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2.2.1 Common notation for keyboards

This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most keyboard instruments.

References for keyboards
Changing staff manually
Changing staff automatically
Staff-change lines
Cross-staff stems

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References for keyboards

Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same notation is also used for other keyed instruments. Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a PianoStaff group and third, normal staff for the pedals.

The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard music.

Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:

• Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the number of voices may change regularly; this is described in Risoluzione delle collisioni.
• Keyboard music can be written in parallel, as described in Scrivere la musica in parallelo.
• Dynamics may be placed in a Dynamics context, between the two Staff contexts to align the dynamic marks on a horizontal line centered between the staves; see Dinamiche.
• Fingerings are indicated with Indicazioni di diteggiatura.
• Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see Elenco delle articolazioni.
• Vertical grid lines can be shown with Linee della griglia.
• Keyboard music often contains Laissez vibrer ties as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in Legature di valore.
• Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is covered in Arpeggio.
• Tremolo marks are described in Ripetizioni con tremolo.
• Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are demonstrated in Real music example.
• Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices, as shown in Other uses for tweaks.

Vedi anche

Learning Manual: Real music example, Other uses for tweaks.

Notation Reference: Raggruppare i righi, Nomi degli strumenti, Risoluzione delle collisioni, Scrivere la musica in parallelo, Indicazioni di diteggiatura, Elenco delle articolazioni, Linee della griglia, Legature di valore, Arpeggio, Ripetizioni con tremolo.

Internals Reference: PianoStaff.

Snippets: Keyboards.

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Changing staff manually

Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command

\change Staff = staffname

The string staffname is the name of the staff. It switches the current voice from its current staff to the staff called staffname. Typical values for staffname are "up" and "down", or "RH" and "LH".

The staff to which the voice is being switched must exist at the time of the switch. If necessary, staves should be “kept alive”, see Conservazione di un contesto.

Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:

\new PianoStaff <<
  \new Staff = "up" {
    <e' c'>8
    \change Staff = "down"
    g8 fis g
    \change Staff = "up"
    <g'' c''>8
    \change Staff = "down"
    e8 dis e
    \change Staff = "up"
  }
  \new Staff = "down" {
    \clef bass
    % keep staff alive
    s1
  }
>>

If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the center of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple example of beam tweaking, see notation Fixing overlapping notation.

Overlapping notation can result when voices cross staves:

\new PianoStaff <<
  \new Staff = "up" {
    \voiceOne
    % Make space for fingering in the cross-staff voice
    \once\override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4
    e''2\p\< d''\>
    c''1\!
  }
  \new Staff = "down" <<
    {
      \clef bass
      s4. e,8\rest g,2\rest
      c1
    } \\ {
      c8\( g c'
      \change Staff = "up"
      e' g' b'-3 a' g'\)
      f'1
    }
  >>
>>

The stem and slur overlap the intervening line of dynamics because automatic collision resolution is suspended for beams, slurs and other spanners that connect notes on different staves, as well as for stems and articulations if their placement is affected by a cross-staff spanner. The resulting collisions must be resolved manually, where necessary, using the methods in Fixing overlapping notation.

Vedi anche

Learning Manual: Fixing overlapping notation.

Notation Reference: Gambi, Travature automatiche, Conservazione di un contesto.

Snippets: Keyboards.

Internals Reference: Beam, ContextChange.

Problemi noti e avvertimenti

Beam collision avoidance does not work for automatic beams that end right before a change in staff. In this case use manual beams.

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Changing staff automatically

Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom staff. The syntax for this is

\autochange …music…

This will create two staves inside the current staff group (usually a PianoStaff), called "up" and "down". The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default. The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle C is the turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch in advance.

\new PianoStaff {
  \autochange {
    g4 a b c'
    d'4 r a g
  }
}

It is possible to specify other pitches for the turning point. If the staves are not instantiated explicitly, other clefs may be used.

music = {
  g8 b a c' b8 d' c'8 e'
  d'8 r f' g' a'2
}

\autochange d' \music
\autochange b \with { \clef soprano } \music
\autochange d' \with { \clef alto } \with { \clef tenor } \music

A \relative section that is outside of \autochange has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put \relative inside \autochange.

If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they can be created manually with the names "up" and "down". The \autochange command will then switch its voice between the existing staves.

For example, staves must be created manually in order to place a key signature in the lower staff:

\new PianoStaff <<
  \new Staff = "up" {
    \new Voice = "melOne" {
      \key g \major
      \autochange \relative {
        g8 b a c b d c e
        d8 r fis, g a2
      }
    }
  }
  \new Staff = "down" {
    \key g \major
    \clef bass
  }
>>

Vedi anche

Notation Reference: Changing staff manually.

Snippets: Keyboards.

Internals Reference: AutoChangeMusic.

Problemi noti e avvertimenti

The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.

Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.

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Staff-change lines

Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes can be printed automatically:

\new PianoStaff <<
  \new Staff = "one" {
    \showStaffSwitch
    c'1
    \change Staff = "two"
    b2 a
  }
  \new Staff = "two" {
    \clef bass
    s1*2
  }
>>

Comandi predefiniti

\showStaffSwitch, \hideStaffSwitch.

Vedi anche

Snippets: Keyboards.

Internals Reference: Note_head_line_engraver, VoiceFollower.

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Cross-staff stems

Chords that cross staves may be produced using the Span_stem_engraver. Care must be taken to ensure that automatic beams do not beam the notes on one staff when it’s not required on the other.

\layout {
  \context {
    \PianoStaff
    \consists #Span_stem_engraver
  }
}

{
  \new PianoStaff <<
    \new Staff {
      <b d'>4 r d'16\> e'8. g8 r\!
      e'8 f' g'4 e'2
    }
    \new Staff {
      \clef bass
      \voiceOne
      \autoBeamOff
      \crossStaff { <e g>4 e, g16 a8. c8} d
      \autoBeamOn
      g8 f g4 c2
    }
  >>
}

For the time being, this engraver can not be specified by its name in double quotes, but rather prefixing its name with a hash symbol #, due to the way it is implemented.

Frammenti di codice selezionati

Indicating cross-staff chords with arpeggio bracket

An arpeggio bracket can indicate that notes on two different staves are to be played with the same hand. In order to do this, the PianoStaff must be set to accept cross-staff arpeggios and the arpeggios must be set to the bracket shape in the PianoStaff context.

(Debussy, Les collines d’Anacapri, m. 65)

\new PianoStaff <<
  \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t
  \override PianoStaff.Arpeggio.stencil = #ly:arpeggio::brew-chord-bracket
  \new Staff {
    \relative c' {
      \key b \major
      \time 6/8
      b8-.(\arpeggio fis'-.\> cis-. e-. gis-. b-.)\!\fermata^\laissezVibrer
      \bar "||"
    }
  }
  \new Staff {
    \relative c' {
      \clef bass
      \key b \major
      <<
        {
          <a e cis>2.\arpeggio
        }
        \\
        {
          <a, e a,>2.
        }
      >>
    }
  }
>>

Vedi anche

Snippets: Keyboards.

Internals Reference: Stem.

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