex | Índex | |
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[ >> ] | Endavant ràpid | Capítol següent | 2 |
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[ < ] | Endarrere | Secció prèvia en ordre de lectura | 1.2.2 |
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[ Amunt ] | Amunt | Amunt secció | 1.2 |
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[ > ] | Endavant | Secció següent en ordre de lectura | 1.2.4 |
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- 1.2.3 Subsubsecció U-Dos-Tres <== Posició actual
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